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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

New omomyid primates (Haplorhini, Tarsiiformes) from middle Eocene rocks of west-central Hot Springs County, Wyoming.

Three new genera and four new species of omomyid primates constitute the first record of the Primates from upland middle Eocene rocks of Wyoming. One of these, Strigorhysis, gen. nov., possesses broadly basined molars with highly crenulated enamel which probably indicates a good deal of tough vegetable matter in its diet. Each of the new genera could have descended from known Wasatchian or early middle Eocene anaptomorphines: Aycrossia, gen. nov., is a plausible derivative of Tetonius or Chlororhysis; Strigorhysis, gen. nov., is most similar to Absarokius noctivagus; and Gazinius, gen. nov., most closely resembles Absarokius and Anaptomorphus. The anaptomorphines were probably equally as diverse as the better documented omomyines in the middle Eocene, but may have preferred upland environments at the margins of the Tertiary basins of the Rocky Mountain Interior.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Molecular evidence on primate phylogeny from DNA sequences.

Evidence from DNA sequences on the phylogenetic systematics of primates is congruent with the evidence from morphology in grouping Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and Hominoidea (apes and humans) into Catarrhini, Catarrhini and Platyrrhini (ceboids or New World monkeys) into Anthropoidea, Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes into Strepsirhini, and Anthropoidea, Tarsioidea, and Strepsirhini into Primates. With regard to the problematic relationships of Tarsioidea, DNA sequences group it with Anthropoidea into Haplorhini. In addition, the DNA evidence favors retaining Cheirogaleidae within Lemuriformes in contrast to some morphological studies that favor placing Cheirogaleids in Lorisiformes. While parsimony analysis of the present DNA sequence data provides only modest support for Haplorhini as a monophyletic taxon, it provides very strong support for Hominoidea, Catarrhini, Anthropoidea, and Strepsirhini as monophyletic taxa. The parsimony DNA evidence also rejects the hypothesis that megabats are the sister group of either Primates or Dermoptera (flying lemur) or a Primate-Dermoptera clade and instead strongly supports the monophyly of Chiroptera, with megabats grouping with microbats at considerable distance from Primates. In contrast to the confused morphological picture of sister group relationships within Hominoidea, orthologous noncoding DNA sequences (spanning alignments involving as many as 20,000 base positions) now provide by the parsimony criterion highly significant evidence for the sister group relationships defined by a cladistic classification that groups the lineages to all extant hominoids into family Hominidae, divides this ape family into subfamilies Hylobatinae (gibbons) and Homininae, divides Homininae into tribes Pongini (orangutans) and Hominini, and divides Hominini into subtribes Gorillina (gorillas) and Hominina (humans and chimpanzees). A likelihood analysis of the largest body of these noncoding orthologues and counts of putative synapomorphies using the full range of sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes also find that humans and chimpanzees share the longest common ancestry.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Phylogenetic analysis of anthropoid relationships.

The relationships of anthropoids to other primates are currently debated, as are the relationships among early fossil anthropoids and crown anthropoids. To resolve these issues, data on 291 morphological characters were collected for 57 taxa of living and fossil primates and analyzed using PAUP and MacClade. The dental evidence provides weak support for the notion of an adapid origin for anthropoids, the cranial evidence supports the tarsier-anthropoid hypothesis, and the postcranial evidence supports a monophyletic Prosimii and a monophyletic Anthropoidea. Combining these data into a single data set produces almost universal support for a tarsier-anthropoid clade nested within omomyids. Eosimias and Afrotarsius are certainly members of this clade, and probably basal anthropoids, although the Shanghuang petrosal may not belong to Eosimias. The tree derived from the combined data set resembles the tree derived from the cranial data set rather than the larger dental data set. This may be attributable to relatively slower evolution in the cranial characters. The combined data set shows Anthropoidea to be monophyletic but the features traditionally held to be anthropoid synapomorphies are found to have evolved mosaically. Parapithecines are the sister taxon to crown anthropoids; qatraniines and oligopithecids are more distantly related sister taxa. There is support for a relationship of a Tarsius + Anthropoidea clade with either washakiines on Uintanius. These elements of tree topology remain fairly stable under different assumptions sets, but overall, tree topology is not robust. Previously divergent hypotheses regarding anthropoid relationships are attributable to the use of restricted data sets. This large data set enables the adapid-anthropoid hypothesis to be rejected, and unites Tarsius, Anthropoidea and Omomyiformes within a clade, Haplorhini. However, relationships among these three taxa cannot be convincingly resolved at present.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids.

The genetic distances among primate lineages estimated from orthologous noncoding nucleotide sequences of beta-type globin loci and their flanking and intergenic DNA agree closely with the distances (delta T50H values) estimated by cross hybridization of total genomic single-copy DNAs. These DNA distances and the maximum parsimony tree constructed for the nucleotide sequence orthologues depict a branching pattern of primate lineages that is essentially congruent with the picture from phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters. The molecular evidence, however, resolves ambiguities in the morphological picture and provides an objective view of the cladistic position of humans among the primates. The molecular data group humans with chimpanzees in subtribe Hominina, with gorillas in tribe Hominini, orangutans in subfamily Homininae, gibbons in family Hominidae, Old World monkeys in infraorder Catarrhini, New World monkeys in semisuborder Anthropoidea, tarsiers in suborder Haplorhini, and strepsirhines (lemuriforms and lorisiforms) in order Primates. A seeming incongruency between organismal and molecular levels of evolution, namely that morphological evolution appears to have speeded up in higher primates, especially in the lineage to humans, while molecular evolution has slowed down, may have the trivial explanation that relatively small genetic changes may sometimes result in marked phenotypic changes.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

"Rodent-like" and "primate-like" types of astroglial architecture in the adult cerebral cortex of mammals: a comparative study.

Previous observations disclosed that astroglia with interlaminar processes were present in the cerebral cortex of adult New and Old World monkeys, but not in the rat, and scarcely in the prosimian Microcebus murinus. The present report is a more systematic and comprehensive comparative analysis of the occurrence of such processes in the cerebral cortex of several mammalian species. Brain samples were obtained from adult individuals from the following orders: Carnivora (canine), Rodentia (rat and mouse), Marsupialia (Macropus eugenii), Artiodactyl (bovine and ovine), Scandentia (Tupaia glis), Chiroptera (Cynopteris horsfieldii and C. brachyotis), and Primate: Prosimian (Eulemur fulvus), non-human primate species (Cebus apella, Saimiri boliviensis, Callithrix, Macaca mulatta, Papio hamadryas, Macaca fascicularis, Cercopithecus campbelli and C. ascanius) and from a human autopsy. Tissues were processed for immunocytochemistry using several antibodies directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), with or without additional procedures aimed at the retrieval of antigens and enhancement of their immunocytochemical expression. The cerebral cortex of non-primate species had an almost exclusive layout of stellate astrocytes, with only the occasional presence of long GFAP-IR processes in the dog that barely crossed the extent of lamina I, which in this species had comparatively increased thickness. Species of Insectivora and Chiroptera showed presence of astrocytes with long processes limited to the ventral basal cortex. Interlaminar GFAP-IR processes were absent in Eulemur fulvus, at variance with their limited presence and large within- and inter-individual variability as reported previously in Microcebus murinus. In New World monkeys such processes were absent in Callithrix samples, at variance with Cebus apella and Saimirí boliviensis. Overall, the expression of GFAP-IR interlaminar processes followed a progressive pattern: bulk of non-primate species (lack of interlaminar processes)--Chiroptera and Insectivora (processes restricted to allocortex) < strepsirhini < haplorhini (platirrhini < catarrhini). This trend is suggestive of the emergence of new evolutionary traits in the organization of the cerebral cortex, namely, the emergence of GFAP-IR long, interlaminar processes in the primate brain. Interlaminar processes may participate in a spatially restricted astroglial role, as compared to the one provided by the astroglial syncytium. It is proposed that the widely accepted concept of an exclusively astroglial syncytium is probably linked with a specific laboratory animal species ("rodent-type" or, rather, "general mammalian-type" model) that misrepresents the astroglial architecture present in the cerebral cortex of most anthropoid adult primates ("primate-type" model), including man.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Heterochronic patterns in primate evolution: evidence from endochondral ossification.

Heterochrony (evolutionary modifications in developmental timing and/or rates) is widely recognized as an important agent of morphological change. The adaptive significance of heterochronic changes might lie either in the advantages of the derived morphologies (organ size and shape) or the derived growth parameters themselves (rate and duration of growth). We have tested these hypotheses by comparing the growth rate, the duration of growth and the relative length of the adult tibia in Primates in a phylogenetic context. We report an evolutionary decrease in growth rates (paedochronocline) and an increase in the duration of growth (perachronocline), lying in the cline from the last common ancestor of Primates, passing through the last common ancestor of Haplorhini, that of Catarrhini, to the last common ancestor of the Hominidae. However, the variation in the relative length of the adult tibia does not show any phylogenetic pattern. The derived growth parameters in themselves (slower rate, longer duration) would be of adaptive significance and they would have been selected because a prolonged learning period prior to maturity conferred advantage. The proximate (developmental) causation of differences in bone growth rate were also investigated and it was found that cell production rate in the growth plates rather than the chondrocyte size, underlies the variation in bone growth rate.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Cladistic relationships among primate higher categories: evidence of the fetal membranes and placenta.

Cladistic analysis of the total ontogenetic pattern of the fetal membranes and placenta in all extant primate superfamilies provides clear evidence of a strepsirhine-haplorhine dichotomy in the order Primates. The suborder Prosimii appears to be a paraphyletic taxon, based on the retention of numerous primitive character states in tarsiers and strepsirhines. Fetal membrane evidence supports the sister group relationship of Tarsiiformes and Anthropoidea in the suborder Haplorhini, based on their possession of shared derived characters. Morphogenetic patterns of the fetal membranes and placenta in haplorhines are consistent with the concept of a monophyletic origin of Anthropoidea from an ancestral tarsilform stock.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Retinal projection to the olfactory tubercle and basal telencephalon in primates.

The retinal projection to the basal telencephalon was studied in eight species of primates from the suborders Strepsirhini and Haplorhini, including one anthropoid primate, the gibbon. Animals received an intraocular injection of tritiated amino acids and the distribution of retinal fibers and terminals was demonstrated by autoradiographic techniques in horizontal and coronal sections. In all species a discrete group of labeled retinal fibers is observed to branch off from the dorsolateral aspect of the optic tract at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. These fibers, destined to the basal telencephalon, are topographically distinct from the retinal fibers which innervate the suprachiasmatic nucleus and medial hypothalamic regions. The fibers of the retinotelencephalic tract course dorsally above the supraoptic nucleus through the lateral hypothalamic area and then proceed further rostrally and laterally below the diagonal band of Broca towards the olfactory tubercle. Within the olfactory tubercle, terminal distribution of label is observed in the mediocaudal region along the granular cell layer II. In the macaque this cellular layer shows a characteristic thickening in the region of retinal terminals which is evident in both coronal and horizontal section. In some species this labeled region is seen within the superficial bulge of the tubercle on the ventral aspect of basal telencephalon. In all primates the retinal projection to olfactory tubercle is bilateral. In prosimians label is predominantly contralateral to the injected eye, in New World monkeys label is equally distributed on both sides of the brain and in Old World monkeys label is mainly found ipsilaterally. Retinal fibers were also seen in the periamygdaloid region but never extended as far as piriform cortex. These results, in addition to previous studies in other mammalian orders, confirm that the basal telencephalon, and in particular the olfactory tubercle, constitutes a region of visual and olfactory convergence. This sensory integration may be related to photic and chemosensory modulation of reproductive physiology and behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Birth of a gene: locus of neuronal BC200 snmRNA in three prosimians and human BC200 pseudogenes as archives of change in the Anthropoidea lineage.

The gene encoding brain-specific dendritic BC200 small non-messenger RNA is limited to the primate order and arose from a monomeric Alu element. It is present and neuronally expressed in all Anthropoidea examined. By comparing the human sequence of about 13.2 kb with each of the prosimian (lemur 14.6 kb, galago 12 kb, and tarsier 13.8 kb) orthologous loci, we could establish that the BC200 RNA gene is absent from the prosimian lineages. In Strepsirhini (lemurs and lorises), a dimeric AluJ-like element integrated very close to the BC200 insertion point, while the corresponding tarsier region is devoid of any repetitive element. Consequently, insertion of the Alu monomer that gave rise to the BC200 RNA gene must have occurred after the anthropoid lineage diverged from the prosimian lineage(s). Shared insertions of other repetitive elements favor proximity of simians and tarsiers in support of their grouping into Haplorhini and the omomyid hypothesis. On the other hand, the nucleotide sequences in the segment that is available for comparison in all four species reveal less exchanges between Strepsirhini (lemur and galago) and human than between tarsier and human. Our data imply that the early activity of dimeric Alu sequences must have been concurrent with the activity of monomeric Alu elements that persisted longer than is usually thought. As BC200 RNA gave rise to more than 200 pseudogenes, we used their consensus sequence variations as a molecular archive recording the BC200 RNA sequence changes in the anthropoid lineage leading to Homo sapiens and timed these alterations over the past 35-55 million years.

Alu Elements↗
PubMed1996

Primate phylogeny: morphological vs. molecular results.

Our comparative study of morphological (our data on selected living primates) and molecular characters (from the literature) confirms that, overall, phylogenetic reconstructions of Primates, and consequently their classifications, are more similar than dissimilar. When data from fossil Primates are incorporated, there may be several possible relationships among living Primates; the difference between most of them hinges mainly on the position of Tarsius. In one hypothesis, tarsiers are closely related to lemurs and lorises, and thus Primates is divided into Prosimii [lorises, lemurs, and tarsiers] and Anthropoidea [Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, i.e., monkeys, apes, and humans]. Two additional alternatives are that Tarsius is a sister group to the clade embracing lorises + lemurs and Anthropoidea and that in which all three lineages (Tarsius, lorises + lemurs, and Anthropoidea) form a polychotomy. In another hypothesis, tarsiers are closely related to anthropoids, giving these two branches: Strepsirhini [lemurs, lorises] and Haplorhini [tarsiers and Anthropoidea (Platyrrhini, the New World monkeys, and Catarrhini, Old World monkeys and Hominoidea)]. The first three alternatives gain some support from the fossil record, and the fourth from morphology of the living Tarsius and molecular data. It is emphasized that the morphological characters employed in this study for Tarsius are based on the only surviving genus of once-diverse tarsiiform primates known from the Eocene, and, although considered a "living fossil," it cannot represent all of them. Furthermore, Tarsius embodies derived features of its own which may affect its systematic position, but not necessarily the position of Tarsiiformes. Although the early Tertiary adapoids might have more nearly resembled anthropoids in their biochemistry and placental developments, this hypothesis is not testable from fossils, and any inferred relationships here must be based on characters of skeletal anatomy. Alternatively, anthropoids may be derived from certain omomyids or from some as yet undiscovered Eocene African taxon. Close relationships among Homo, Pan, and Gorilla have been confirmed during recent decades; Pongo is the sister group to this trichotomy. With increasing molecular data, Homo and Pan appear to be closer to each other than to any other living hominid taxon. Gorilla is a sister group to the Homo-Pan clade and Pongo is a sister group to all of them. Morphologists have given limited evidence for such a dichotomous grouping. In this study, we support the Homo-Pan clade, although with characters not as strong as for other clades.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Toward a phylogenetic classification of Primates based on DNA evidence complemented by fossil evidence.

A highly resolved primate cladogram based on DNA evidence is congruent with extant and fossil osteological evidence. A provisional primate classification based on this cladogram and the time scale provided by fossils and the model of local molecular clocks has all named taxa represent clades and assigns the same taxonomic rank to those clades of roughly equivalent age. Order Primates divides into Strepsirhini and Haplorhini. Strepsirhines divide into Lemuriformes and Loriformes, whereas haplorhines divide into Tarsiiformes and Anthropoidea. Within Anthropoidea when equivalent ranks are used for divisions within Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, Homininae divides into Hylobatini (common and siamang gibbon) and Hominini, and the latter divides into Pongina for Pongo (orangutans) and Hominina for Gorilla and Homo. Homo itself divides into the subgenera H. (Homo) for humans and H. (Pan) for chimpanzees and bonobos. The differences between this provisional age related phylogenetic classification and current primate taxonomies are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Evidence on primate phylogeny from epsilon-globin gene sequences and flanking regions.

Phylogenetic relationships among various primate groups were examined based on sequences of epsilon-globin genes. epsilon-globin genes were sequenced from five species of strepsirhine primates. These sequences were aligned and compared with other known primate epsilon-globin sequences, including data from two additional strepsirhine species, one species of tarsier, 19 species of New World monkeys (representing all extant genera), and five species of catarrhines. In addition, a 2-kb segment upstream of the epsilon-globin gene was sequenced in two of the five strepsirhines examined. This upstream sequence was aligned with five other species of primates for which data are available in this segment. Domestic rabbit and goat were used as outgroups. This analysis supports the monophyly of order Primates but does not support the traditional prosimian grouping of tarsiers, lorisoids, and lemuroids; rather it supports the sister grouping of tarsiers and anthropoids into Haplorhini and the sister grouping of lorisoids and lemuroids into Strepsirhini. The mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) and dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) appear to be most closely related to each other, forming a clade with the lemuroids, and are probably not closely related to the lorisoids, as suggested by some morphological studies. Analysis of the epsilon-globin data supports the hypothesis that the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) shares a sister-group relationship with other Malagasy strepsirhines (all being classified as lemuroids). Relationships among ceboids agree with findings from a previous epsilon-globin study in which fewer outgroup taxa were employed. Rates of molecular evolution were higher in lorisoids than in lemuroids.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

First skulls of the early Eocene primate Shoshonius cooperi and the anthropoid-tarsier dichotomy.

The phylogenetic relationships of living tarsiers and extinct omomyid primates are critical for deciphering the origin and relationships of primate higher taxa, particularly anthropoids. Three competing phylogenetic hypotheses are: (1) tarsiers are most closely related to early Cenozoic Omomyidae, particularly genera such as Necrolemur from the late Eocene of Europe; (2) tarsiers share a more recent common ancestry with anthropoids than they do with any known omomyid; (3) tarsiers and/or omomyids are most closely related to strepsirhines. The anatomy of four skulls of the early Eocene omomyid Shoshonius cooperi--the first cranial material recovered for this genus--strongly suggests that Shoshonius shares a more recent common ancestry with Tarsius than do either anthropoids or other Eocene omomyids for which cranial anatomy is known. If the primate suborder Haplorhini (anthropoids, omomyids, tarsiids) is monophyletic, the phylogenetic position of Shoshonius requires that anthropoids and Tarsius diverged by at least the early Eocene, some 15 million years before the first appearance of anthropoids in the fossil record.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Observations on the vomeronasal organ of prenatal Tarsius bancanus borneanus with implications for ancestral morphology.

Adult primates have at least five known phenotypes of vomeronasal organ (VNO), ranging from the typical morphology seen in most other mammals to complete absence. With such morphological disparity, the phylogenetic value and any inferences on ancestral VNO morphology of the primate VNO are left uncertain. The present study investigated the VNO of embryonic and fetal Tarsius bancanus borneanus (n = 4) in comparison with prenatal specimens from four other species of primates in an effort to clarify adult morphological variations. In all except one of the fetal primates, the VNO communicated to the nasopalatine duct. One exception occurred in the largest fetal Tarsius (25 mm crown-rump length), in which the VNO communicated with the nasal cavity alone. The vomeronasal neuroepithelium was well differentiated from a thinner, non-sensory epithelium in all Tarsius and New World monkeys studied, as well as late embryonic and fetal Microcebus myoxinus. In anterior sections, this neuroepithelium was found in a more superior location in Tarsius and New World monkeys compared with Microcebus myoxinus. In all primates, masses of cell bodies were found superior to the VNO, intermingled with nerve fibres. These morphologically resembled luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons described in other mammals, including humans, suggesting that a primitive association of these neurons with the VNO may exist in all primate taxa. The present study revealed that prenatal similarities exist in Tarsius and New World primates in VNO epithelial morphology. However, these are transient stages of morphology. If tarsiers and anthropoids do represent a clade (Haplorhini), then the atypical morphology seen in adult tarsiers and New World monkeys probably represents the adult VNO morphology of a haplorhine common ancestor.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1989

A molecular view of primate phylogeny and important systematic and evolutionary questions.

Phylogenetic analysis of extensive nucleotide sequence data from primate beta-globin gene clusters elucidates the systematics and evolution of the order Primates and reveals that rates of accumulation of mutations vary by as much as a factor of seven among different primate lineages. The picture of primate phylogeny from DNA sequences clarifies many ambiguities of the morphological picture. In the molecular picture, dwarf and brown lemurs group together into superfamily Lemuroidea, Lemuroidea and Lorisoidea into suborder Strepsirhini, and Tarsius and Anthropoidea into suborder Haplorhini. The molecular picture also provides both significant evidence for a human-chimpanzee clade that narrowly excludes gorilla and overwhelming evidence for the gorilla-chimpanzee-human clade within Hominoidea. Rates of DNA sequence evolution appear to have been fastest in the early primates ancestral to Anthropoidea and next fastest on the lorisoid branch. Rates were slowest over the past 25 Myr of hominoid descent, suggesting that mechanisms lowering the mutation rate evolved in correlation with lengthened life spans.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Relation between the ellipsis and the horizontal skull contour in man and various primates].

The values of the human skull circumference measured in the plane of its greatest length and that of the ellipsis determinated by the semiaxis a, the half largest length of the skull, and the semiaxis b, the half largest breadth, prove a high correlation which is neither dependent on the skull form nor size. The difference between the circumference of the skull and the ellipsis amount only a few % and correlates to the skull form. The areas of intersection of the skull and the area of the ellipsis correspond entirely. Samples of non-human primates show the skull in all Haplorhini being also adjustet to the area of the ellipsis, but the correlation is not so good as in human objects and is depending on the species. The morphological difference is caused by the skull contour-lines passing under and over the ellipsis to the same amount without changing the quantitative ratio of the skull area to the ellipsis area.

Adult↗