Hippocrates is dead, long live Hippocrates.
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Abortion, Induced↗
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"Hippocrates rises anew": prominent ethicians and physicians issue A.D. 1995 restatement of the Oath of Hippocrates (circa 400 B.C.
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Abortion, Induced↗
The meaning of Hippocrates in the medical world today; Hippocrates Prize Essay.
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Awards and Prizes↗
[Hippocrates and the nineteenth-century French medicine].
Hippocrates, the father of medicine, has been represented in many ways throughout the history of medicine. His influence on later medicine took different forms from one epoch to another. Hippocrates' medical doctrine was quite influential until Renaissance period, and with the arrival of modern medicine, the method or the spirit of Hippocrates had been valued more highly than his medical doctrine. Nineteenth century French medicine shows us how the influence of Hippocrates is still vivid even in the nineteenth century. Hippocrates, as the author of the Air, Water, Places, became the founder of environmental medicine with the flourishing of meteorological medicine. And in the hands of medical ideologies he also became a proclaimer of the ideology that stressed the correspondence between men, society and nature. Laennec represented Hippocrates as the true pioneer in Clinical Medicine to which he himself made a great contribution. These various images of Hippocrates show us the universal nature of his medicine.
France↗
Helping hippocrates: a cross-functional approach to patient identification.
BACKGROUND: The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations National Patient Safety Goal 1, which requires the use of at least two patient identifiers, is the foundation for other patient safety goals. St. Francis Hospital involved staff and patients in the "Helping Hippocrates" Project, which used a "game" with staff and patients to ensure the accuracy of information on patients' identification (ID) bands. THE PROJECT: Members of all hospital departments assigned to a specific day were to compare the ID band with the patient census report and identify patients who had no ID band on their wrist and patients who had a band with inaccuracies. They were to also ask patients if the staff had checked the ID band before treatments or procedures. Also, the nurse manager was to select a patient to add to his or her own ID band a special band bearing the name Hippocrates. The department conducting the survey had to find Hippocrates. FINDINGS: Internal data showed that patient identification errors declined from 8.2% to a sustained zero. Patient satisfaction data showed that since the inception of Helping Hippocrates, patients' perceptions of staffs compliance with ID verification showed steady improvement. CONCLUSION: Helping Hippocrates demonstrates the value of using an innovative problem-solving strategy that engages the entire organization.
Humans↗
[Polybos and the heritage of Hippocrates].
The rise of medicine as science is first expressed in the Corpus Hippocraticum, collection of writings of many authors and different schools. To Hippocrates is attributed the principal books, mainly by Galen, because the dogmatic authoritatian great ancient physician was of support to his own glory as new Hippocrates. In ancient Greece physicians were itinerant, travelling from city to city: when Hippocrates went out of Cos, the chairmanship of the School of Medicine was given to Polybos, son-in-law of Hippocrates and quoted by Aristotle as author of De Natura Hominis, a work which introduces physiopathology in medicine. Polybos joined the Hippocratic method (study the patient and not only the disease) with the naturalism derived from the School of Crotona and followed by Aristotle: thus Polybos seems to be not only the principal pupil of Hippocrates, but also the author of a synthesis of the medical thought of different schools, so that Hippocratism as summa of the medical thought of that time was propagated to our centuries.
Greece, Ancient↗
Hippocrates' humoral pathology in nowaday's reflections.
Ancient medicine integrated three components: experience (empirical observation), religion/magic and speculations of natural philosophers. The Greek medicine out-achieved medicine of other ancient nations in starting to investigate the true causes of health and diseases and thus laying foundations for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Hippocrates, the most famous physician of the ancient times, made a synthesis of existing philosophical opinions from the point of view of a physician. His 58 writings were preserved in the collection "Corpus Hippocraticum". The most relevant writing in it--"Peri fyseos anthropu" (On the nature of man)--is ascribed to Hippocrates' son-in-law Polybos to whom we are grateful for the ancient humoral-pathological theory. In explaining human organism and its processes the author integrated ancient teachings on 4 basic humors (humoral theory), elements and qualities with observations of manifestations of health and disease. Normal condition (health) was defined as balance between the body fluids (eukrasia) and external environment. If this balance is disturbed, the result is dyskrasia, i.e. disease studied by pathology. According to Hippocrates disease causes can be understood only through empirical study. A man has a power to overcome disease, but to achieve it the right diet is necessary to keep harmony in body fluids of an organism. The role of a physician was just to support the nature. "Prognosis", another writing included in "Corpus Hippocraticum", reflects Hippocrates' understanding of prognosis as a necessary development of diagnosis based on past knowledge (anamnesis) and present observation. Ideas of Hippocrates and his medical school are still valuable and inspiring especially for today's very sophisticated medicine--concept of fighting diseases by natural means: maintaining healthy lifestyle and harmony within the organism, or an effort for perfect understanding of human creature and for humanization of medicine. (Fig. 3, Ref. 14.)
Greece, Ancient↗
Uroscopy by Hippocrates and Theophilus: prognosis versus diagnosis.
PURPOSE: In antiquity the visual examination of urine (uroscopy) is well documented. Uroscopy gradually evolved from a prognostic indicator to a diagnostic tool. Comparison of the uses of uroscopy by Hippocrates (400 BC) and Theophilus (700 AD) illustrates this transformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed medical and historical literature as well as the translated works of Hippocrates. RESULTS: Although Hippocrates was one of the first physicians to use urine to interpret human body functioning, urine was mainly used as a means for prognosis and prediction of outcomes of illness. In his text De Urinis Theophilus introduced an innovative doctrine and used uroscopy for diagnosis of illnesses. In this respect uroscopy became a paradigm for later diagnostic strategies and is considered an important milestone in the history of clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Hippocrates' writings displayed uroscopy used in examination of illness. However, he considered it in the context for accurate prognoses. Theophilus treated uroscopy in a sophisticated objective manner and attempted to use uroscopy in an orderly, systemic method to accurately diagnose illness. It was through these approaches to uroscopy that Theophilus became one of the physicians who contributed to the birth of medieval medical studies.
Diagnostic Techniques, Urological↗
Hippocrates and cardiology.
BACKGROUND: Although Hippocrates has been traditionally recognized worldwide as the father of medicine, the fact that he was seminal in the development of cardiology is much less well appreciated. Therefore his role in forming the foundation of scientific practice of cardiology needs to be defined. METHODS: This article was based on a personal 3-day visit in 1999 to the island of Kos, the birthplace of Hippocrates, and further research on the subject on return to the United States. RESULTS: Considering the fact that all the references to the heart and diseases of the heart were recorded almost 2500 years ago at a time when knowledge of anatomy was fragmentary and pathophysiology practically nonexistent, Hippocrates had truly accomplished a remarkable task in describing the various disorders of the heart and blood vessels, defining the methods of diagnosis and treatment, and outlining the prognostic factors and preventive measures. CONCLUSIONS: Hippocrates was the pioneer in carefully documenting and thoughtfully interpreting case studies, an essential prerequisite to the coupling of clinical, physiologic, and pathologic features of diseases in the practice of cardiology that characterized the beginning of modern scientific medicine in the Renaissance.
Cardiology↗
Skin pathology and medical prognosis in medieval Europe: the secrets of Hippocrates.
This article analyzes a medieval text known as The Secrets of Hippocrates. Neither secret (because of its wide circulation in manuscript and print) nor by Hippocrates, the work offered readers a means of offering a prognosis of impending death based on observable signs on the skin. Although the aphorisms that make up the text make little sense in a modern medical understanding, the Secrets of Hippocrates fits well within three medieval traditions: the tradition of secrets literature, the medieval medical tradition, and the tradition of medieval Christian views about the body. First, like other books of secrets, a genre to whose conventions the text closely adheres, the Secrets of Hippocrates offered a shortcut to socially useful knowledge: the ability to offer an accurate medical prognosis. Second, the treatise corresponded to the medieval physician's concern for the so-called nonnaturals, such as diet and exercise. Third, it fit with a medieval Christian notion that sickness and sin were related, as were sin and ugliness. Just as a leper's deformities were a window to his sinful soul, so skin pathologies could clue a medieval physician to the lethal disease hidden inside the body.
Dermatology↗
The oath of Hippocrates: an historical review.
This presentation is designed to share with fellow neurosurgeons a topic, namely the oath of Hippocrates, that has been a subject of fascination to physicians, scholars, historians, and even the public for the past 2500 years. Its moral and ethical message has exhibited remarkable resiliency through the ages, in varied cultures. Although its language may appear odd, its precepts are as valid today as they were in Hippocrates' time. This can be best understood through an historical review of the oath's transmission and acceptance in different eras of western history. The longevity of the oath, however, is clearly attributable to its intrinsic merit, its high moral reverent tone, and a literary eloquence that placed Hippocrates among the best writers of antiquity. Despite the fame of its author, the oath has experienced a life of its own, from relative obscurity during the Dark Ages to reverential study since the Renaissance. Five aspects are considered in this discussion, i.e., 1) oaths in antiquity; 2) a biographical sketch of Hippocrates; 3) the chain of transmission from antiquity to modern times; 4) comments on other oaths, prayers, codes, and credos; and 5) an analysis and some personal views of the oath.
Ethics, Medical↗
From the roots of rhinology: the reconstruction of nasal injuries by Hippocrates.
The goal of this report is to describe the therapeutic methods and surgical techniques used by Hippocrates (5th century BC) in the treatment of nasal injuries. We studied the original Greek texts of the (generally considered genuine) Hippocratic book Mochlicon and, especially, the analytical On Joints. We identified the treatments and techniques applied to the restoration of injured noses. We found that Hippocrates classified nasal injuries, from simple contusions of soft tissues to complicated fractures. Hippocrates provided detailed instructions for each case, from poultice application and bandaging to reconstruction and reshaping of the nasal bones in cases of fractures and deviation. Hippocrates' texts reflect the interest of the classical period in nasal injuries, a common enough accident in athletics. Hippocratic conservative and surgical management for each form of injury was adopted by later physicians and influenced European medicine.
Bandages↗
[Hippocrates's evaluation of the madness of Democritus].
Hippocrates is a historical as well as a legendary character. In legends he is presented as a personification of the highest intellectual and moral virtues as they were understood by the ancient greeks and romans. One of these legends deals with a fictitious meeting between him and Democritus, the philosopher. We can follow the story in a collection of pseudepigraphic letters from the end of the first christian century. On the behalf of the senate of the city of Abdera Hippocrates takes upon himself the commission to cure Democritus - the eminent son of the city - who is supposed to be mad because he is laughing at everything. However, Hippocrates soon realizes that his commission transcends his medical profession. Democritus is not mad but a very wise man whose yearn for solitude and serenity constrains him to discriminate himself from ordinary people by an odd behaviour. He is a melancholic. In these letters we follow a discussion about moral and medical aspects of madness and the relationship between the noble outsider and his ordinary fellowmen. It is a discussion that points forward at recurrent themes in the history of ideas. Hippocrates stands out as a philantropist and Democritus as a misanthropist.
Diagnosis↗
Hippocrates, cardiology, Confucius and the Yellow Emperor.
Although Hippocrates (460-c.375 BC) has been traditionally recognized as the Father of Medicine, the fact that he was seminal in the development of cardiology is much less well known. Evidence is presented to support the notion that Hippocrates could also be considered the Father of Cardiology. Hippocrates also had many of the teachings and practices in common with Confucius (c.551-c.479 BC) and the Yellow Emperor of China (2695-2589 BC). Whereas Confucius was not a physician, the Yellow Emperor was an ancient Chinese physician whose Huang Di Neijing, the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, is the oldest known treatise of medicine in existence.
Cardiology↗
Hippocrates. The father of spine surgery.
Hippocrates (5th-4th century B. C.), the founder of scientific medicine, left a valuable heritage of knowledge and methodology, which extends to almost all branches of modern medicine. Among the many fields of medicine he explored, he devoted much of his scientific interest to the study of orthopedics. In fact, some of the principles found in the Hippocratic treatises On Fractures and On Joints are still valid today. This great physician also was the first to deal with the anatomy and the pathology of human spine. In his books, he provides a precise description of the segments and the normal curves of the spine, the structure of the vertebrae, the tendons attached to them, the blood supply to the spine, and even its anatomic relations to adjacent vessels. The Hippocratic list of spinal diseases includes tuberculous spondylitis, post-traumatic kyphosis, scoliosis, concussion, dislocations of the vertebrae, and fractures of the spinous processes. Hippocrates devised two apparatuses, known as the Hippocratic ladder and the Hippocratic board, to reduce displaced vertebrae. Those pioneer methods are deemed to be the precursors to the sophisticated techniques used in spine surgery today. Because of his thorough study of spinal diseases and their management, which was the first such study in orthopedics in the history of medicine, Hippocrates should be regarded as the father of spine surgery.
Greece, Ancient↗
[Hippocrates' heritage from Lyons].
Hippocrates' influence is known in Lyons as soon as the time of the Renaissance, after the discovery of printing. Symphorien Champier and later chiefly Rabelais translated texts of the Cos master and had them edited by the first printers. Hippocrates' influence is moreover evident in Rabelais' work. In the XIXth century, surgeon major Pétrequin published the first book devoted to Hippocrates's surgery. More recently, Professor Pierre Delore has been a convinced supporter of neo-hippocratic medicine of which he developed the chief principles in his works.
France↗
[Hippocrates from Kos--ophthalmologic aspects in the work of the father of medicine].
The article presents the life and work of an outstanding physician of ancient Greece--Hippocrates of Kos (460-370 B.C.). He is known as the father of medicine, because of his achievements in laying the foundations of medical knowledge and ethical aspects of medical profession, which is outlined in the article. A particular attention is given to ophthalmologic aspects of his work found in various Corpus Hippocraticum treaties. His views on the anatomy of the eye are presented as well. Reconstruction of the eye according to Hippocrates and Aristotle is included in the article. It also presents the International Foundation of Hippocrates of Kos.
Greek World↗
[Physician contemporaries of Hippocrates: problems in identifying the physician known as Herodicus].
In order to redirect the research into the physicians in Hippocrates' times, I have undertaken a complete review of all the sources about the physicians named Herodicus. The Anonymus Londiniensis (P. Lond. gr. inv. 137), who is by now the main source of information about the physicians prior or contemporary to Hippocrates, quotes Herodicus of Cnidus, otherwise unknown (IV 40-V 34), and another Herodicus (IX 20-36), who was identified with Herodicus of Selymbria (quoted by Platon) by the first editor H. Diels. The result of the analysis of the tradition shows clearly, I think, that Diels' identification of Herodicus of Selymbria is not based on any serious ground; that a more ancient Herodicus (of Cnidus), prior to Hippocrates and classified as founder of dietetics by a strictly medical tradition, has been confused with and obscured by Herodicus of Selymbria, overwhelmingly famous because of Plato's dialogues; and that in some passages the name Herodicus is an ancient corruption of that of the sophist Prodicus.
Greek World↗