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[History of medicine and pastoral medicine].

History of medicine and pastoral medicine aim at the healing of ill persons according to their special way of interpretation: either orientated towards the history of medical thinking or laying emphasis on medical ethics of the physician. Both ways lead to medical anthropology and medical ethics, so that medicine constitutes a "secondary philosophy".

Ethics, Medical↗

[Current status and future prospects of the history medicine in Germany--dedicated to Ulrich Hadding].

Science aims at generalised knowledge about human beings. Medical action, by contrast, is directed towards individuals and their subjectivity. Thus, in the doctor-patient encounter the scientific object-orientation of medical science turns into the subject-orientation of medical practice. This means that modern medicine can essentially be explained through the social sciences and the arts and humanities. Among these approaches, historiography explores the aspect of action in time. The historiography of medicine therefore aims genuinely at the specific aspect of medical action under its conditions in time. In its current transition from the natural sciences to the life sciences, medicine meets its boundaries not only in science and practice, but also in the individual person and in the social world. It is of utmost importance, for medicine as well as for society, to analyse the historicity of medical knowledge and action by historiographical methods. The results of historiographical research are to be explained--as a history of medicine--to the public and--as a history in medicine--to medicine itself. And in a sort of a pragmatic history in medicine they are to be turned to practical use for current problems of medical action.

Curriculum↗

[A model of occupational, environmental and community medicine. History and evolution of the Hospital Unit of Occupational Medicine (UOOML) in Lombardia].

The authors describe the historical evolution of the prevention in Lombardia, and the role of the Hospital Units for Occupational Medicine, not only on the clinical oriented fields, but also on the areas of formation and training. Hospital Units for Occupational Medicine are today the best synthesis of "occupational-environmental-community health". There development is based on adequate standards of human and instrumental resources, as so as a real financial budget. At last, it's important that these Units are allocated in a so-called "bipolar department", open to the hospital and also open to the territorial structures for prevention and safety (department of occupational health).

Community Medicine↗