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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Government health expenditures and health outcomes.

This paper provides econometric evidence linking a country's per capita government health expenditures and per capita income to two health outcomes: under-five mortality and maternal mortality. Using instrumental variables techniques (GMM-H2SL), we estimate the elasticity of these outcomes with respect to government health expenditures and income while treating both variables as endogenous. Consequently, our elasticity estimates are larger in magnitude than those reported in literature, which may be biased up. The elasticity of under-five mortality with respect to government expenditures ranges from -0.25 to -0.42 with a mean value of -0.33. For maternal mortality the elasticity ranges from -0.42 to -0.52 with a mean value of -0.50. For developing countries, our results imply that while economic growth is certainly an important contributor to health outcomes, government spending on health is just as important a factor.

Child Mortality↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between modifiable health risks and group-level health care expenditures. Health Enhancement Research Organization (HERO) Research Committee.

PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between modifiable health risks and total health care expenditures for a large employee group. DESIGN: Risk data were collected through voluntary participation in health risk assessment (HRA) and worksite biometric screenings and were linked at the individual level to health care plan enrollment and expenditure data from employers' fee-for-service plans over the 6-year study period. SETTING: The setting was worksite health promotion programs sponsored by six large private-sector and public-sector employers. SUBJECTS: Of the 50% of employees who completed the HRA, 46,026 (74.7%) met all inclusion criteria for the analysis. MEASURES: Eleven risk factors (exercise, alcohol use, eating, current and former tobacco use, depression, stress, blood pressure, cholesterol, weight, and blood glucose) were dichotomized into high-risk and lower-risk levels. The association between risks and expenditures was estimated using a two-part regression model, controlling for demographics and other confounders. Risk prevalence data were used to estimate group-level impact of risks on expenditures. RESULTS: Risk factors were associated with 25% of total expenditures. Stress was the most costly factor, with tobacco use, overweight, and lack of exercise also being linked to substantial expenditures. CONCLUSIONS: Modifiable risk factors contribute substantially to overall health care expenditures. Health promotion programs that reduce these risks may be beneficial for employers in controlling health care costs.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Returns on investment in public health: effect of public health expenditures on infant health, 1983-1990.

In this study, we developed a broad conceptual framework focusing on how public health expenditures impact the nation's health. We then applied this framework to infant health outcomes and, using an eight-year state panel database, empirically analyzed how state public health expenditures, ceteris paribus, impact a state's level of teenage births and the receipt of prenatal care. Two hypotheses were tested. Hypothesis 1 states that over time, public health expenditures and public health activities, ceteris paribus, significantly decrease births to mothers less than 20 years of age. Hypothesis 2 states that over time, public health expenditures and public health activities, ceteris paribus, significantly decrease the number of infants whose mothers received late or no prenatal care. We find support for both hypotheses but observe that the way public health expenditures are measured has an impact on the findings. Other important implications of the study are noted. To our knowledge, this is the first article that has taken an aggregate state perspective over time and applied it to specific measures of infant health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Multiple prior years of health expenditures and Medicare health plan choice.

This study examines the effect of multiple prior years of health expenditures on the probability of enrollment in a Medicare HMO. Beneficiaries may require more than one year of prior expenditure data to form a reliable estimate of future expenditures if health expenditures have a significant transitory component. We used a logit model to estimate the influence of 1991-1993 Part A expenditures and demographic data on the choice of health plans in 1994. The results indicate that beneficiaries use multiple years of expenditures in their choice of health plan and the effect of prior spending declined with time.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Research issues related to oral health expenditures and financing oral health care for the aging veteran.

This article was intended to stimulate research on the financing and cost of oral health care provided to older veterans. Such research is needed as increasing costs and gaps in health care coverage have awakened federal interests in developing national health insurance plans. Although the status of oral health care benefits under such plans remains unclear, plans approaching universal coverage will likely lead The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to compete with private providers for patients. Oral health care may be financed as a benefit under a VA-sponsored health plan or financed directly as an appropriation to VA medical centers. This article suggests that research is needed 1) to examine different methods of payment, or rate schedules, that may be used to reimburse providers for the cost of oral health care, 2) to calculate reimbursement rates, and 3) to determine profitability by comparing reimbursement rates with estimates of production costs. The need for such research is underscored by wide variations in operating costs of dental services at different VA medical centers. The cost of oral health care services may include not only the cost of providing dental services but also possible medical care cost "offsets," because patients with better oral health may also experience better overall health status requiring fewer medical services. Finally, the literature suggests that time costs play an important role in rationing care among patients with dental insurance. Studies should be conducted in VA to determine how waiting time, cost of travel, and appointment scheduling affect the use of outpatient dental care services.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Controlling health expenditures--the Canadian reality.

Canada and the United States have conducted a large-scale social experiment on the effects of alternative ways of funding expenditures for health care. Two very similar societies, with (until recently) very similar systems of providing health care, have adopted radically different systems of reimbursement. The results of this experiment are of increasing interest to Americans, because the Canadian approach has avoided or solved several of the more intractable problems facing the United States. In particular, overall health expenditures have been constrained to a stable share of national income, and universality of coverage (without user charges) eliminates the problems of uncompensated care, individual burdens of catastrophic illness, and uninsured populations. The combination of cost control with universal, comprehensive coverage has surprised some American observers, who have questioned its reality, its sustainability, or both. We present a comparison of the Canadian and American data on expenditures, identifying the sectors in which the experience of the two nations diverges most, and describing the processes of control. In any system, cost control involves conflict between providers and payers. Political processes focus this conflict, whereas market processes diffuse it. But the stylized political combat in Canada may result in less intrusion on the professional autonomy of the individual physician than is occurring in the United States.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1991

National health expenditures, 1990.

During 1990, health expenditures as a share of gross national product rose to 12.2 percent, up from 11.6 percent in 1989. This dramatic increase is the second largest increase in the past three decades. The national health expenditure estimates presented in this article document rapidly rising health care costs and provide a context for understanding the health care financing crisis facing the Nation today. The 1990 national health expenditures incorporate the most recently available data. They differ from historical estimates presented in the preceding article. The length of time and complicated process of producing projections required use of 1989 national health expenditures--data available prior to the completion of the 1990 estimates presented here.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Determinants of household health expenditure on western institutional health care.

We try to identify determinants of illness reporting, provider choice and resulting expenditure with different econometric models using data from a representative household panel survey of 800 households in Nouna health district, Burkina Faso, during 2000-2001. The factors "being an adult", "married", "illness occurred in rainy season" and "severe illness" significantly increased the magnitude of health expenditure. Compared to malaria, individuals spent more on other infectious diseases, injury and the other disease category. In contrast, people were less likely to spend on chronic illness. An individual who belonged to a household headed by a female, a literate household head and with a higher household expenditure had a significantly positive association with the magnitude of expenditure. Findings from this study can be used for policy implication to improve health system performance in Burkina Faso through enhancing health care utilization.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Household health expenditures in Nepal: implications for health care financing reform.

His Majesty's Government of Nepal has embarked on an ambitious social welfare programme of increasing the accessibility of primary education and health care services in rural communities. The implications on the financing of health care services are substantial, as the number of health posts has increased twelve-fold from 1992 to 1996, from 200 to 2597. To strengthen health care financing, government policy-makers are considering a number of financing strategies that are likely to have a substantial impact on household health care expenditures. However, more needs to be known about the role of households in the current structure of the health economy before the government designs and implements policies that affect household welfare. This paper uses the Nepal Living Standards Survey, a rich, nationally-representative sample of households from 1996, to investigate level and distribution of household out-of-pocket health expenditures. Utilization and expenditures for different types of providers are presented by urban/rural status and by socioeconomic status. In addition, the sources of health sector funds are analyzed by contrasting household out-of-pocket expenditures with expenditures by the government and donors. The results indicate that households spend about 5.5% of total household expenditures on health care and that households account for 74% of the total level of funds used to finance the health economy. In addition, rural households are found to spend more on health care than urban households, after controlling for income status. Distributing health care expenditures by type of care utilized indicates that the wealthy, as well as the poor, rely heavily on services provided by the public sector. The results of this analysis are used to discuss the feasibility of implementing alternative health care financing policies.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2002

A structural equation modeling approach to examining the predictive power of determinants of individuals' health expenditures.

Understanding the determinants of health expenditures is essential for a fair and effective utilization profiling, particularly in the setting of capitation rates in risk-adjustment models. The objective of the study was to examine the relative importance of determinants in predicting future health expenditures, using structural equation modeling. Based on Andersen's behavioral system model, individual determinants along with prior utilization and measures of health status from 1994 are evaluated in a longitudinal design for theirpredictive powerfor health expenditures in 1995. A total of 4,255 policy-holders enrolled in three health plans at Trigon BlueCross/BlueShield of Virginia who responded to a mail survey were included for analysis. Person-level annual charges for health services utilization were used as the dependent variable. Five health scales were excerpted from Health Survey SF-36 to represent an individual's health status. Excluding prior utilization in 1994, health status (gamma = -0.19, p < 0.001) and having diabetes (gamma = 0.08, p < 0.001) are two statistically significant predictors of health expenditures in 1995. Including prior utilization, both health status (gamma = -0.15, p < 0.001) and prior utilization (gamma = 0.15, p < 0.001) are the most important predictors, followed by having diabetes (gamma = 0.08, p < 0.001). Health status is a powerful predictor offuture health expenditures, even when prior utilization is controlled.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Evidence on the determinants of Canadian provincial government health expenditures: 1965-1991.

Real per capital provincial government expenditures on health care over the period 1965-1991 are examined using pooled time-series cross-section regression analysis: Key determinants of real per capita provincial government expenditures on health care over the period 1965-1991 are real provincial per capita income, the proportion of the provincial population over age 65 and real provincial per capita federal transfer revenues. Established program financing had a negative and significant impact on real per capita provincial government health expenditures in Newfoundland and Quebec. An income elasticity of 0.77 implies that health care is not a luxury good.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

National health expenditures, 2002.

National health expenditures (NHE) were $1.6 trillion in 2002, a 9.3-percent increase from 2001. For the fourth consecutive year health spending grew faster than the overall economy as measured by the GDP. Growth in U.S. health care spending rose for most health services in 2002, with hospital spending once again the primary driver

Health Expenditures↗
PubMed1991

Recent revisions to and recommendations for national health expenditures accounting.

The Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) has importantly revised the methodology for estimating annual national health expenditures. Among other changes, the revisions estimated out-of-pocket spending directly, disaggregated expenditures to a greater degree, and reduced undercounting and double counting. Estimates of total spending and out-of-pocket spending changed. This article summarizes a meeting of a technical advisory panel, convened by HCFA, that reviewed the modifications adopted and made recommendations for future revisions.

Accounting↗