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The authors report the first results of a transversal survey done from the end of November 1976 to the end of April 1977 in 4 secondary schools (CES, CEG) in Marseille and its suburbs. 1.795 children, between 11 and 15, in the first and fourth form, filled up a questionary inquiring into their smoking habits and consumption. Already a certain number of results can be drawn: --in this group of children, mostly girls (926 G/882 B) 181 were regular smokers (10,07%); --among these smokers, 70 smoked every day (38,6%), 60 smoked more than a packet a week (33%), finally 122 inhaled smoke; --they acquired the habit of smoking regularly between the age of 14 and 15, in the 3rd and 4th forms, as there was only 9,4% of smokers in the 3rd and 19% in the 4th form; --finally, parents seem to play a fundamental inducing part in this habit, as among smoking children 32.8% have parents both smoking, 41% a smoking mother, 71.2% a smoking father, while for non smokers the percentage were respectively of 19.9%, 24.9% and 54.3%.
The relation of smoking to chronic lung disease has been documented in several studies. Several conclusions have been drawn about the type of smoking associated withdisease, including inhalation, filter tip use, and reduction in smoking. These factors were examined in a community epidemiologic study of chronic obstructive lung diseases. It was found that the community population exhibited greater filter tip use and higher rates of exsmoking than often seen elsewhere. Smoking habits and the changes in smoking habits over time were related to physician-diagnosed emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis, but not asthma. Some relation was seen also with present heart trouble. There was dose-relationship to pack-years of smoking in both present and ex-smokers. There were more ex-smokers among males. Most male ex-smokers quit due to symptoms. Ex-smokers were found to have high rates of diagnosed disease but reduced rates of symptoms. The incidence of diagnosed disease was found to be associated with smoking, both in intensity and duration. Changes in smoking over time were found to be correlated with symptomatology.
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Stem architecture is a major determinant of lodging resistance, biomass accumulation, and harvest efficiency in soybean. However, the molecular features associated with contrasting stem growth habits in wild soybean remain incompletely characterised. Here, we performed an integrated transcriptomic, metabolomic, and epigenomic analysis of stem growth-habit divergence in wild soybean, comparing the wild-type accession ZYD7068 with contrasting vining and erect mutant lines derived from carbon-ion beam mutagenesis. Pairwise transcriptomic comparisons identified between 20 311 and 28 705 differentially expressed genes per contrast, with a core set of 2672 genes consistently altered across the comparisons. Functional enrichment, gene set variation analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis converged on xylem and phloem pattern formation as a prominent molecular pathway associated with growth-habit divergence. Random forest analysis identified BBR-BPC and ARF transcription factor families as major molecular discriminators, while metabolomic profiling revealed distinct metabolic profiles involving amino-acid-derived and lipid-associated metabolites. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing revealed context-specific DNA methylation differences, including substantial variation in CHG methylation among erect mutant lines. Integrated network and in silico perturbation analyses prioritised four candidate genes associated with vascular development for future functional validation. Together, these results provide a multi-layer molecular resource for investigating stem growth-habit divergence in G. soja and establish testable candidate pathways and genes for subsequent functional studies and soybean improvement.
In a survey of a representative sample of 900 persons in Switzerland (excluding the Italian speaking parts comprising some 4-5 percent of the population), the smoking habits of the adult population were studied. Smokers were defined as persons smoking at least one cigarette or an equivalent weight of pipe tobacco or cigars per day. 51.8% of men and 29.0% of women over age 15 are smokers. Among male smokers of cigarettes only (42% of all men), over three quarters (77.6%) smoke ten cigarettes or more per day, i.e., a quantity found harmful to health; over one half (55.8%) smoke twenty or more cigarettes per day. Half of all female smokers smoke ten or more cigarettes, more than one in every four female smokers (28.8%) smoke twenty or more cigarettes per day. It is calculated that almost two thirds of all cigarettes sold in Switzerland are smoked by smokers of twenty or more cigarettes per day, and that almost three quarters are smoked by smokers of ten or more cigarettes. Among men, smoking habits are independent of social status, whereas among women, those with higher family incomes show more frequent smoking, but also more widespread cessation of smoking than with lower incomes. Thirty percent of adults having been smokers have given up the habit, so that among men and women above age 15, theree are now some 20% and 14% respectively, of ex-smokers. This corresponds to at least 700,000 former smokers in all of Switzerland. The trend to give up starts already in the group aged 15-24 (over 20% of men and women having ever smoked have given up) and becomes more marked with increasing age. A large part of male and female smokers would like to free themselves of the habit. 30% of male and 34% of female smokers indicate that they had tried seriously to stop smoking during the twelve months preceding the interview. Trying to give up was not significantly associated with intensity of smoking or social status. According to this survey, a majority of the population (57.6%) is in favor of reserving certain parts of restaurants to non-smokers, following the example of non-smokers-compartments in railway trains. In a situation where a non-smoker asks a co-worker in a closed room not to smoke, 78.3% take sides with the non-smoker, either by conceding to him a right to smoke-free air, or by demanding from the smoker to show consideration for the non-smoker. Only 10.9% demand from the non-smoker understanding for the smoker, or concede to the smoker a right to smoke at work. Women show more understanding for cause of the non-smoker than men. This difference is more marked among smokers and former smokers than among non-smokers. Inasmuch as the results of this study are comparable to those of earlier surveys conducted in Switzerland, ther is good agreement. The only exception is a significant increase of the proportion of former smokers in the past years.
Rats previously trained to run from a start box, through a choice chamber, approach and displace a white card rather than a black card and enter a goal box in order to avoid footshock sustained damage to either the medial thalamus, occipital cortex or rostral caudoputamen. The retention test disclosed that the avoidance response was abolished by thalamic lesions, the visual discrimination response was abolished by occipital lesions and the card displacement response was abolished by caudatal lesions. These data demonstrate that this visual discrimination task can be fractionated into a least three discrete habits: One is related to the initiation of the response leading to the reward (incentive habit), the second is related to the location of the correct pathway to the reward (location habit) and the third is related to the response necessary to gain access to the reward (response habit).
The process of changing food habits is more complex than would appear to most nutritionists; it involves much more than the collection of information. Change must be studied from a multidisciplinary, chiefly a sociologic, point of view, since the food habits of families within a community are formed in a matrix of human relationships. Three major variables are presented and discussed: (a)differentiation, the capacity to process information; (b)accessibility, the measured distance between a family and an information source; and (c)solidarity, the ability of a family group to react cohesively to proposed change. To effect change in his dietary habits, an individual needs his family's cooperation. The nutritionist will do well to rely on the findings of social scientists if proposed changes in family food habits are to be implemented.
Habit is defined as a firmly established behavior pattern marked by increasing automaticity, decreasing awareness, and partial independence from reinforcement. Reinforcement is viewed as of primary importance in the acquisition of behavior, whereas principles of associative learning enter to complement reinforcement in the maintenance of behavior. Habit is seen as a mechanism for short-circuiting the reinforcement process to avoid its overload and for providing the organism with speed and stability of response instead of the variability offered by reinforcement. The implications of this definition of habit for acquisition and alteration of health behavior are discussed; examples include smoking, obesity, alcoholism, and coronary-prone (type A) behavior.
Acomparison was made in this study of the prevalence of mandibular displacement in varying degrees of complexity with the incidence of parafunctional occlusal habits and some sequelae. The prevalence of occlusal habits in all patients was high but became greater with the increased complexity of the mandibular displacement, especially an asymmetrical slide from RCP to IP. The mulifactorial etiology of parafunctional occlusal habits and their sequelae tends to make the relationships more complex than a simple "cause and effect" and therefore must be considered.
Dental history, dental status, the need for prosthetic treatment and dental treatment habits were studied in 389 men aged 21--54 years. The men were selected from a group undergoing military refresher training in the south of Sweden. One percent of the men were toothless. About 3% had full dentures in one or both jaws and an equal percentage had partial dentures. About 3% of the men had bridges in the maxilla and 2% in the mandible. Tooth loss was greatest in the mandibular molar segment, followed by the maxillary molar segment. By means of an index for dental status about 8% of the men were judged to be in great need of prosthetic treatment for aesthetic reasons and/or to improve occlusion. Age, place of birth, educational level and smoking habits were among the factors which seemed to be related to dental status. Seventy percent of the men reported that they went to the dentist once a year, while about 10% seemed rarely or never to seek dental treatment. Dental treatment habits were correlated to place of birth, number of brothers and sisters, edentulousness and the need for prosthetic treatment, among other factors.
The effect of drinking habits on the frequency distributions of eight biochemical or haematological test results was studied in 7915 patients attending a multiphasic health testing centre. Increasing incidences of abnormal results with increasing alcohol intake, at levels of alcohol intake habitual for a large proportion of the population, were found for plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, triglycerides and uric acid, and for erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume. Of four frequently used liver function tests, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and albumin, only aspartate aminotransferase was strongly affected by drinking habits. These findings have relevance for the detection of individuals whose drinking habits are harmful to them, and for the interpretation of 'profile' results.
A survey of the presence of MPD syndrome and bruxing habits among 899 dentists was carried out at the 1973 ADA annual session. The findings reported here suggest that MPD syndrome occurs less frequently in dentists than in dental patients, and there is no difference in the incidence of pathologic bruxing habits between dentists and non-dentists. Of additional interest was the observation that dentists tend not to seek treatment for the relief of MPD. The most frequent form of treatment for both MPD and bruxing habits was occlusal equilibration.
Cigarette smoking habits and attitudes and associated social factors of 997 third and fourth form pupils were studied, using an interviewer administered questionnaire, in two co-educational secondary schools as part of a smoking intervention programme. Overall, 32 percent of the pupils were regular smokers with 15% smoking more than two cigarettes per day. The majority of smokers began smoking before secondary school; boys started earlier than girls,nd heavy smokers earlier than light smokers. The commonest reason for giving up smoking was personal dislike. Heavy smokers were more likely to have respiratory symptoms than other pupils. The smoking habits of the pupils were related to those of their parents, siblings and friends. The majority of pupils thought cigarette smoking bad for their health irrespective of their own smoking habits.
The inadequacy of a definition of attitudinal terms has complicated the interpretation of many food habit studies. This review has focused on the multidimensional character of the word "attitude" as an aid to gaining insight into food habit development and change. The five definitional categories presented (attitudes as preferences, as overt food behavior, as willingness or ability to change, as agreement among family members, and as complexity of meanings) do not preclude other definitions. Knowledge of attitude studies can foster understanding of the link between nutritional knowledge and actual behavior, as well as help practitioners to be more effective in formulating objectives and developing techniques for nutrition education. The various dimensions and meanings of attitudes indicate the need for continued research to clarify the effect of well defined attitude variables on food habits.
Complex motor habit (swimming in breast stroke style) revealed dissociation of the inner (electromyography) and ambient (chronogram of swimming) structure in conditions of emotional tension and fatigue. Some emotional states, however, induced consolidation of the habit due to the range of sportsmen and their psychological readiness for competition. The variety of emotional states seems to induce a variety of effects on the inner and ambient structures of the formed motor habit.
In some species of Japanese Soricoidea, Sorex shinto, Mogera wogura wogura, Mogera wogura kobeae, Dymecodon pilirostris, and Urotrichus talpoides, the cytoarchitecture of the eyeball and its accessory organs, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the superior colliculus, the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus and the visual cortex were investigated in correlation with life habits. In Sorex, living preominantly on the ground, there is a duct-like palpebral fissure, and most of the parts of the visual system are well developed in adaptation to its life habits. In the almost completely fossorial moles, no palpebral fissure is recognized, and the visual system is less developed owing to adaptation to their habits. In the semifossorial shrew-moles. Dymecodon and Urotrichus, the features of the eyeball and the visual system in the brain are intermediate between those of the Sorex and Mogera group. Furthermore, taking account of the visual system of certain species from other orders, it is assumed that the cytoarchitecture of the visual system is dependent more upon the ecological niche than on systematics.
Enquiry has been made into the bowel habit of 1245 rural Africans of Uganda. The range of normal bowel habit in the village African may be defined as between one and four bulky motions daily of stool that is soft or loose in consistency. This confirms the prevailing impressions; however, other aspects of the bowel habit were at variance with current opinion, and similar to findings from surveys of western populations.