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Results for “Health Planning Guidelines”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Health through oral health; guidelines for planning and monitoring for oral health care: a critical comment on the WHO model.

Recently a joint working group of WHO/FDI published guidelines for planning and monitoring oral health care. In the report a model for calculations of future need for dental manpower was introduced as an effective planning tool. An analysis of whether the WHO model is appropriate to calculate the future need for manpower planning was carried out. It appears that the model has serious methodological shortcomings. The model expects the user to know the future oral care needs concerning preventive, special group, surgical, orthodontic, and periodontal care. In calculating future needs for restorative and prosthetic care, the model restricts itself to looking back in time and roughly calculating what has happened in the past, assuming this will happen again.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strengthening the public health system.

Although the American public health system has made major contributions to life expectancy for residents of this country over the past century, the system now faces more complex health problems that require comprehensive approaches and increased capacity, particularly in local and State public health agencies. To strengthen the public health system, concerted action is needed to meet these five critical needs: First, the knowledge base of public health workers needs to be supplemented through on-the-job training and continuing education programs. To this end, self-study courses will be expanded, and a network of regional training centers will be established throughout the country. Second, communities need dynamic leadership from public health officials and their agencies. To enhance leadership skills and expand the leadership role of public health agencies, focused personal leadership development activities, including a Public Health Leadership Institute, and national conferences will provide a vision of the future role of public health agencies. Third, local and State public health agencies need access to data on the current health status of the people in their communities and guidance from the nation's public health experts. To improve access to information resources, state-of-the-art technologies will be deployed to create integrated information and communication systems linking all components of the public health system. Fourth, local and State agencies need disease prevention and health promotion plans that target problems and develop strategies and the capacity to address them. To provide communities with structured approaches to this process, planning tools have been developed and distributed, and technical assistance will be provided to local and State health agencies to involve each community in planning,priority setting, and constituency building.Finally, public health agencies need adequate resources to fund prevention programs. To improve the use of existing Federal support and enhance the availability of new community resources, grant programs will be modified, and innovative approaches to local resource enhancement will be developed and shared.Activities in these five key areas are designed to improve the infrastructure of the public health system and its capacity to carry out effectively the core functions of public health assessment, policy development, and assurance of the availability of the benefits of public health. If the nation is to achieve the health objectives for the year 2000, the public health system-the individuals and institutions that, when working effectively together, promote and protect the health of the people-must be strengthened.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1990

Leadership role of dental associations: oral health promotion.

'Promoting Oral Health: Guidelines for Dental Associations' is the product of Working Group 3 on Oral Health Promotion of the Commission on Oral Health, Research and Epidemiology of the FDI. This paper describes the guidelines document, its rationale and its potential utility. An organized planned sequence of activities, including policy formation and dissemination, planning group structure and function, information gathering, goal setting, strategic planning of objectives and interventions, implementation as well as monitoring and evaluation, are reviewed. Relevant to both industrialized and developing countries, these oral health promotion guidelines can be used to develop programmes to demonstrate the benefit of self-care and appropriate demand for dental services.

Health Planning↗
PubMed1990

[The need of special services in the future care of the mentally retarded].

A proposal for deinstitutionalization of the mentally retarded in Norway passed the Norwegian Storting in May 1988. The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs has prepared guidelines for planning and implenting this reform. On 1 January 1991 the responsibility for providing the necessary services was transferred to the municipalities. Many problems have to be solved in order to ensure that the life of each mentally retarded person is qualitatively improved after normalization and integration into society. In July 1989 the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs issued a document which assumed that necessary specialists and special services for the mentally retarded already exist, and are being used. Our study has questioned this assumption as being incorrect or incomplete. We interviewed persons in charge of the system of health care in all 19 Norwegian counties. Our conclusions are as follows: The mentally retarded do receive specialist services in various areas of somatic medicine. Their needs as regards psychiatric care are not taken care of by psychiatric specialists in hospitals or at out-patient facilities. Data shows that the system of institutionalized health care for the mentally retarded provides unique services which are best described as systematically applied behaviour analyses. Such special competence is often lacking in the Norwegian health services otherwise. In order to ensure that the mentally retarded will receive the best possible care, this competence must be integrated into the future system of care. It is most importance to consider these problems without delay. This article also discusses organizing special training and treatment for the mentally retarded themselves and special training for the persons providing the care.

Health Planning Guidelines↗
PubMed1979

Utilization of computed tomography scanners and the health planning issue: a process data summary.

Studies were made of the computed tomography (CT) scanning process at three hospitals. The data collected, while of interest to hospital administrators and radiologists, are particularly significant in view of the current structure of health planning guuielines. The data show clearly that the utilization potential of a particular CT scanner is a function of patient demand, scan time, the ratio of head to body procedures, and medical practice insofar as contrast medium administration is concerned. This paper summarizes the results of the hospital studies and documents the implications of the data for health planning guidelines.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Hospital buildings have few alternative uses.

A year ago HEW published guidelines regulating hospital beds and occupancy rates. Reluctant to close their doors, administrators have sought conversion alternatives, most of them impractical and economically impossible. A go-slow attitude is recommended, as population increases will dictate hospitals' proper response.

Bed Occupancy↗
PubMed1990

Regulatory requirements for clinical evaluation of antimicrobial agents.

Evaluation of antimicrobial agents in governed mainly by interaction between the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authorities. The 1977 FDA guidelines have been setting the standards for more than a decade now. Basic principles of the 1977 guidelines remain valid, however changes in the definition of end-points of response, as measured by both clinical and microbiological criteria, have occurred. The new (draft) FDA guidelines and the 1989 guidelines of the British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy are more consistent with contemporary concepts of treatment. In general, the differences in the requirements are minimal with a few exceptions, namely the requirements concerning blinding and assessment of clinical efficacy by site of infection and by organism in the FDA guidelines.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

AIDS education for health care professionals in an organizational or systems context.

Traditionally, health education for practicing health professionals, as well as members of the public, focuses on the individual and relies on changing personal behavior. However, health care for persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and members of their families, mainly is delivered within health and human services organizations. Providing AIDS education for health care professionals in an organizational or systems context shifts the focus from the individual to the group and from changing a person's behavior to offering health care professionals opportunities for interaction. In an organizational or systems approach, they can address patient care issues collectively, share interdisciplinary knowledge, identify problems of common concern, plan coordinated and integrated responses, and provide mutual support. A strategy for planning AIDS education is proposed for key administrators, supervisors, and care providers, who are the gatekeepers, opinion makers, and role models of organizations. Addressing organizational, community, and health care delivery system issues as part of an education program provides a forum for defining problems and a basis for uniting professionals and developing solutions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

UK survey of psychiatric services for the elderly: direction for developing services.

As an important step in health care planning for the elderly, a systematic descriptive study of ten psychogeriatric services was undertaken in the United Kingdom. A definite trend emerged of a reduction in the number of hospital beds as community services developed. Health authorities tended to establish a clinical base in general hospitals rather than in mental hospitals. The recent effect of the rapid growth of the private nursing home sector is also described. Some rough guidelines are provided for the basic resources needed to establish a comprehensive service including one assessment bed and one day place per 1,000 elderly persons; the number of long-stay beds depends on the number of places available in the private sector. While the Canadian health care system differs in some fundamental ways from that in the UK, the principles and guidelines derived from the UK experience may be applied to meet the psychiatric needs of the elderly in Canada.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

The research and development agenda for cancer prevention and education in Australia.

In Australia the most important preventable causes of cancer, in order of importance, are tobacco smoking, diet, obesity, sunlight exposure, alcohol consumption and occupational exposure to carcinogens. We review and discuss these causes and their potential preventability and discuss three broad strategies in cancer prevention: public health policy and legislation, screening, and education and behavior change. In each of these broad areas, current research evidence and relevant approaches to research and development are considered. Six areas of research and development priority for cancer prevention and education are suggested: cigarette smoking (particularly among children and adolescents); protection of the skin from exposure to strong sunlight; screening; dietary choices; occupational exposures; and the social and environmental context of cancer prevention. All of these strategies and concerns will not apply to every country in the Asia-Pacific region but may be useful as guidelines and as a stimulus for determining particular local priorities.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Guidelines for community-based screening for chronic health conditions.

Preventive measures for many chronic diseases depend upon identification of asymptomatic individuals who have the disease or who may be at risk for developing it. A screening biochemical test can identify such individuals. Mass screening for biochemical markers or risk factors for chronic conditions, especially for elevated serum cholesterol and blood glucose, has been advocated in recent years and has become increasingly common in various nonmedical community settings. Although generally well intentioned, such programs may fall short of their goals and may even be counterproductive. In recognition of the use of biochemical screening in nonmedical community settings, and in an attempt to make such efforts as productive as possible, the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) has developed state guidelines for these screening programs. These guidelines make recommendations regarding: (1) the criteria for judging the effectiveness of biochemical screening tests; (2) the qualifications and training of screening program staff; (3) the proper use and maintenance of equipment used in screening programs and other quality control measures; (4) referral procedures for persons with abnormal test results; and (5) the lawful implementation of screening programs. Optimally, as pointed out by these guidelines, all community-based screening programs should complement a larger health education or risk-reduction program that guarantees appropriate medical follow-up and management. Preventive medicine practitioners and organizations embarking on such activities should be familiar with the issues addressed by these guidelines and may find adherence to them useful in developing effective community screening programs.

California↗
PubMed1991

Opportunities to improve the cost-effectiveness of treatment for hypertension.

The cost-effectiveness of treatment for hypertension depends on the pretreatment level of blood pressure, age and sex of the patient, presence of other cardiovascular risk factors, long-term control of blood pressure, and the annual costs of treatment. Treatment of very mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure, 90-94 mm Hg), even if the benefits do exceed the risks, does not appear to be particularly cost-effective. Opportunities to improve the cost-effectiveness of hypertension management lie in 1) avoidance of patient mislabeling by careful documentation of blood pressures on multiple occasions in the office and during usual activities outside the office before the diagnosis is made and treatment is begun; 2) efforts to increase adherence to scheduled visits and medication regimens; 3) attempts to step-down dosages or discontinue medications after periods of good blood pressure control; 4) explicit consideration of costs, as well as benefits, in decisions on the needed frequency of office visits, choice of medications, and use of laboratory tests; and 5) efforts to improve practice efficiency. Future practice guidelines for hypertension management should take these factors into account and should make trade-offs between benefits, risks, and costs explicit for specific types of patients.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1992

Oral health promotion and health education programmes for Nigeria--policy guidelines.

Nigeria like other developing countries is presently faced with the arduous problem of coping with scarce resources to control existing and increasing oral disease levels. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of oral health promotion for initiating successful, effective, preventive oral health programmes. At present however, Nigeria is without formal oral health promotion and health education policies or programmes. In the "National Policy and Strategy to Achieve Health for All Nigerians" (Federal Ministry of Health 1986), no specific mention was made of oral health promotion or oral health education. The present paper therefore proposes definitive policy guidelines that will help in the development of coherent oral health promotion programmes for the country. The approach proposed tackles causes common to a number of chronic diseases and incorporates oral health into general health strategies.

Developing Countries↗