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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Testosterone and estradiol in right-handed men but only estradiol in right-handed women is inversely correlated with the degree of right-hand preference.

Relations of sex hormones to the degree of right-hand preference was studied in right-handed male and female adult subjects. Hand preference was assessed by the Edinburgh and Waterloo Handedness Questionnaires. Males consisted of weakly, moderately, and strongly right-handed subjects. Females comprised only moderately and strongly right-handed subjects. In females, only serum estradiol was found to be negatively linearly and significantly correlated with the degree of right-hand preference. In males, testosterone, as well as estradiol, showed a significant negative linear correlation with the degree of right-hand preference. Sex hormone binding globulin also showed a similar relation to hand preference in males. Thus, nearly all sex hormones caused a decrease in the degree of right-hand preference in males, whereas only estradiol had the same effect on hand preference in females. This would be the cause of stronger right-hand preference in females than males and vice versa.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Cerebral potentials during smooth goal-directed hand movements in right-handed and left-handed subjects.

During smooth goal-directed hand movements a negative potential shift can be recorded from the human scalp. This goal-directed movement potential (GDMP) is preponderant over central areas with a maximum at the vertex and, over the motor cortex, contralaterally larger than ipsilaterally to the moving hand. In 11 right-handed and 6 left-handed subjects, the morphology and distribution of these potential shifts were studied in relation to task differences, moving hand and handedness. The results show a functional differentiation of two components of the GDMP: (1), a lateralized, slow negative wave, restricted to the precentral area and selectively varying with the hand used, and (2), a widespread, bilateral symmetrical component, selectively influenced by task-specific and individual factors. Two effects reflect an influence of the subject's handedness on the GDMP: (A) averaged for both hand conditions, there are larger amplitudes over the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant hand, and (b), averaged for both hemispheres, larger amplitudes result from using the non-dominant hand.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Right and left hand skill in relation to cerebral lateralization in right-handed male and female subjects: the prominent role of the right brain in right-handedness.

The associations between right and left hand skills to cerebral motor lateralization were studied in right-handed subjects with (FS+) and without (FS-) familial sinistrality. Hand preference was assessed by Oldfield questionnaire and hand skill by the peg moving task. The mean peg moving times (PMTs) and their standard deviations (SDs) were calculated for each hand. There was a significant positive linear correlation between the mean right and left hand PMTs. In males, the mean difference between the left and right PMTs (L-R) showed a significant negative linear correlation with the mean right hand PMTs. There was no significant correlation between these parameters in females. The mean L-R PMTs were found to be positively linearly correlated with the mean left hand PMT in FS- males, FS- and FS+ females (no correlation in FS+ males). The results indicated the contribution of the mean left hand PMTs to L-R hand skill is much higher than that of the mean right hand PMTs. In males, there was no significant correlation between SDs of the mean right and left hand PMTs. In females, SD of the mean right hand PMT was found to be positively linearly related to SD of the left hand PMT. In males, L-R SDs were found to be negatively linearly related to SDs of the mean right hand PMTs and positively linearly related to the SDs of the mean left hand PMTs. In females, only the mean left hand PMT positively linearly correlated with L-R SDs. Here again, the left hand prominently influenced the L-R SDs. In males, SD for the mean right hand PMT showed no relation to right hand PMT. There was, however, a negative linear correlation between SD of the mean right hand PMT and the left hand PMT (no correlations in female). It was concluded that the left hand (right brain) would be of higher significance than the right hand (left brain) in determining the degree of the right-bias in hand skill and its stability in right-handers.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relation of hand preference to hand performance in left-handers: importance of the left brain.

The associations among hand preference, hand skill (peg moving time, PMT) and hand performance (dot filling/20 s) were analyzed in left-handed subjects. In the total sample, the degree of left-hand preference linearly decreased from -100 to zero (Geschwind scores, GSs) as the number of dots placed by the right hand increased (direct correlation); the left hand did not show any significant relation to GSs. The right-hand PMT linearly decreased as the GSs decreased (negative linear correlation); the left hand skill did not exhibit any significant correlation with GSs. There was a negative linear correlation between right-hand PMT and dot-filling with right hand; the left-hand PMT was not related to dot-filling with left hand. In males, the right-hand PMT showed a negative linear correlation with GSs; no significant correlation between PMT and GSs was found for the left hand. There was a negative linear correlation between right minus left (R - L) PMT and GSs. Dot-filling with right hand was found to be positively linearly correlated with GSs (no correlation for the left hand). The L - R dot-filling showed a negative linear correlation with GSs. PMT for the right hand exhibited a significant negative linear relation to dot-filling only with right hand. Sex and familial sinistrality caused minor changes in these relationships. It was concluded that the left brain would constitute the main factor determining the degree of left-handedness.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dependence of intermanual difference in hand skill on right or left cerebral motor control in right-handed male and female subjects.

The relations of the mean differences in right and left hand skills (L-R) to the mean right and left hand skills were studied in right-handed male and female subjects with and without familial sinistrality (FS+, FS-). Hand skill was measured by the peg moving task. In FS+ males, there was a significant negative linear correlation between L-R and right hand peg moving times (PMTs). In FS+ females, there was a significant positive linear correlation between L-R and left hand PMTs. There were no significant correlations between L-R and left hand PMTs in FS+ males, and right hand PMTs in FS+ females. FS- subjects could be described as follows. In males and females with right eye and right foot preference, L-R PMTs were found to be positively linearly correlated with left hand PMTs (no correlation between L-R and right hand PMTs). In subjects with left eye and right foot preference, the correlations were found to be similar to those for FS+ subjects. In subjects with mixed eye and right foot preference, there was a negative linear correlation between L-R and right hand PMTs in females; a positive linear correlation between L-R and left hand PMTs in males. There were no significant correlations between L-R and right hand PMTs in males, and left hand PMTs in females. These results indicated that left brain in FS+ males, and right brain in FS+ females would produce the L-R difference between hands in PMTs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Contributions of the right and left brains to manual asymmetry in hand skill in right-handed normal subjects.

The relation of intermanual difference in hand skill to cerebral lateralization was studied in right-handed male and female subjects. Hand preference was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Hand skill was measured by the peg moving task. In subjects with familial sinistrality (FS+), the mean right hand peg moving times (PMTs) were found to be significantly and negatively linearly correlated with the mean left minus right (L - R) hand PMTs in females (no correlation in males). Contrarily, there was a direct relationship between the mean L - R hand PMTs and the mean left hand PMTs in FS+ males (no correlation in FS+ females). Similar results were obtained with the FS- subjects. The correlations were modified by eye and foot preferences. The overall results suggested that generally the right brain in males and the left brain in females are of importance in determining the intermanual difference in hand skill; an insufficient right brain (a slower left hand) in males and a sufficient left brain (a faster right hand) in females would create a more asymmetrical organization in skill between hands.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Hand-to-hand transmission of rhinovirus colds.

Rhinovirus was transmitted from experimentally infected volunteers (donors) to susceptible recipients and the efficiencies of spread by hand-to-hand contact and large- and small-particle aerosols compared. Transmission of infection was very efficient by the hand route: 11 of 15 hand-contact exposures initiated infection, compared with one of 12 large-particle (P less than 0.005) and none of 10 small-particle (P less than 0.005) exposures. Rhinovirus was present in nine of 18 (50%) nasal swab specimens, 28 of 43 (65%) hand rinses, and seven of 18 (39%) saliva specimens of donors; geometric mean titers of positive specimens were 10(1.5), 10(1.4), and 10(1.2) tissue culture infectious dose 50/ml (TCID 50/ml), respectively. Rhinovirus was present in 20 of 43 (46%) recipient hand rinses, with a geometric mean titer of 10(1.4)TCID50/ml. Virus on donors' hands was transferred to recipients' fingers during 20 of 28 (71%) 10-second hand-contact exposures. These findings support the concept that hand contact/self-inoculation may be an important natural route of rhinovirus transmission.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target. II. Static and dynamic visual cues in the control of hand movement.

The closed loop situation of hand pointing at a target has been experimentally divided into its static and dynamic components. When the subjects see their hand at first (closed loop) until the start of the hand movement cuts off the vision of the hand (open loop), the pointing is significantly more accurate than when it is performed without any vision of the hand before and throughout the movement (fully open loop). This suggests that initial cues as regards hand and target position, improve the motor program by a better identification of initial and final states. As poor as it is, the extra retinal signal (encoding of eye position) improves performance when the foveation is done under closed loop; it allows a better redefinition of target position, and thus modulates the hand motor program through a direct central pathway, which is quicker than the processing of the visual feedback of the hand movement error.

Eye Movements↗

PubMed1979

Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target. I. Spatio-temporal characteristics of eye and hand movements and their relationships when varying the amount of visual information.

In a task requiring an optimal hand pointing (with regards to both time and accuracy) at a peripheral target, there is first a saccade of the eye within 250 ms, followed 100 ms later by the hand movement. However the latency of the hand movement is poorly correlated with that of the eye movement. When the peripheral target is cut off at the onset of the saccade, there is no correlation between the error of the gaze position and the error of the hand pointing. This suggests an early parallel processing of the two motor outputs. The duration of hand movement does not change significantly when subjects either see or not see their hand (closed or open loop). In the open loop situation, the undershoot of the hand pointing increases with target eccentricity, whatever the subjects are allowed or not to do a saccade toward the target. It suggests that the encoding of eye position by itself is a poor index for an accurately guided movement of the hand.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Failure of hand disinfection with frequent hand washing: a need for prolonged field studies.

In a prolonged field trial a 4% chlorhexidine digluconate detergent scrub (Hibiscrub(R)), that had earlier proved to be an effective hand disinfectant, was studied in hospital wards. Finger tips were found to harbour more bacteria than the hand dorsum and the samples collected from them yielded more information on the bacteriological and dermatological effects of hand disinfectants in practice.In wards with a relatively low hand-washing frequency (less than 20 times in 8 hours) the bacteriological results resembled those obtained by in-use tests with volunteers. In the neonatal unit where the hand washing frequency was remarkably high, even occasionally over 100 times/8 h shift, an increase in the bacterial colony counts of the majority of the staff was recorded both before and after hand washing already after using the preparation for 1 week. Age, occupation and hand-washing frequency all correlated with the bacteriological results. Twenty-seven out of 37 persons complained of side effects such as wounds of finger tips and redness or heavy drying of the skin. Wounds, particularly on finger tips, resulted in the failure of disinfection. An increase in bacterial counts was sometimes noted without any dermatological or subjective changes. Drying of the skin was complained of less often when no increase in skin bacteria occurred.After the changeover of washing practice to a detergent followed by a rinse with spirit solution containing chlorhexidine and glycerol a decrease was recorded in the bacterial counts. It is concluded that more attention should be paid to long-term testing of hand washing and disinfection methods to ensure optimum final results in practice. It is obvious that the knowledge obtained from short time in-use testing cannot be applied to all conditions of use.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Longitudinal study of median nerve sensory conduction in industry: relationship to age, gender, hand dominance, occupational hand use, and clinical diagnosis.

As part of a longitudinal study of the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome in industry, we evaluated sensory conduction of the median nerve in relation to age, gender, hand dominance, occupational hand use, and clinical diagnosis. The original 1984 study group consisted of 942 hands of 471 industrial workers, and the follow-up study group in 1989 consisted of 630 hands of 316 (67%) of these same workers. The palmar segmental stimulation technique was employed, and slowing was defined as a maximum latency difference of 0.4 msec or more after adjustment for temperature variation. There was no significant change in the prevalence of slowing between 1984 and 1989 (23% in 1984, 22% in 1989), and slowing was still strongly correlated with increased age but not with gender. Slowing continued to be more prevalent in the dominant hand. Slowing was no longer correlated in any fashion with occupational hand use. The prevalence of probable carpal tunnel syndrome was still strongly correlated with the degree of slowing. Age and hand dominance were more important than any job-related factor in the prediction of slowing after 5 years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

"Hand gym" for patients with arthritic hand disabilities: preliminary report.

To improve function and to delay the tendency toward deformities of the rheumatoid arthritic hand, a new device was evaluated which enables patients to perform range of motion and isometric exercises in their home. Eighteen patients (35 hands) exercised daily for four months. Strength and range of motion showed statistically significant gains. Grip strength increased in 28 hands, volar pinch in 22 hands, lateral pinch in 21 hands. Of 140 PIP joints, 77% increased in range, indicating loosening of intrinsic muscles. Improvement in hand function was reported by most of the patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1976

Are two hands better than one? assessing information acquired from one- and two-handed haptic exploration of random forms.

15 male undergraduates were presented with 10-sided random forms which they explored visually, or one-handed haptically, or two-handed haptically. Forms were exposed for various durations and subjects were required to draw each form immediately after its removal. The results indicated that 30 sec. of one-handed exploration and 20 and 30 sec. of two-handed exploration produced performance comparable to just 2 sec. of visual exploration. Two-handed exploration was significantly superior to one-handed exploration only at the 20-sec. exposure duration. These results illustrate the disparity in the information-gathering capabilities between the visual and haptic systems.

Form Perception↗

PubMed1992

Relationship of serum zinc levels to hand preference, skull length and serum gonadal hormone levels in right-handed young adults.

The association between serum zinc (Zn) level and the degree of hand preference was studied in right-handed young adults. Hand preference was scored by the Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire. Serum Zn level was determined by the flow injection analysis-atomic absorption technique. Zinc was found to be positively linearly and significantly correlated with the degree of right hand preference in the sample of males with familial sinistrality (FS+) and FS- females with right eye and right foot preference. There was a negative linear correlation between these variables in FS+ females. Skull length showed a significant negative linear correlation with zinc in FS+ males and females, but a positive linear correlation in FS- females. In FS- females, there was a significant positive linear correlation between serum gonadal hormone binding globulin (GBG) and serum Zn levels. In FS+ males, there was a significant negative linear correlation between serum GBG and Zn levels, and a significant positive linear correlation between serum free testosterone level and serum Zn level. It was suggested that zinc may influence the degree of the right hand preference by hormonal mechanisms according to genetically established brain organization.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Multiple microsurgical toe-to-hand transfer in the reconstruction of the severely mutilated hand. A series of fifty-nine cases.

The severely mutilated hand is defined as the hand which has lost opposable digit function either through: a) The amputation of all four fingers proximal to the PIP joint or b) The loss of the thumb proximal to the IP joint combined with the loss of at least three fingers proximal to the PIP joint. We have outlined guidelines for the restoration of useful function and appearance to such hands utilising a variety of microsurgical toe-to-hand transfers. Specific points regarding postoperative management have been made.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

The effect of dextranomer (Debrisan) on hand burns. A preliminary report on a new method in the treatment of hand burns.

Dextranomer (Debrisan, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) is synthetized by cross-linking of dextran chains with epichlorohydrin. It is an insoluble hydrophilic substance which is suitable for topical treatment of secreting wounds, such as burns. Thirteen patients with 17 burned hands were treated. The result of the treatment - decrease in pain, healing time and improved hand function - was registered clinically. No crust was formed. The risk of permanent restriction in range of movements decreased, since the treated hands were soft and mobile throughout the entire period of treatment. All hands treated recovered full mobility. Physiotherapy could be performed daily. No infection appeared because exudate and bacteria were continuously removed from the treated area. Pain rapidly decreased. No side reactions were observed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Motor stability in visuomotor control of repetitive hand movements and its differential cerebral control in right-handed subjects.

The stability of asymmetric motor control was studied in right-handed subjects. Hand skill was assessed by a peg moving task in ten trials. The mean peg moving time (PMT) and its standard deviation (SD) were calculated for each hand. Standard deviation was taken as an index of the stability of visuomotor control. The mean rate of a repetitive movement (mean PMT) did not always show an association with its stability (SDs). This depended upon familial sinistrality, sex, and cerebral lateralization such as eye and foot preferences of the subjects. The left-right differences in movement stabilities also showed different contributions of the right and left brains of the subjects depending upon these factors. It was suggested that these factors should be taken into consideration in studies concerning the hemispheric control of especially corrective components of skilled movements of hands.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Radial club hand. A continuing study of sixty-eight patients with one hundred and seventeen club hands.

Based on a review of the embryology, genetics, and anatomy of radial club hand, it is suggested that damage to the apical ectoderm on the anterior aspect of a developing limb bud leads to the deformity. Study of the families of thirty-five children with radial club hand suggested that the condition is not genetically patterned. The anatomical findings and associated congenital abnormalities in the cases known to be related to thalidomide and in those in which thalidomide was not a factor were similar except that the incidence of other skeletal deficiencies was higher in the thalidomide group. Thirty-one of the 117 radial club-hand deformities (in sixty-eight patients) under my personal supervision were treated by centralization of the carpus on the ulna with satisfactory improvement of the deformity. In three cases wrist deformity recurred mainly in a volar direction, apparently the result of muscle imbalance. No significant impairment of ulnar growth occurred and straightening of the wrist did not affect function adversely. Pollicization of the index finger was done on twenty-eight occasions. Although problems developed in the early cases, these can be avoided using the methods described and the operation can improve both function and appearance. A scheme of management is recommended.

Adolescent↗