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Results for “Helping Behavior”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Harm-doing and victim's racial or orthopedic stigma as determinants of helping behavior.

Three experiments tested a prediction derived from an ambivalence theory of behavior toward the stigmatized. The prediction was that unintentional harm-doers would be more likely to make restitution by doing a favor for a stigmatized victim than for a nonstigmatized one. In Experiment 1 it was upheld for black versus white victims. In Experiment 2, where the victim of harm-doing was either physically handicapped or normal, the prediction was upheld only among older subjects, following the post hoc introduction of an age variable. Experiment 3 also used a physical disability variable. The data were consistent with the prediction, although the adequacy of the harm-doing manipulation was not checked empirically. On the whole, these results are seen as complementing previous findings of amplified post-harm-doing denigration of black and disabled victims. An assumption that the relationship between harm-doing and altruism was mediated by guilt arousal received only fragmentary support. That is, self-reports of guilt were highest in the harm-doing black confederate condition in Experiment 1, and self-reports of negative affect were highest in the harm-doing/wheelchair confederate condition in Experiment 3, but there were no significant relationships between individual differences in guilt or negative affect on the one hand, and amount of helping, on the other.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Help-seeking behavior in families of schizophrenics.

To meet the exigencies of coping with the onset of schizophrenia in the family, caregivers sought out an array of professional and nonprofessional supports. The respondents to a questionnaire, all members of a self-help group, reported considerable merit to the help of friends, relatives, and group members. In contrast, the various forms of therapy were valued little; nearly half found no value at all. These findings are better understood when needs of families are expressed. Of highest priority are understanding of the illness, practical guidance in patient management, and community resources such as housing. These are not typical functions of therapy. Self-help groups may serve these needs better.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Sex differences in bystander intervention in a theft.

A series of studies demonstrated a strong relationship among the situation-defining variable of degree of harm to victim, sexual configuration among participants, and bystanders' willingness to intervene to stop a theft. A pretest showed that a prior verbal commitment was absolutely necessary for intervention. The remaining data showed that high harm to a victim produced a high rate of intervention and showed strong sex differences in helping behavior in low-harm conditions. A high percentage of female bystanders helped in both low- and high-harm situations, whereas frequent helping by males was observed only when harm to the victim was high. Female victims elicited a significantly greater amount of helping, and sex of thief had no effect. A significant sex of bystander, sex of victim, and harm to victim interaction best describes the data. Results are interpreted in terms of different motivational sets held by males and females when they are responsible for the fate of others. Results also support the utility of an interactionist approach to the question of how individual and situational variables influence prosocial action.

Female↗
PubMed1979

The primary group as supportive milieu: applications to community psychology.

The paper reviews evidence documenting the health-protective effects of the informal social support extended by kith, kin, and community gatekeepers. Noteworthy features of a classification scheme describing the substance of informal helping behaviors are reviewed. Implications for future research and action address: (a) the need for professionals to reexamine occasions for the provision of consultation and crisis-intervention services; (b) the potential for using social network analysis to identify vulnerable groups in the community; (c) the merits of advocating on behalf of informal support systems as favorable settings for the accomplishment of primary prevention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Relationships among experience level and value orientation and the performance of paraprofessional telephone counselors.

The effectiveness of indigenous paraprofessional helpers is thought to be partially due to the similarity in style and values between then and their clients. However, there is a concern that as they gain experience in an agency, their identification may shift from the clients to the agency. Also, there is a question as to how effective paraprofessionals (selected due to their shared values with a target population) are with value-dissimilar clients. Truax and Carkhuff's scales of facilitative conditions as well as a technique functioning scale were used to assess the helping behavior of paraprofessional telephone counselors at three levels of experience in response to value-similar and value-dissimilar simulated calls. The results indicate that performance generally improved with training and experience and that instead of a uniform deterioration with dissimilar value calls, a complex relationship existed between performance, values, and experience level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Response of patients to participation in psychiatry board examinations.

The patient who volunteers to be a subject for Part II of the certifying examination in psychiatry and neurology is an indispensable but surprisingly invisible participant in a highly controversial process. A survey of the attitudes of 78 patients toward this experience revealed that although they experienced a significant degree of stress, the overwhelming majority viewed their participation in strongly positive terms. The patient's loyalty to the host institution and the manner in which the patient is prepared for the experience appear to be the major factors in determining a positive outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Staff skills in patient/family relations grow.

Short but cogent course on communication, attitudes, and behaviors helps staff members from many departments relate more effectively with patients, their families, and visitors.

Communication↗
PubMed1978

How operant conditioning can contribute to behavioral toxicology.

Operant conditioning can contribute to the development of behavioral toxicology in many ways. Its techniques are useful in training animals in the various behaviors the toxicologist may wish to study. They make possible the sophisticated assessment of sensory functioning. Operant conditioners excel at using schedules of intermittent reinforcement to create the type of stable animal performance needed in studying substances that produce effects only after prolonged exposure. Schedule-controlled behavior also helps elucidate the precise behavioral mechanisms involved in toxicity. In the early assessment of toxic substances a judiciously chosen sample of schelule-controlled performances may provide the best estimate whether the integrity of complex operant behavior remains unchanged. The development of improved behavioral techniques and computer technology promises to bring down the cost of such assessment.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Hairdressers as caregivers. I. A descriptive profile of interpersonal help-giving involvements.

The interpersonal help-giving behaviors of 90 hairdressers were explored in depth in an interview study. On the average, hairdressers saw 55 customers a week, and talked 25 minutes with each. About one-third of the talking time concerned clients' moderate to serious personal problems--particularly problems with children, physical health, marriage, depression, and anxiety. Hairdressers reported that offering sympathy and support, being lighthearted, just listening, and presenting alternatives were among their most frequent response strategies. Although they often enjoyed fielding clients' personal problems, at times they felt perplexed by them. Hairdressers perceived listening to customers' interpersonal problems to be an important part of their everyday function and expressed a need for professional inputs in that domain.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Student physical symptoms and the social climate of college living groups.

Student physical symptoms were related to the social climates of university living groups. A Physical Symptom Risk Scale, a new subscale of the University Residence Environment Scale, which relates consistently to physical symptom complaints for male, female, and coed living groups, was developed. Living groups characterized by high student physical symptoms were perceived by students as low in involvement and support, high in competition, and low in student influence. The results indicate that certain types of social environments may be "high risk" settings in that they support and possibly facilitate complaints of physical symptoms. These settings may be amenable to early "environmental diagnosis," preventive counseling, and change-oriented social systems intervention.

Competitive Behavior↗
PubMed1979

Microwaves: effect on thermoregulatory behavior in rats.

Rats, with their fur clipped, pressed a lever to turn on an infrared lamp while in a cold chamber. When they were exposed to continuous-wave microwaves at 2450 megahertz for 15-minute periods, the rate at which they turned on the infrared lamp decreased as a function of the microwave power density, which ranged between 5 and 20 milliwatts per square centimeter. This result indicates that behaviorally significant levels of heating may occur at an exposure duration and intensities that do not produce measurable changes in many other behavioral measures or in colonic temperature. Further study of how microwaves affect thermoregulatory behavior may help us understand such phenomena as the reported "nonthermal" behavioral effects of microwaves.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

A Systematic Review of Help-Seeking Barriers for Racial-Ethnic Minority Caregivers Accessing Autism Diagnostic and Intervention Services.

Caregivers play an essential role in early help-seeking and intervention for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Caregivers, therefore, provide a crucial role in helping to address the racial and ethnic disparity identified in accessing ASD intervention and diagnostic services (Bejarano-Martín et al., Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50(9), 3380-3394, 2020). Unfortunately, racial-ethnic minority caregivers of children with autism (CCA) are less likely to contact a physician or healthcare professionals about their concerns and more likely to delay their contact to have their child evaluated (Zeleke et al., Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 49(10), 4320-4331, 2019). However, little evidence exists to explain why such a gap exists in the help-seeking behaviors between White and racial-ethnic minority CCA. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify articles that have studied barriers in help-seeking for racial-ethnic minority CCA. A broad literature search across four databases was conducted (i.e., PubMed, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, and Child Development and Adolescent Studies). The coding team identified 17 articles on help-seeking barriers for racial-ethnic minority CCA. A thematic analysis was used to narratively synthesize the help-seeking barriers identified across these 17 studies. Four themes emerged from our findings: logistical barriers, provider competence, ASD literacy, and cultural stigma. We also provided clinical recommendations for healthcare providers working with families with racial-ethnic minority CCA.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Barriers and Facilitators of Help-Seeking for LGBTQ+ Survivors of Sexual Violence: A Systematic Review.

People who identify as LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, plus) are known to experience similar or higher levels of sexual violence compared to their heterosexual cisgender counterparts. However, sexual violence research has largely focused on heterosexual female survivors of male perpetrated crime. Thus, the unique support needs and help-seeking patterns of LGBTQ+ survivors are poorly understood. This review addresses this gap by systematically exploring literature on barriers and facilitators to help-seeking for LGBTQ+ survivors of sexual violence. Four databases (PsycINFO, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Web of Science) were searched to identify relevant material, with 35 articles (30 qualitative, 1 quantitative, and 4 mixed-methods) meeting the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted and analyzed using a narrative synthesis. The topic was investigated almost exclusively cross-sectionally. Barriers included discrimination experiences, myths and stereotypes, feelings of shame and self-blame, and rejection of victim status. Additional barriers were reported by survivors who hold multiple minority identities, in particular LGBTQ+ people of color and sex workers. Facilitators to help-seeking included the intrinsic need to connect with others, social encouragement and empowerment, and positive disclosure experiences. The Power Threat Meaning framework provides insight into these findings by presenting help-seeking behaviors as adaptive responses to increase a sense of safety following a traumatic experience. The analyzed data indicate several implications for the development and improvement services to support LGBTQ+ survivors. They further serve to highlight the need for additional robust research, conducted with an intersectional lens, to explore the needs of sexual and gender minority survivors of sexual violence.

Humans↗