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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1991

Changing patterns in the workload of a district HIV/AIDS counselling unit 1987-90.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changing workload of an HIV/AIDS counselling unit between 1987 and 1990. DESIGN: Retrospective examination of data collected by the HIV/AIDS counselling unit between 1987-90 on the number of counselling sessions with patients, family members and staff. SETTING: An HIV/AIDS counselling unit established in 1987 in a London teaching hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of new referrals to the HIV/AIDS counselling unit and the number of follow-up sessions. Number of counselling sessions with family members, hospital staff and people making telephone contact with the unit. RESULTS: New referrals to the HIV/AIDS counselling unit increased from 117 (1987-88) to 926 (1989-90). Follow-up appointments increased from 403 to 2016 in the same period. Telephone counselling sessions increased five-fold, and counselling sessions with family members nearly ten-fold over the three year period. Staff consultations doubled. CONCLUSION: The increase in the HIV/AIDS counselling unit's workload may be partly attributable to the rising incidence of AIDS in the community, reflecting earlier patterns of HIV infection. In addition, new HIV/AIDS services were developed in the hospital between 1987 and 1990. These included the establishment of a same-day HIV test and result clinic; integrated management of patients with HIV/AIDS, with an emphasis on early intervention in HIV infection; specialist services for families, antenatal clinic attenders and others affected by HIV; and the appointment of a designated HIV/AIDS consultant. New approaches to counselling and training health care providers in counselling skills will assume increasing importance in meeting future demand for HIV/AIDS counselling.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1990

Impact of HIV/AIDS on African children.

In Central and East Africa, pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are becoming increasing threats to child health due to the predominance of heterosexual transmission of HIV, high HIV infection rates in women of reproductive age and high birth rates. This paper examines the potential impact of HIV/AIDS on orphanhood and under-five mortality in 10 Central and East African countries. The author estimates that, in the 10 countries studied, HIV/AIDS in children under age five will cause between one-quarter and half a million child deaths annually by the year 2000. Whereas the United Nations estimate (without AIDS) and target for the under-five mortality rate in this 10-country region by the year 2000 are 132 and 78, respectively, HIV/AIDS will cause the under-five mortality rate to rise to between 159 and 189. Increasing HIV/AIDS-related adult mortality is creating a large and growing number of children under age 15 whose mothers have died of HIV/AIDS. During the 1990s, HIV/AIDS will kill a total of between 1.5 and 2.9 million women of reproductive age in this region, producing between 3.1 and 5.5 million AIDS orphans--which means that between 6 and 11% of the population under age 15 will be orphaned. National and international government and nongovernment service providers in Central and East Africa need to recognize this potential impact of HIV/AIDS on children, expand AIDS-prevention efforts, and develop policies and programs to address children's HIV/AIDS-related needs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1991

Dentists' perceptions of HIV/AIDS as an occupational hazard: a qualitative investigation.

The aim of this study was to explore in depth a sample of dentists' perceptions of HIV/AIDS in the context of an investigation into their feelings towards occupational hazards. To fulfil this aim a qualitative research method, the Repertory Grid Technique, was employed. Twenty-three dentists were involved in the study. The main findings of the research were that a complex array of views were expressed by the sample, but that issues relating to concern and control were seen as being of greatest relevance and importance. The methodological technique used enabled a two-dimensional diagrammatic image to be created representing the samples' view of HIV/AIDS. Most of the dentists perceived HIV/AIDS as being of low to moderate concern and under moderate to high control. The older male dentists expressed higher levels of concern and lower levels of control. Those dentists with the greatest experience of dealing with people affected by HIV/AIDS expressed lower concern and higher control. When compared with other occupational hazards, the sample viewed HIV/AIDS in a very similar way to eye injury, mercury, radiation and herpes, in terms of concern and control. It was evident, however, that occupational stress was the hazard that provoked the highest degree of concern for the sample, and not HIV/AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1991

Treatment and career attitudes of prehospital care providers associated with potential exposure to HIV/AIDS.

Career and treatment attitudes related to potential human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) exposure are reported based on a survey of 1,228 Maryland career and volunteer prehospital care providers trained to provide basic (BLS) and advanced (ALS) life support. Sixty-five percent stated potential exposure to HIV/AIDS was a major occupational stressor. Ninety-two percent stated they would treat HIV/AIDS patients if protected. Given a choice, 38% would avoid providing treatment to HIV/AIDS patients. Eighteen percent considered resigning from emergency medical services (EMS) work. An attitudinal scale (AIDSTRESS) was developed to evaluate overall treatment and career reactions. Respondents with significantly higher (more negative reactions) AIDSTRESS scores were: BLS providers, men, paid providers, personnel with more than 3 years of field experience, those working in urban areas, personnel with no formal education beyond high school, and those who stated that their HIV/AIDS training was inadequate. Implications of the findings for quality of care, career decision making, and inservice education are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

HIV/AIDS education in Indiana public schools, grades 7-12.

Indiana secondary school principals were surveyed regarding HIV/AIDS education status in their schools. A questionnaire from the Centers for Disease Control was evaluated then modified for the survey. More than 520 school principals responded to the questionnaire mailed to all 680 school principals, grades 7-12, in Indiana. Most schools offer some form of HIV/AIDS education in grades 7-12. HIV education was taught by teachers with different educational backgrounds and school roles. Almost 60% of school principals believe students are at risk for HIV infection. Tests of statistical significance were conducted with regard to principals' opinions and actual practice of HIV/AIDS education in schools. Most schools have responded to the need for HIV/AIDS education, but with a variety of formats, teaching personnel, and teacher training.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1991

Integrating HIV/AIDS policies and curricular content into baccalaureate nursing programs.

A model used by one school of nursing to implement HIV/AIDS policies, sequenced instructional opportunities, and a research-based evaluation process is described. In the evaluation phase, a study was undertaken to measure students' retention of HIV/AIDS knowledge and their application of universal precautions (U.P.). Findings revealed that 59% of junior baccalaureate nursing students and 75% of seniors retained knowledge about HIV/AIDS and U.P. Seniors indicated that in their role as nursing student or technician/extern, supplies and equipment were readily available and that they had sufficient time to implement U.P. However, only 64% admitted to following correct procedures, even though 96% acknowledged feeling confident in their ability to do so. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and consistent application of U.P. protects nursing students, prevents legal problems, and promotes the quality of patient care.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1991

HIV/AIDS education in a prenatal clinic: an assessment.

An HIV/AIDS education and counseling program was integrated into the routine medical care of women attending the prenatal clinic of a major urban, inner-city, teaching hospital that serves mostly indigent minority women in an area hard hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires were administered to a consecutive historical Control Group (n = 98) who did not receive the HIV/AIDS information and an Intervention Group (n = 515) who received all information. The data support our hypothesis that an HIV/AIDS education program would increase the level of general knowledge, but fail to support our hypothesis of a positive effect on attitudes around HIV-antibody testing and an increase in desire for voluntary testing. Our hypothesis that women reporting more risk behaviors would be more likely to agree to HIV-antibody testing was only partially supported.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1992

Community-based health services for people with HIV/AIDS: a review from a health service perspective.

Health services for people with HIV/AIDS have been mainly hospital based, but it is now recognized that much care can be provided outside hospitals. There are well documented problems in delivering care in the community to other client groups such as the elderly and the mentally ill, but there are particular difficulties with HIV/AIDS care. These stem in part from the clinical demands of AIDS-related illnesses, but also from the stigma associated with the disease. This review looks at three key areas of relevance to those planning community-based health services for people with HIV/AIDS. These are: the need for collaboration between the statutory and voluntary sectors; the need for co-ordination between providers at the point of service delivery; and whether care should be provided by generic or specialist providers. While certain universal principles apply, and are necessary to ensure a good standard of care, patterns of service delivery will inevitably vary according both to the local prevalence rates and the existing service infrastructure. There is more than one good model of care; all models must be flexible enough to deal with needs on an individual basis.

Community Health Services↗

PubMed1990

Are health educators being prepared to provide HIV/AIDS education?: A survey of selected health education professional preparation programs.

Health education professional preparation programs were surveyed to determine the extent of HIV/AIDS education health educators are receiving. The survey also addressed content areas, skills being developed or enhanced, areas of deficiency in preparation programs, and areas in which national professional associations may assist in the preparation of AIDS educators. One hundred eight-three surveys were mailed; 114 (68%) were completed and returned. Twenty-one institutions reported planning a separate course on HIV/AIDS. Most were designing general service courses to reach a broad cross-section of students. Twenty-five institutions (23.8%) reported previously offering or currently offering a specific course on AIDS. One hundred two (89.5%) respondents reported HIV/AIDS warranted the attention and funding it had received. Thirty-seven (35.2%) respondents reported AIDS education was of sufficient importance to influence hiring of faculty members in their departments. Survey findings demonstrate that current AIDS education courses targeted to the general student population may not be adequate in meeting the professional preparation needs of health educators charged to provide AIDS education.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1992

Coffee shops and clinics: the give and take of doing HIV/AIDS research with injecting drug users.

We discuss recruiting and interviewing injecting drug users and using research as health promotion in the context of collecting information related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) from a convenience sample of 200 injecting drug users, half in treatment and half not, in 1989 and 1990 in Perth, Western Australia. A variety of recruiting methods were used including advertising, referral by agency staff, 'snowballing' and approaches to personal contacts and others known to inject by the interviewer. Snowballing and personal contacts were the most successful means of recruiting those not in treatment, while advertising was comparatively unsuccessful with this group because of the importance of establishing the credibility of the study and the interviewer among injecting drug users before they will volunteer to be involved. The promotion of behavioural risk reduction among respondents during the interview is detailed. We argue that the traditionally rigid separation between research and intervention is inappropriate in the HIV/AIDS context. When lives are potentially at stake, any contact with injecting drug users, especially those not in treatment (where may receive HIV/AIDS education), must be used as an HIV/AIDS prevention opportunity, and the interview is an ideal opportunity. The employment of research as community intervention is also discussed.

HIV Infections↗

PubMed1992

The global epidemiology of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and its projected demographic impact in Africa.

The global epidemiology of HIV/AIDS has evolved to the point that the pandemic now predominantly affects heterosexuals, especially in developing countries. This article summarizes the status of the HIV/AIDS pandemic as of the early 1990s; provides estimates and short-term projections of AIDS mortality in a hypothetical country of sub-Saharan Africa; projects the potential demographic impact of AIDS in a hypothetical sub-Saharan country; and describes the major problems associated with modelling the long-term demographic impact of this pandemic. Estimated AIDS cases and deaths up to 1992 were extrapolated from public health surveillance data and through use of the WHO model. Estimates of HIV seroprevalence were based on available HIV serological data. For developed countries, HIV estimates developed by national experts and/or national AIDS programmes were used, and for developing countries estimates by regional experts were used or were prepared by WHO. For the first half of the 1990s, projections of AIDS cases and deaths were derived from the WHO model; beyond the mid-1990s, the potential effects of AIDS on selected demographic indicators were derived from a demographic projection model developed by the World Bank. Although estimates and long-term projections cannot be made with great precision, the general dimensions of the HIV/AIDS pandemic have been more clearly delineated now at the start of its second decade. Epidemiological data indicate that in industrialized countries, where extensive spread of HIV began in the late 1970s or early 1980s, the majority of HIV infections occurred during the first half of the 1980s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sharing the challenge: mobilizing nurses against HIV/AIDS in Africa.

For two years ICN implemented a WHO/GPA-funded project in Africa to increase the capability and effectiveness of selected national nurses' associations (NNAs) to participate in their countries' campaigns to prevent HIV transmission; reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS on individuals, families and communities; and decrease morbidity and mortality associated with HIV/AIDS. The results have been gratifying. Not only have the nurses from the participating NNAs become a force to be reckoned with in their countries' HIV/AIDS efforts but they have activated major changes in nursing practice and in the delivery of care. Serving as role models, these nurses (numbering over 800) are mobilizing not only their colleagues but all others involved in caring for persons with AIDS.

Africa↗

PubMed1991

Ambulatory care for patients with HIV/AIDS: creating a specialty clinic.

This paper describes the development of a primary care HIV/AIDS clinic at a large university teaching hospital. A multidisciplinary team of health professionals provides direct care and education to an HIV/AIDS population that has increased from 36 patients in 1986 to 500 in 1990. Collaborative planning and decision making by physicians, nurses, and hospital administrators has been key to the institution's ability to support the needs of such a rapidly expanding population. This paper presents a description of the planning and implementation process used to develop an HIV/AIDS specialty clinic at this institution.

Decision Making, Organizational↗

PubMed1991

On the uniqueness of endemic equilibria of an HIV/AIDS transmission model for a heterogeneous population.

In this paper, we examine an HIV/AIDS transmission model which has been widely used for studying the spread of HIV/AIDS through sexual contact. Some sufficient conditions are obtained for the uniqueness of endemic equilibrium. We also present a two-group model whose no-disease equilibrium is unstable but it has at least three positive endemic equilibria.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1992

Knowledge about, and attitudes to, HIV/AIDS among students in a Sydney nursing college.

The purpose of this study was to assess nursing students' knowledge about HIV infection and AIDS. 231 nursing students at a nursing college in Sydney were invited, and agreed, to participate. They were surveyed on knowledge about transmission, precautions to take when providing nursing care and epidemiology, general attitudes to HIV/AIDS, attitudes to patient-care, risk of infection at work and homosexuality. Two knowledge and four attitude scales were constructed. The students showed a fairly high level of knowledge: a mean percentage score of 78 on the transmission scale and 80 on the precaution scale. They also had some misconceptions about transmission routes. A majority (72%) had favourable attitudes to AIDS patient care; a minority (22%) had a clear fear of contagion through occupational exposure; 26% had negative attitudes to homosexuality. Nursing students with AIDS-care experience had significantly more positive attitudes than those who had no such experience. Knowledge and attitudes were positively correlated (correlation range 0.24-0.46). It is suggested that training programmes include experiential learning to address fear, discomfort and anxieties about HIV/AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1990

Self- and other-awareness of the risk of HIV/AIDS in people with haemophilia and implications for behavioural change.

Many people with haemophilia have been infected by HIV through the contamination of blood products they need for treatment of their bleeding. This study explored the perceptions of people with haemophilia of their own and others' risk of HIV/AIDS and their beliefs about others' perceptions of HIV/AIDS. The results have shown that many patients are not willing to disclose the existence of their haemophilia to certain categories of people and have a firm view of who should and should not know about their HIV antibody status. The patients' beliefs of others' perceptions of HIV and AIDS are associated with (a) their perceptions of risk for themselves and others and (b) with behavioural change to prevent the spread of HIV.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

HIV/AIDS and school boards: a policy approach.

In general, there is a low incidence of HIV infection in members of school communities. Moreover, all available evidence supports the conclusion that HIV is not transmitted by the everyday contacts which occur in family, social, employment and educational settings. Despite this, the presence, in a school community, of persons infected with HIV or who have an HIV related disease have been perceived by some as presenting a threat to their children's, and even to their own health and well-being, which, in turn, has led to serious conflicts between various participants in that community. Experience, however, has shown that the fears of many persons and the risks of conflict and confrontation can be minimized, if not negated, if a school board has adopted policies and procedures in relation to HIV/AIDS. Such policies and procedures must be based on current medical knowledge and clearly identified ethical and legal principles, including identification of the rights, interests and needs of all persons and development of appropriate analyses, especially where these are required to resolve conflicts. In this text, educational authorities and their advisors are provided both with a comprehensive model HIV/AIDS policy, and a commentary which examines, amongst other matters, the fundamental ethical and legal considerations which have guided its formulation and the justifications for each of the principles contained therein.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1991

HIV/AIDS risks, alcohol and illicit drug use among young adults in areas of high and low rates of HIV infection.

The results are presented of a survey of HIV/AIDS related risks amongst young adults in two urban areas in Scotland. This exercise elicited data from random samples of those aged 16-30 in Muirhouse and Easterhouse. Muirhouse has a high rate of HIV infection, mainly related to intravenous drug use. Easterhouse has a much lower rate of recorded HIV infection. A total of 1,378 individuals were successfully interviewed. Levels of knowledge about risks of HIV infection were relatively high. Even so levels of condom use were low. Respondents in Muirhouse reported high levels of personal knowledge of HIV infected people. In addition 8% of those in Muirhouse and 3% of those in Easterhouse reported having had sex with a person who was HIV infected. Few of such encounters had involved condom use. The combination of alcohol consumption and sexual activity was reported by 82% of respondents. Twelve per cent had combined sexual activity and illicit drug use. Overall patterns of self-reported HIV/AIDS related risks in the two study areas were very similar.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗