[LH-RH test using high sensitivity hemagglutination test].
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Amenorrhea↗
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Results for “Hemagglutination Tests”
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Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of antibody against bovine leukemia virus.
An indirect hemagglutination test was developed for detecting antibody against Bovine Leukemia Virus. Medium from Bovine Leukemia Virus infected monolayer fetal lamb kidney cell line cultures was concentrated by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and freezedrying. Tanned sheep red blood cells were exposed to p24 and GP antigens, separately and together. The GP antigen did not attach to the sheep red blood cells, while the p24 antigen did. On testing 150 samples from suspect animals with the crude antigen-coated sheep red blood cells, the indirect hemagglutination test detected almost the same number (74) of positive animals as the agar gel immunodiffusion test with GP antigen (79), and by each of these test a far greater number of cases of leukosis were detected than by hematologic examination (58) or agar gel immunodiffusion test with p24 antigen (44). These results suggest that the indirect hemagglutination test may detect almost the same number of positive as the agar gel immunodiffusion test with GP antigen. Moreover, its results can be read two days earlier, and an impression of the antibody level in the sera is obtained. In routine or large-scale work the indirect hemagglutination test is too troublesome and time-consuming compared to the agar gel immunodiffusion test. The indirect hemagglutination test may be improved if it becomes possible to sensitize sheep red blood cells with GP antigen.
Animals↗
[Detection of the etiologic structure of generalized and localized forms of meningococcal infection using the passive hemagglutination test].
Preparations of formalin-treated erythrocytes sensitized with meningococcus polysaccharides of serological groups A, C, X, Y, and Z were used for the purpose of examination of patients with meningococcus infection; these preparations were highly specific in the tests of precipitation, hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. Indirect hemagglutination test with the sera of 99 patients suffering from generalized forms of meningococcus infection was conducted with the mentioned preparations in Moscow and Novosibirsk in 1974--1975 when a stable morbidity decline was noted in these towns after an epidemic rise. The diagnostic value of this test was confirmed: it permitted to diagnose meningococcus etiology beginning from the 5th day of the disease and to decipher it from the aspect of individual serological groups. As shown, the incidence of cases caused by serological group A, reaching 87% at the height of the epidemic rise, fell to 49.5% at the stage of decline. Cases caused by group Y which was not encountered formerly were revealed in 16.2% of the patients. Among 127 patients with miningitis of nonmeningococcus etiology meningococcus antibodies to groups A and Y were revealed with the same frequency (in titres of not over 1 : 20--1 : 80), but the leading role of serological group A in the etiology of the manifest forms permitted to draw a conclusion on the presence of a higher invasiveness in the strains of group A.
Hemagglutination Tests↗
[Evaluation of the outer envelope antigens of leptospira in complement fixation and hemagglutination tests for leptospirosis].
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Animals↗
Serology of Legionnaires disease: comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody, immune adherence hemagglutination, and indirect hemagglutination tests.
An immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test for the measurement of antibodies to Legionella pneumophila was developed and evaluated for the diagnosis of Legionnaires disease. Its sensitivity was compared to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test and a recently developed indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. The sensitivity of the three tests appeared to be similar, with the IFA test giving slightly higher titers. Both the IHA and IAHA tests appear useful for the serodiagnosis of Legionnaires disease; the IAHA test has the advantage that it can be used with many other serological antigens.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Plasmodium gallinaceum-parasitized chicken erythrocytes in a practical hemagglutination test for IgM antibodies in human malaria.
A new hemagglutination test for human malaria, done with Plasmodium gallinaceum-parasitized, aldehyde-fixed, chicken erythrocytes as a stable lyophilized reagent, is described. The test was positive in every human case of falciparum or vivax malaria in which there was parasitemia. It detected only IgM anti-plasmodial antibodies and usually became negative within a few weeks after treatment. As a practical and sensitive test for active malaria, the P. gallinaceum hemagglutination test should be complementary tool for seroepidemiological studies.
Animals↗
Comparative evaluation of different fixation procedures and different coupling reagents for the demonstration of influenza virus-specific antibodies by the indirect hemagglutination test.
The indirect hemagglutination technique has been improved by fixing the carrier erythrocytes successively with glutaraldehyde and sulfosalicylic acid. Sensitization by covalent conjugation of influenza virus antigens to the erythrocytes with various coupling reagents, which resulted in stable and highly sensitive test cells, has been defined. An economical affinity chromatography procedure using antibody-coated agarose has been developed to prepare sufficiently pure antigens from fowl plague virus-infected choriollantoic membranes.
Animals↗
Malarial antibodies measured by the indirect hemagglutination test in West African children.
The indirect hemagglutination test with Plasmodium falciparum antigen was used to measure malarial antibodies in filter paper blood specimens from 527 West African children. A slight decline in antibodies was noted in 6- to 8-month-old children wh o had no malaria parasites in their blood smears. Children older than 10 months had similar antibody levels regardless of the presence or absence of demonstrated parasites in blood smears.
Africa, Western↗
Clinical evaluation of a rubella passive hemagglutination test system.
A recently marketed passive hemagglutination (PHA) test (Rubacell, Abbott Laboratories) was compared to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for the detection of antibody to rubella virus. The performance of the PHA system in determining immunity to rubella was evaluated by comparing the PHA results and HI results on 1, 086 randomly selected sera submitted for routine premarital and prenatal testing. Of the 1, 079 specimens assayable by both procedures, 1, 053 of the results (97.6%) were in agreement on initial testing. When the 26 initially discrepant specimens were retested for clarification, there was final agreement in 1, 067 of the specimens (98.9%). Twelve specimens were classified as persistently discrepant (five were not retested by PHA) and seven were unassayable by HI. Seven of the specimens with discrepant results were PHA positive and HI negative, and five were PHA negative and HI positive. Discussion of the two tests with respect to technical difficulty, cost, and controls is also included.
Antibodies, Viral↗
A passive hemagglutination test for diagnosis of trench fever due to Rochalimaea quintana.
A passive hemagglutination test devised for diagnosis of trench fever was easily performed and highly sensitive and specific. Tanned sheep erythrocytes were sensitized with soluble antigen from Rochalimaea quintana. The test detected antibody in six of seven cases of primary infection and in four cases of late, relapsed trench fever. Titers of antibody ranged from 1:20 to 1:640. Although both IgM and IgG antibody to R. quintana were detected by passive hemagglutination, IgG appeared to be the major reactive antibody. Antigens involved in the reaction were two types of proteins, one inactivated at 50 C and 60 C and the other at 80 C and 100 C. Of 322 control samples of sera that were tested, only one reacted positively; thus, the test had a specificity of greater than 99%. The single positive reaction was in serum from a patient with Q fever. This finding suggests that, in an area where Q fever is endemic, this disease must be ruled out in the interpretation of a positive passive hemagglutination test. Sera should be tested routinely against tanned, unsensitized erythrocytes, since an occassional sample of serum may agglutinate unsensitized cells. Because of its sensitivity and specificity, as well as its simplicity of performance, the passive hemagglutination test shows promise as a useful procedure for serologic identification of both acute and past infection with R. quintana.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
[Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of toxoplasma antibodies (author's transl)].
A micromethod with stable reagents for the simple and rapid detection of toxoplasma antibodies with the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) is presented. The results obtained with this method are compared with the titers in the dye test and complement-fixation test and with two IHAT-kits recently offered by commercial firms. We propose to use the IHAT as a supplementary reaction to the methods commonly in use. The relationship between the Sabin-Feldman dye test and IHAT is dependent upon the stage of infection. A very good agreement is obtained with latent toxoplasma infections. On the contrary with some new infections (up to 6 months) the IHAT titer is clearly lower than the dye test titer. This discrepancy opens the possibility of determining the infection stage with a single serum-sample.
Antibodies↗
[Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of antibodies to cytomegalovirus in blood collected on blotting paper (author's transl)].
Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of antibodies to cytomegalovirus is highly sensitive and reproducible, if employed in well-defined conditions. Standardization of the various factors involved is necessary as well as their reciprocal equilibrium : sheep erythrocytes, antigen, dilution of tanin, buffers quality. The hemagglutination test can be performed on small volumes such as blood collection on blotting paper (PKU). Antibody titers were compared in the serum and the blood so collected in 104 subjects : the results were very similar and no "false negative" were found in any case. This way of collecting blood and hemagglutination are technical improvements in epidemiologic studies of cytomegalovirus infection. It can be hoped they will be adapted to other group herpes infections.
Animals↗
Hemagglutination tests for syphilis antibody.
In a study of serodiagnosis of syphilis, the authors compared the specificities and sensitivities of two hemagglutination tests, a sheep-erythrocyte test (MHA-TP) and a trukey-erythrocyte test (TPHA), with those of the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) test. In tests of sera from 935 patients without syphilis, the MHA-TP, TPHA, and FTA-ABS tests were reactive for 0.96, 0, and 1.3% respectively. The false-positive results were usually transient and not associated with underlying illness. For the 68 patients with syphilis, the MHA-TP test was as sensitive as the FTA-ABS test in all stages except untreated primary disease. The TPHA test appeared to be undersensitive, and testing of follow-up sera from persons with latent syphilis showed unexplained conversion of false-negative TPHA results to reactive results. Reproducibilities of the two hemagglutination tests were comparable. The MHA-TP test is a valuable confirmatory test for syphilis. Further study is needed before the use of the TPHA test can be recommended.
Animals↗
Improved indirect hemagglutination test for cytomegalovirus using human O erythrocytes in lysine.
A modified indirect hemagglutination test for cytomegalovirus antibodies is described in which glutaraldehyde-fixed human O cells, rather than sheep cells, are used. Nonspecific hemagglutination was reduced by use of the optimal tannic acid concentration for each cell batch and the addition of 0.1 M lysine to the phosphate-buffered saline in which the fixed, tanned, sensitized cells were resuspended for use in the test. Three of 349 sera showed nonspecific hemagglutination by this technique. Antigen made by freezing phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) over an infected monolayer can be used at dilutions of 1:8 to 1:15. Fixed, tanned, sensitized cells ready for use in the test can be stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 8 months. Use of cryoprotectants and washing after thawing is unnecessary. Simplification of the assay permits one person to screen 300 sera in 1 day or to determine the immune status of a potential donor or recipient in 45 min after the test is set up. The modified assay compares favorably in sensitivity with the complement fixation test and with previously described methods for performing the indirect hemagglutination test.
ABO Blood-Group System↗
[Use of the indirect hemagglutination test for the study of ornithosis. Report 2. Preparation and approbation of the dry ornithosis erythrocyte diagnostic agent].
An original preparation--dry ornithosis erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the indirect hemagglutination test was prepared on the basis of formalinized tannin-treated sheep red blood cells and group-specific phospholipid antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis. This diagnostic agent retained its specific activity for 18 months (observation period). The use of this preparation considerably facilitated the method of performance of this test, this offering a possibility of its wide application in practice. A sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity of the indirect hemagglutination test with the suggested diagnostic agent, in comparison with the complement fixation test was demonstrated.
Animals↗
A passive hemagglutination test for detecting bovine serum albumin antibodies.
A microtiter passive hemagglutination test is described for detecting and titrating antibodies in chickens. Chicken erythrocytes are coated with antigen (bovine serum albumin = BSA) in the presence of 0.25% glutaraldehyde. Such sensitized erythrocytes are agglutinated in the presence of antibodies against BSA. The sensitivity and specificity of the test are not affected by salt concentrations in the range of 0.9-9%. This test measures the course of antibody response in chickens immunized with BSA.
Animals↗
[Passive hemagglutination test for individual or epidemiologic diagnosis of human brucellosis].
Coupling of an extract from B. abortus strain 99 to sheep red blood cells by chromium chloride allowed to develop a highly specific and reliable passive hemagglutination test (H). Indeed, H was positive in 99.8 per cent sera from 968 known Brucella-infected heifers, while tube agglutination revealed only 59 per cent and complement fixation 90.9 per cent positive cases. H was positive in 153 sera from 778 proven or suspected human brucellosis where agglutination and/or complement fixation tests were positive, and in 21 sera negative to conventional tests. H demonstreated remote or undiagnosed human B. abortus infections in 28.6 per cent of 18 367 human sera randomly examined in a rural area. Therefore, a simple easy-to-perform passive hemagglutination test could replace a battery of conventional tests for the diagnosis of individual brucellosis, and epidemiologic surveys. The present study points to a high prevalence of undiagnosed brucellosis in man, specially in those area where cattle are raised.
Animals↗
Quantitative estimation of infantile gastroenteritis virus antigens in stools by immune adherence hemagglutination test.
Infantile gastroenteritis virus antigens in stools were titrated by the immune adherence hemagglutination test. A good correlation was observed between immune adherence hemagglutination titers and electron microscope counts.
Antigens, Viral↗