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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Gait electromyography in normal and spastic children, with special reference to quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles.

Telemetered gait electromyography was used to investigate gait patterns and the phasic behavior of the quadriceps femoris and medial hamstring muscles in 26 normal children and 32 children with spastic cerebral palsy. The average child with spastic cerebral palsy was found to have a shorter stance phase than the normal, but the cadence, while more variable, was nearly the same as normal. The spastic muscles typically exhibited prolonged phasic activity or a dysphasic pattern. Most of the patients with spastic hamstrings also had spastic quadriceps, suggesting that over-weakening the hamstrings may produce an unwanted genu recurvatum or hyperextended knee gait. Care must be taken to balance hamstring spasticity with quadriceps spasticity. A final result with slight knee flexion is preferable to hyperextension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The morphogenesis of the thigh of the mouse with special reference to tetrapod muscle homologies.

In order to provide an ontogenetic basis for the establishment of tetrapod muscle homologies and for the analysis of complex mammalian muscle states, a descriptive analysis of the morphogenesis of the thigh of Mus musculus has been made. The pattern and sequence of muscle cleavage and the migrations of individual muscle primordia are characterized from the eleventh day of gestation, when cleavage begins, through early neonatal stages. Observations on skeletal differentiation and lumbosacral plexus formation are also included. Thigh muscle morphogenesis is compared to that in the lizard, Lacerta, (Romer, '42) and the chick (Romer, '27) and homologies identified. An onogenetic basis for the definition of ancestral and derived muscle states is provided in muscles that are morphologically variable in mammals. These include the gluteus minimus, gracilis, adductor brevis and several hamstring muscles. Certain muscles that show variable innervation patterns in adult mammals, i.e., pectineus, quadratus and adductor magnus, typically develop from premuscle regions that separate muscle anlagen innervated by different nerves. Two muscle anlagen appear in the embryonic mouse thigh and then disappear late in prenatal or early postnatal development. Comparisons with other mammals, especially the marsupial, Marmosa, reveal that these muscles are phylogenetic vestiges that degenerate before maturity. A sartorius vestige is identifiable through the thirteenth day of gestation. A tenuissimus anlage is present until shortly after birth and is clearly innervated by a branch of the peroneal nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The treatment of intoed gait in spina bifida patients by lateral transfer of the medial hamstrings.

The operation of lateral transfer of the medial hamstring muscles is described. Its applicating in the management of intoed gait in spina bifida is discussed, and the results of eight such operations, performed on four children, are recorded. The operation was effective in correcting the intoed gait in all; however, there was no activity in the transferred muscles in one child.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1977

C0-contraction and stretch reflexes in spasticity during treatment with baclofen.

Surface electromyograms were recorded from the quadriceps and hamstring muscles of 11 spastic patients during cyclical flexion and extension movements of the knee. A potentiometer strapped to the knee recorded the angle of the joint, the output signal being displayed on an oscilloscope. The patient used this signal to track a sine wave target for 20 cycles. The observer then moved the patient's limb through a further 20 cycles tracking the same target. Recordings were repeated at intervals for four hours after an oral dose of baclofen. Analysis of the recordings showed that the response of a spastic muscle to lengthening is not the same during passive movement as during voluntary movement. In mild spasticity stretch reflexes appear to be suppressed by voluntary effort whereas in severe spasticity they are enhanced. Baclofen suppressed the response to passive stretch by over 30% at plasma concentrations of over 250 ng/ml and by 50% at concentrations of over 400 ng/ml, but this effect was largely extinguised during voluntary movement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of aorto-iliac disease with Doppler ultrasound and isotope clearance techniques.

The clearance of 99mTc from the hamstring muscle compartment of patients with aorto-iliac or iliac disease was examined with the patients at rest and after exercise. The values were compared with those obtained in a group of controls and another group with superficial femoral, or femoropopliteal arterial occlusion. A statistically significant difference in the rate of 99mTc clearance was found in patients with proximal vascular disease.

Ankle↗
PubMed1979

The passive hamstring stretch test: a comparison of clinical estimates with tension gauge measurements.

A comparison of the clinical estimate of the available passive stretch in the hamstring muscles is made against the changing tension in a spring gauge, as the leg is raised. It was found that the angle at which rotation was palpable in the contralateral anterior superior spine occurred after there was a sharp rise in the tension measurements. The spring gauge was incorporated in a pulley system which allowed the leg to be pulled up and the tension readings were taken at 5 degrees increments of raise. Comparison of the clinical estimates with the tension gauge measurements show the latter to be a more reliable and objective research tool.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1979

Semimembranosus insertion syndrome: a treatable and frequent cause of persistent knee pain.

The semimembranosus insertion syndrome causes pain at the medial aspect of the knee. This pain is aggravated by exercise, walking downstairs and sharp bending of the knee. The patient experiences tender, moderately puffy swelling at the lowest part of the medial hamstrings muscles and painful passive rotation of the knee, while finger pressure over the insertion of the semimembranosus tendon elicits sharp pain. One hundred patients with semimembranosus insertion syndrome were treated with local injection of lidocaine hydrochloride and triamcinolone. All experienced temporary relief of pain immediately. Long-lasting relief of signs and symptoms was achieved in 58 patients, 30 of whom required repeat injections in 3 to 5 months. Pain decreased and disability was less severe in 9 other patients. There were 18 treatment failure, and 15 patients were lost to follow-up.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1978

[Problems of surgical management of old knee joint injuries].

The problems in reconstructive surgery of old ligamentous injuries arise with the claim for restoration of normal function and anatomy. Based on new findings they are achieved by passive stabilization of the injured ligamentous structures as well as by their active reinforcement by the hamstring muscles. Surgical procedures may be traced back to a sort of integrated system; according to our own experiences these can be performed in any combination when reconstructing rotatory instabilities. Procedures eliminating one plain instability should only be applied with special indication.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Prolongation of survival of rat parathyroid allografts by enhancing serum and tissue culture.

To determine whether survival of allografted rat parathyroid tissue could be enhanced either by the administration of antidonor serum (enhancing serum) or by tissue culture of the graft, parathyroids from Lewis x Brown Norway F1 (LBNF1) rats were transplanted beneath the fascia and between hamstring muscle fibers of hypocalcemic parathyroidectomized Lewis recipients (serum calcium 4.3 +/- 0.13mg%--mean +/- SEM). A drop in serum calcium below 7.5 mg% indicated rejection. Seven group 1 rats that received isogeneic parathyroids recovered from their hypocalcemic state and remained normocalcemic indefinitely. Seven group 2 rats that received LBNF(1) parathyroids experienced a reduced mean maximal response (MMR) of calcium increase of 4.1 +/- 0.2 mg% and the grafts had a median survival time (MST) of 16.0 +/- 1.32 days. Group 3 rats that received 1 ml of enhancing serum by intraperiotoneal injection, cytotoxic titer 1:128, on alternate days for five doses experienced an MMR of 5.0 +/- 0.7 mg% and had an MST of 19.3 +/- 1.07 days. When enhancing serum, cytotoxic titer 1:256, was administered to group 4, the MST of the grafts was increased to 29.7 +/- 1.19 days. When LBNF(1) parathyroid tissue was preserved in tissue culture for 14 to 21 days and then transplanted into Lewis recipients, the MST was 22.5 +/- 1.48 days. The administration of enhancing serum to recipients of cultured parathyroids further extended graft survival, MST 57.5 +/- 2.32 days. In summary, survival of allografted parathyroid tissue can be prolonged by the administration of enchancing serum or tissue culture of the graft. When enhancing serum was administered to recipients of cultured allografted parathyroid tissue, survival was further increased.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigation into hamstring strains: the case of the hybrid muscle.

Past research on hamstring strains indicated an imbalance in leg strength as a cause of hamstring strains. No theory has been put forth to explain why the strength imbalance would cause strain. Investigation on cadavers of the muscular attachment of the short head of the biceps femoris indicated the varied attachment of this muscle to the linea aspera. It is theorized that an extensive attachment to the linea aspara and a strength imbalance would cause hamstring strains.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2026

Intervention components, training dose, and adherence in exercise-based prevention of hamstring strain injury in football: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify associations between exercise-based prevention programmes and hamstring strain injury (HSI) risk in football participants, and whether training dose and adherence modify effects. METHODS: Six databases were searched to 1 October 2025. Randomised and cluster-randomised trials comparing HSI prevention programmes with usual practice or warm-up in football participants were included. Random-effects meta-analysis pooled risk ratios (RRs); subgroup analyses and meta-regression assessed effect modification. RESULTS: Fifteen trials (n = 7,465) were analysed. Programmes reduced HSI risk (RR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.71), with I&#xb2;=57% and a prediction interval crossing the null (0.18-1.40). Based on a control event rate of 7.8%, absolute risk reduction was 3.8% (38 fewer HSIs per 1000 participants; 95% CI 23-50 fewer). Effects were stronger for shorter interventions (1-6 months; RR = 0.43) than longer interventions (7-10 months; RR = 0.77; P for interaction=0.04), and for elite/semi-professional players (RR = 0.38) than amateur players (RR = 0.77; P for interaction = 0.02). Training frequency and weekly volume did not modify effects, whereas adherence did. High adherence (&#x2265;75%) was associated with lower HSI risk (RR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.28-0.48), whereas low adherence (<75%) showed no clear benefit (RR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.68-1.23; P for interaction <0.00001). Each 10% increase in adherence corresponded to an RR multiplier of 0.83 (approximately 17% lower RR). Certainty of evidence was low. CONCLUSION: Exercise-based programmes reduce HSI risk in football when implementation supports sustained adherence. Effects may be stronger in shorter interventions and elite populations, but evidence remains insufficient to differentiate programme types or components.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Timing and Dose Matter: Late High-Speed Exposure and Higher High-Intensity Acceleration Volumes Reduce Hamstring Reinjury Risk in Elite Male Football (Soccer).

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to (a) investigate whether the timing and magnitude of exposure to high-speed running (HSR), sprinting, and high-intensity accelerations during on-field rehabilitation after hamstring strain injury were associated with reinjury risk and (b) examine changes in match running performance upon return to play (RTP). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Data from 95 elite male football (soccer) players from five professional clubs competing in major European and Middle Eastern leagues were analyzed. Players with complete rehabilitation load profiles were included in the 2-month and 6-month reinjury analysis. Modified Poisson regression assessed associations between rehabilitation load characteristics and reinjury risk. Match running performance (HSR distance, sprint distance, and high-intensity accelerations per minute) during the five matches before injury and the first five matches after RTP was compared using paired t-tests for the entire cohort. RESULTS: Late introduction of HSR, sprinting, and high-intensity accelerations during rehabilitation (ie, &#x2265; 60% of rehabilitation progression) was associated with a significantly lower reinjury risk at 2 months (relative risk [RR] range = 0.948-0.969; P < .01) and 6 months (RR range = 0.964-0.979; P < .05). Higher daily exposure to high-intensity accelerations once introduced was protective (RR = 0.861 (0.778-0.951)). There were no meaningful associations between total volume of HSR or sprinting and reinjury. Match running performance metrics did not differ between pre-injury and post-RTP matches (all P > .05). Changes in performance were not correlated with rehabilitation load characteristics. CONCLUSION: The timing of high-intensity running exposure during on-field rehabilitation appeared associated with a lower hamstring reinjury risk. Delaying the introduction of HSR, sprinting, and accelerations, followed by a structured and progressive build-up, was associated with lower risk of reinjury without compromising the subsequent match performance of elite male football players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2026;56(9):611-621. Epub 7 Jul 2026. doi:10.2519/jospt.2026.14077.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Electromyographic study of two-joint muscles.

To determine the nervous control of two-joint muscles and their coordination with other muscles in monoarticular and biarticular motions, action patterns of important two-joint muscles (rectus femoris and the medial hamstrings) and related one-joint muscles were observed. The EMG analysis of ten subjects led to the conclusion that the effect of contraction of two-joint muscles is never limited to one joint; whenever a two-joint muscle participates in a monoarticular motion its role shifts in close coordination with the other muscles. In biarticular concurrent motion the activity of the rectus femoris and the medial hamstrings is inhibited when they are antagonists, especially when motion of the knee is concerned.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Biokinetical analysis of the movements of the pelvic limb of the horse and the role of the muscles in the walk and the trot.

The movements of the right hind limb of horses with normal locomotion were studied using cinephotography and electromyography. A model of the cycle of a stride in the walk and the trot was constructed and the kinetic parameters of the segments of the limb were calculated. A good correlation was obtained between the kinetics and the periods of the cycle of a stride during which individual muscles display activity. The results of this study demonstrate that: at placing and lifting, i.e., when a change occurs in the direction of the movement of the limb; b) At the walk, the greatest forces operant at the centres of gravity of the limb segments in the direction of the progression are present in the beginning and the end of the support phase. The first top in the acceleration curve is produced by activity in the retractors of the limb (hamstrings, gluteus medius muscles). At the end of the support phase, when activity in the retractors of the limb no longer exists, the dynamic effect of the moment of the weight about the point of support of the stabilized inclined limb, as well as the elastic resilience of the muscular tissue are responsible for the push-off. At the trot, the greatest forces in the direction of progression are exerted in the middle of the support phase and are largely due to muscular action; c) In the second part of the support phase in the walk, the stifle flexes and the hock extends, which results in stretching the tendinous peroneus tertius and subsequently in flexion of the hock as soon as the hoof starts rolling over; d) The gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles in the reciprocal tendinous apparatus centre the line of action of the resultant load on the tibia during the locomotion and reduce the strain due to bending; e) At the end of the support phase, the action of the rectus femoris muscle is replaced by that of the vastus lateralis, which prevents hooking of the patella on the medial ridge of the femoral trochlea by rotating it laterally around a longitudinal axis.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Genome-Wide Association Study on Muscle Stiffness Identified Novel Locus for Predisposition to Muscle Strain Injury.

PURPOSE: We aimed to screen the entire genome for genetic variants associated with passive muscle stiffness, which has been suggested as a risk factor for muscle strain injury. METHODS: This genome-wide association study (GWAS) on passive muscle stiffness included 350 physically active young Japanese individuals. Three hamstring constituents were measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Skeletal muscle transcriptomes were compared across the genotypes of GWAS-identified variants in 48 healthy Japanese individuals. Association between GWAS-identified variants and history of muscle strain injury was examined in 1428 Japanese athletes. RESULTS: Two loci on chromosome 11 demonstrated a genome-wide significant association with passive muscle stiffness of the biceps femoris long head (rs12807854 T/C: P = 5.19 &#xd7; 10 -10 , rs78405694 T/C: P = 2.09 &#xd7; 10 -8 ; linear regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, and stretching exercise habits). Skeletal muscle RNA sequencing revealed significantly elevated expression of extracellular matrix-related genes in muscles carrying stiffness-increasing alleles of these variants. Among athletes, rs12807854 T/C was significantly associated with a history of muscle strain injury ( P = 0.0254; logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, competitive level, and main sport). Carriers of the C allele, associated with increased muscle stiffness, exhibited a heightened risk of muscle strain injury (odds ratio = 1.62; 95% confidence interval = 1.06-2.47 per C allele increase). By contrast, rs78405694 did not show a significant association with muscle strain injury in this population. CONCLUSIONS: A novel locus associated with passive muscle stiffness and muscle strain injury was identified. Elucidating the detailed mechanisms linking the identified locus to passive muscle stiffness may lead to the development of new strategies to prevent muscle strain injuries.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Congenital subluxation of the knee--an anatomic dissection.

The knee of an infant born with congenital subluxation was dissected to delineate the pathology involved. The primary findings of importance included isolated fibrosis of the vastus intermedius muscle, absence of the gastrocnemius muscle, anterior displacement of the hamstrings and contracture of the anterior joint capsule. Comparison with previously described pathology is discussed.

Humans↗