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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

[The relation of B- and non-A, non-B hepatitis virus--hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA hybridization studies of the sera in non-A, non-B hepatitis].

Referring to informations of various international groups of investigators who regard the NANBH as HBV-variant the sera of 77 female patients with chronic NANBH and 28 acute phase sera of a NANBH serum bank were tested for HBV-DNA. The sera in question were such ones of a particularly well defined group of patients with unique parenteral source of infections. Though further ALAT attacks were observed, in none of the NANBH-sera HBV-DNA was proved as a sign of an active HBV-replication. This, like the absence of an immunity against the NANBH-virus after HBV-disease and the observed suppression of the HBV-DNA in NANBH-superinfection of HBV-carriers (virus interference), speaks against the hypothesis of a close genetic relationship between the two viruses.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and rapid plasma reagin in a trauma population.

We evaluated the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) among patients admitted to our trauma unit from April 15 to June 30, 1993. Of 984 patients tested, we found 255 (26%) had evidence of exposure to one or more of these agents: HIV, 4%; HBV, 20%; HCV, 14%; and RPR, 1%. Thirty-eight percent of patients had more than one positive serology, 75% of the HIV patients, 49% of the HBV patients, and 66% of the HCV patients. There was no difference between penetrating and nonpenetrating trauma with respect to any of the viruses. The risk factors for HIV-positive patients were non-White race, positive drug screen, positive alcohol screen, and city resident. Risk factors for HBV patients were non-White race, positive drug screen, and city resident. Risk factors for HBC patients were male sex, non-White race, positive alcohol screen, positive drug screen, and city resident. The risk of blood-borne infections in this group of patients is substantial.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1994

Incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and cytomegalovirus among health care personnel at risk for blood exposure: final report from a longitudinal study.

In a 10-year dynamic cohort study, 976 health care providers were followed a mean of 1.9 years to evaluate the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, delayed seroconversion, and seronegative latent infection following occupational exposures. The seroprevalence and incidence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection were also measured, with annual serologic testing for viruses and postexposure HIV tests. One of 327 percutaneous exposures (0.31%; confidence interval, 0.008%-1.69%) and 0 of 398 mucocutaneous exposures to HIV-infected blood transmitted HIV. Neither delayed seroconversions nor seronegative latent infections were detected. The baseline seroprevalences of HBV, HIV, HCV, and CMV infection were 21.7%, 0, 1.4%, and 43.4%, respectively. Corresponding incidence density rates were 3.05, 0.055, 0.08, and 2.48 (per 100 person-years). Despite infection control precautions and availability of hepatitis B vaccine, these health care providers remain at risk for acquiring bloodborne viral infections.

Blood↗
PubMed1995

The risks of occupational exposure and infection by human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in the dialysis setting. Italian Multicenter Study on Nosocomial and Occupational Risk of Infections in Dialysis.

BACKGROUND: The dialysis setting has been recognized as a high-risk environment for transmission to both patients and health care personnel of blood-borne infections, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and HIV. METHODS: A seroprevalence survey of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among 1002 patients and a subsequent 1-year surveillance study of percutaneous injuries and skin and mucous membrane contaminations were carried out among 527 health care workers in nine Italian dialysis units. The risks of occupational acquisition of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections among health care workers were calculated according to a deterministic model. RESULTS: HIV antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen, and hepatitis C antibody prevalences among patients were 0.1%, 5.1%, and 39.4%, respectively. A total of 67 percutaneous injuries, 29 mucous membrane contaminations, and 271 skin contaminations were reported by health care workers. The risk of acquiring infection was calculated to be 4000 and 8000 times lower for HIV than for hepatitis B and C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The risks of infection with HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C for health care workers at dialysis units differ greatly and depend on the demographic profile and medical history of patients undergoing dialysis. To minimize the risk of exposure to HIV and other blood-borne pathogens, efforts must continue to increase compliance with universal precautions. Needle designs incorporating safety features and improvements in dialysis equipment design are also needed to avoid potential exposure.

Blood-Borne Pathogens↗
PubMed1998

The use of non-human primates as animal models for the study of hepatitis viruses.

Hepatitis viruses belong to different families and have in common a striking hepatotropism and restrictions for propagation in cell culture. The transmissibility of hepatitis is in great part limited to non-human primates. Enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus) can induce hepatitis in a number of Old World and New World monkey species, while the host range of non-human primates susceptible to hepatitis viruses transmitted by the parenteral route (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis delta virus) is restricted to few species of Old World monkeys, especially the chimpanzee. Experimental studies on non-human primates have provided an invaluable source of information regarding the biology and pathogenesis of these viruses, and represent a still indispensable tool for vaccine and drug testing.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Serosurvey of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among hospital-based surgeons. Serosurvey Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Because occupational blood contact places health-care workers at risk for infection with bloodborne pathogens, we wanted to estimate the prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among hospital-based surgeons and correlate the results with occupational and nonoccupational risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: All surgeons in training or in practice in general surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, or orthopedics at 21 hospitals in moderate to high AIDS incidence areas were eligible to participate in a voluntary, anonymous serosurvey. Serum samples were tested for HIV antibody, for HCV antibody, and for markers of HBV infection: hepatitis B surface antigen, total antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. RESULTS: Of 2,887 eligible surgeons, 770 (27 percent) participated in the study. One of 740 surgeons not reporting nonoccupational risk factors was HIV seropositive (0.14 percent, upper limit 95 percent confidence interval [CI] equals 0.64 percent). None of 20 participants reporting nonoccupational HIV risk factors and none of ten not responding to the question on nonoccupational risk factors were HIV positive. Of 129 (17 percent) participants with past or current HBV infection, three (0.4 percent) had chronic HBV infection; all were negative for hepatitis B e antigen. Risk factors for HBV infection included not receiving hepatitis B vaccine (odds ratio [OR] 14.7, 95 percent CI 8.3 to 26.0) and practicing surgery at least ten years (OR 2.2, 95 percent CI 1.3 to 3.8). Seven (0.9 percent) participants had anti-HCV. CONCLUSIONS: Although not necessarily generalizable to all surgeons in moderate to high AIDS incidence areas, these results do not indicate a high rate of previously undetected HIV infection among surgeons who trained or practiced in these areas, or both. Hepatitis B virus posed the highest risk of infection with a bloodborne pathogen, followed by HCV and HIV.

General Surgery↗
PubMed1994

Detection of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in donor eyes using polymerase chain reaction.

Detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in donor eyes was performed. DNAs were extracted from the uvea, and they were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplified viral DNAs were detected with liquid hybridisation and chemiluminescent assay in which no radioactive materials were used. This method was shown to have a sensitivity limit of fewer than 10 copies of HIV, making it much more sensitive than the current techniques employed in eye banks. The method was applied to 120 donor eyes, including four from donors seropositive for HBV. The HBV gene was detected in one case in which the donor's blood had not been tested for HBV. HIV and HCV genes were not detected in any of the samples. The assay could be an effective screening test for the detection of these viruses in eye bank eyes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections among funeral service practitioners in Maryland.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of exposure and infection with bloodborne pathogens, a seroepidemiologic survey was conducted among funeral service practitioners (FSPs) in Maryland. METHOD: Of 262 members of the Maryland State Funeral Directors Association, 130 (49%) volunteered to participate in the study. In addition to a brief questionnaire, designed to assess both occupational and non-occupational risk factors for bloodborne pathogen infection, participants were screened for markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and past hepatitis B virus (HBV). Titers for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) also were examined and compared with history of hepatitis B vaccination. RESULTS: Seroprevalence for HIV, HBV, and HCV infection was 0.8%, 4.6%, and 0%, respectively. Nearly 19% of participants reported at least one bloodborne exposure in the past 6 months. The one HIV infection and all but two of the HBV infections were correlated with well-established non-occupational risk behaviors. Disposable gloves were worn by 96%, and eating, drinking, or smoking during embalming were infrequent. Sixty-one percent of FSPs reported having received one or more doses of hepatitis B vaccine at some time in the past. Of those who reported having received all three doses of vaccine, 67% had adequate titers to hepatitis B surface antibody, the marker of protection related to vaccination. CONCLUSION: Compared with prior studies of FSPs, this study found a low rate of occupational exposures and a high rate of hepatitis B vaccination, suggesting improved compliance with recommendations for preventing transmission of bloodborne pathogens in the workplace.

Funeral Rites↗
PubMed2003

Variability in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among young injecting drug users in New York City.

Cohort studies of young (aged 18-30 years) injecting drug users recruited in 1997-1999 in the Harlem and Lower East Side areas of New York City, New York, were used to assess the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The authors found that HIV incidence was low at both sites: 0.8/100 person-years at the Harlem site and 0/100 person-years at the Lower East Side site. In contrast, HBV incidence was moderate (12.2/100 person-years) at the Harlem site and high (30.7/100 person-years) at the Lower East Side site. Similarly, HCV incidence was moderate (9.3/100 person-years) at the Harlem site and high (34.0/100 person-years) at the Lower East Side site. Results show that high rates of HBV and HCV transmission do not imply high rates of HIV transmission, even within an area of high HIV seroprevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A combined oligonucleotide and protein microarray for the codetection of nucleic acids and antibodies associated with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections.

A multiplexed assay based on the codetection of nucleic acids and antibodies in human serum infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus was proposed. The combined immuno- and oligosorbent array (CombOLISA) microarray is prepared in 96-well standard microplates by spotting (1). nucleic probes specific for a virus genome, (2). viral proteins for the capture of serum antibodies, and (3). nonspecific proteins for verifying specificity. Experimental assay conditions were optimized so that both DNA hybridization and immunological reactions can be achieved simultaneously in the same well and buffer and all at the same temperature. A generic detection system based on the precipitation of an insoluble colorimetric substrate in the presence of enzyme-labeled antibodies or streptavidin was proposed. The optical density of each spot was correlated to the corresponding analyte concentration. The influence of critical parameters on CombOLISA performance such as serum concentration was studied. Calibration curves and sensitivity thresholds were established for each parameter. Serial dilutions of serum were correlated to results obtained with validated immunoassay platforms such as a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or the VIDAS automat. Also, several HIV- and HBV-infected serum samples were tested independently by CombOLISA and VIDAS. Coefficients of variation for genomic and proteomic parameters vs spot density were below 15%.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2001

The role of viral load determination for the management of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection.

During the last 5 years, considerable scientific and financial efforts have been made in the development of quantitative nucleic acid detection technology. For detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), quantitative culture is time consuming, cumbersome and requires appropriate laboratory safety equipment. Quantitative determination of p24 antigen by enzyme immunoassay is of limited value due to its relatively poor sensitivity. Therefore, quantitative determination of viral load using nucleic acid amplification techniques is the most accurate, prognostic marker for HIV type 1 infection, independently of the CD4+ cell count. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not cultivable in vitro. Serological assays allow an accurate diagnosis and follow-up of acute or chronic infection. Quantification of HBV DNA is used for the monitoring of antiviral therapy, determination of infectivity and for resolution of unclear serological profiles, e.g. isolated anti-HBc reactivity, as well as for patients in which HBV mutants are suspected. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can only be detected by molecular based assays because no cell culture system, which permits a reliable isolation of clinical specimens, is currently available. Furthermore, early diagnosis and follow-up of infection cannot be achieved with antibody serology. The prognostic relevance of quantitative HCV RNA determination is of limited value for the long-term prognosis of chronic hepatitis C. However, viral load may predict the outcome of antiviral therapy. Genetic diversity is another challenge for HCV RNA quantification.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1998

Quantification of viral load: clinical relevance for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection.

Quantitative determination of viral load using nucleic acid amplification techniques represents the most accurate prognostic marker for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, independently of CD4+ cell count. Overall, the different methods for HIV-1 RNA determination (RT-PCR, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, branched DNA) show a good reproducibility (0.5 log), however for low copy numbers and in HIV-1-infected children the variability may exceed 0.7 log. In non-HIV-1 subtype B infections the copy number is underestimated. While serology permits an accurate follow-up of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, HBV DNA quantification is used for monitoring of antiviral therapy, determination of infectiosity and in combination with serological markers for the resolution of unusual profiles, i.e. isolated anti-HBc reactivity. The prognostic relevance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA determination is of limited value for the long-term prognosis of chronic hepatitis C, however the viral load may predict the outcome of antiviral therapy. Genetic diversity represents a challenge for HCV RNA quantification.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Differential seroprevalences of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug users, commercial sex workers and patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

To elucidate the differences in the mode of transmission of three blood-borne viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), under comparable conditions of study, we analyzed the prevalences of anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV), anti-HBV core antibodies (anti-HBc), HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HIV antibodies (anti-HIV) in different risk populations in Chiang Mai, Thailand, where the prevalence of HIV infection is high. The subjects consisted of 98 intravenous drug users (IVDU), 100 commercial sex workers (CSW) and 50 male patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STD). In IVDU the prevalence of anti-HCV was the highest (85%), followed by anti-HBc (77%) and anti-HIV (46%), whereas in CSW and STD the prevalence of anti-HCV was 2 and 0%, respectively, that of anti-HBc 69 and 64%, respectively, and that of anti-HIV 11 and 14%, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HBc minus that of HBsAg, representing horizontal transmission of HBV, was similar for IVDU (63%), CSW (58%) and STD (64%). Thus, HCV is mainly transmitted by blood contact, HIV primarily by blood contact rather than by sexual contact, and HBV equally readily by blood or sexual contact. These findings were supported by the results of logistic regression analysis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus: risk, prevention, and management.

Current data indicate that the risk for transmitting bloodborne pathogens in dental health care settings is low. Pre-exposure hepatitis B vaccination and the use of standard precautions to prevent exposure to blood are the most effective strategies for preventing DHCP from occupational infection with HIV, HBV or HCV. Each dental health care facility should develop a comprehensive written program for preventing and managing occupational exposures to blood that: (1) describes the types of blood exposures that may place DHCP at risk for infection; (2) outlines procedures for promptly reporting and evaluating such exposures; and (3) identifies a health care professional who is qualified to provide counseling and perform all medical evaluations and procedures in accordance with the most current USPHS recommendations. Finally, resources should be available that permit rapid access to clinical care, testing, counseling, and PEP for exposed DHCP and the testing and counseling of source patients.

Anti-HIV Agents↗