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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the gills and hepatopancreas of freshwater-cultured Litopenaeus vannamei under chronic nitrite stress.

To investigate the differences in molecular responses between the gills and hepatopancreas of freshwater-cultured Litopenaeus vannamei under chronic nitrite stress, a 30-day chronic stress experiment was conducted with a control group and a stress group. Transcriptomic analysis of the gills and hepatopancreas was performed using Illumina sequencing; differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and GO, KEGG, GSEA, PPI, and RT-qPCR validation were carried out. The results showed that 196 DEGs (161 up-regulated and 35 down-regulated) were identified in the gills, and 287 DEGs (199 up-regulated and 88 down-regulated) in the hepatopancreas, with only 18 DEGs shared between the two tissues. DEGs in the gills were enriched in oxidoreductase activity, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism; DEGs in the hepatopancreas were enriched in lipid transporter activity, phagosome, ECM-receptor interaction, and riboflavin metabolism. GSEA revealed significant suppression of the mTOR pathway in the gills and the Polycomb complex pathway in the hepatopancreas. PPI network analysis identified hub genes P5CS and eEF2 in the gills, and PER, TUBB1, SHMT, and TUBB4B in the hepatopancreas. RT-qPCR validation was consistent with the RNA-seq results (R2 = 0.764). This study indicates that, under chronic nitrite stress, the gill response is centered on redox regulation and inhibition of growth metabolism, whereas the hepatopancreas response primarily involves lipid transport, cytoskeletal remodeling, and phagosome activation. The two tissues synergistically adapt through fundamental biosynthetic and motor protein pathways. This research provides molecular evidence for deciphering the nitrite tolerance mechanisms in freshwater-cultured shrimp.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Lipid metabolism in hepatopancreas and ovaries of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain during vitellogenesis.

Ovarian lipids are essential nutrients that fundamentally determine oocyte and offspring quality, and ultimately affect the reproductive performance of decapod crustaceans. Lipids accumulated in the ovaries during vitellogenesis are mainly derived from the hepatopancreas. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism in the hepatopancreas and ovaries during vitellogenesis remain largely unclear. In this study, comparative transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses were conducted on the hepatopancreas and ovaries of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. From early to late vitellogenic stages, 454 lipid species were significantly increased and 17 decreased in abundance in the hepatopancreas, and 609 increased and 23 decreased in abundance in the ovaries. Meanwhile, there were 1481 upregulated and 963 downregulated transcripts in the hepatopancreas, and 3402 upregulated and 1478 downregulated transcripts in the ovaries. Subsequently, KEGG pathway co-enrichment analysis showed that the de novo biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids was enhanced in the hepatopancreas, with upregulated ALDH, GPAT, plsC, PLPP, FASN, and HSD17B8 transcripts and elevated abundances of PC, PE, PS, PA, PG, DG, and TG species from the early to late vitellogenic stages in mud crabs. In contrast, glycerophospholipid catabolism and conversion were activated in the ovaries, with upregulated PLA2G, LYPLA1, NTE, GPCPD1, PLD_1, PGS1, and CRLS transcripts and elevated abundances of LPC, LPE, LPS species. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism during vitellogenesis in decapod crustaceans.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Influence of salinity on the lipid composition and the fatty-acid pattern of muscle and hepatopancreas of the Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis.

The values of principal lipids and fatty acids from muscle and hepatopancreas of crab E. sinensis living in fresh water or in sea water are determined. Lipid content from these two tissues does not significantly change following a variation in the salinity of the external medium. Nevertheless a slight decrease in the triglyceride concentration (+/- 20%) of hepatopancreas and a very slight increase in the polyunsaturated fatty-acid amount of phospholipids isolated from muscle and hepatopancreas are noted when the crab is transferred from fresh water to sea water.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Divergent responses of the gill, hepatopancreas, and eyestalk to acute alkalinity stress in Penaeus vannamei: Osmoregulatory compromise, metabolic trade-off, and endocrine disruption.

The expansion of aquaculture into inland saline-alkali waters is constrained by high carbonate alkalinity (CA), a severe environmental stressor for crustaceans. However, the systemic molecular mechanisms underlying its lethal toxicity remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed a comparative transcriptomic approach to investigate the tissue-specific responses of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, under acute lethal stress (48 h-LC50). We focused on three functionally distinct organs: the gill, hepatopancreas, and eyestalk. The results revealed a systemic but highly tissue-specific transcriptomic response. The gill, as the primary interface, exhibited severe structural impairment and critical failure of osmoregulation, highlighted by the significant downregulation of delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS). In contrast, the hepatopancreas initiates a profound metabolic trade-off, sacrificing growth-related pathways to bolster a robust antioxidant defense system, as evidenced by the activation of sulfur metabolism and high protein turnover. The eyestalk displayed a striking disconnect between hyperactivated stress signaling pathways (e.g., mTOR/FoxO) and the collapse of its protein secretory machinery, marked by the suppression of the ER translocon component Sec61. Collectively, our findings suggest that lethal alkalinity toxicity in P. vannamei results from systemic collapse driven by a complex interplay of osmoregulatory failure, metabolic trade-offs, and endocrine disruption. This study provides a comprehensive molecular snapshot of an organism at its physiological limit, offering novel insights into the adaptive strategies and ultimate tolerance boundaries of crustaceans in extreme environments.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Characterization of histones and chromatin of the hepatopancreas in Palaemon serratus (Crustacea Natantia)].

The chromatin of shrimp hepatopancreas has been extracted from isolated nuclei and characterized. Nuclei were prepared in the presence of Cu++ and phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride in order to inhibit the nuclease and protease activities throughout the different purification steps. The purified nuclei are heterogenous in size and show a density of 1,367 g/ml determined on saccharose - glucose gradients. After washing in 0,14 M NaCl and then in 10(-2) M Tris-HCL, pH = 7,6, the nuclei were disrupted in water. The solubilized chromatin was precipitated in 0,15 M.NaCl. This chromatin is characterized by a high level of RNA (RNA/DNA = 0,38) and of non histone proteins (NHP/DNA = 0,6). The denaturation curve showed only one Tm at 69 degrees in 2.10(-4) M.EDTA. When the chromatin was extracted in the presence of staphylococcal nuclease, the Tm reached 80 degrees C. The kinetics of the digestion by the staphylococcal nuclease have been studied and show that 10 per cent of hydrolysis occurs within the first minute. The repeat length of DNA as determined with the polymers of higher order is 189 +/- 5 base pairs. The existence of nucleosomes was confirmed by electron microscopy. The superstructure of chromatin was not completely destroyed after solubilisation with a Potter. The histones were studied by gel electrophoresis after differential staining. The most important feature consists in the presence of two H1, two H2A and two H4. The acetylation levels of the histones were followed after injection of 14C-acetate in vivo. The subfraction H1, 0 was acetylated. Only one H3 was present and the two H2A fractions showed the same level of acetylation. H2B migrated faster than the H2A fractions like in Echinoderms. The two H4 fractions corresponded to two differently acetylated forms. Shrimp hepatopancreas histones were fractionated by molecular sieving on Biogel P 100 and characterized according to their electrophoretic properties as well as their amino-acid content. The amino-acid compositions of the different histone fractions were nearer to Echinoderm and Sipunculid histones, than Calf thymus homologue histones. All the fractions show a weaker basicity. The H3 fraction was the only one showing a lesser variability when compared to Calf thymus H3. The non histone proteins were extracted in 10(-2) M Tris-HCL, pH = 8 and 0.1 per cent SDS. A series of 50 proteins was detected. 80 per cent of the total amount of protein was localized in a molecular weight range comprised between 40 000 and 80 000 daltons. These proteins were compared to the histones and total proteins of sonicated chromatin solubilized by SDS in order to detect proteasic effects.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities in hepatopancreas nuclei from Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck.

It has been shown that RNA synthesis in isolated hepatopancreas nuclei from Mytilus galloprovincialis is catalyzed by three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (I, II and III) which resemble those identified in nuclei from mammalian cells. RNA polymerase I is active at 50 mM (NH4)2SO4, catalyzes the synthesis of GMP-rich ribosomal-like RNA and is completely resistant to the toadstool toxin alpha-amanitin. RNA polymerase II and III are active at higher (NH4)2SO4 concentrations, catalyze the synthesis of DNA-like RNA and are inhibited by very low (0.5-1 microgram/ml) and high (200 microgram/ml) concentrations of alpha-amanitin, respectively. Hepatopancreas nuclei retain considerable RNAase activity. Nuclear RNA polymerase activity may be underestimated since a part of the synthetized RNA is degraded.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The inhibition of arginase from the hepatopancreas of a terrestrial snail by amino acids.

The effects of L-amino acids on arginase from the hepatopancreas of the snail Ariophanta (=Cryptozona) ligulata were studied. This enzyme was inhibited by ornithine, valine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, proline and threonine. The other amino acids were without any significant effect. Only ornithine was a non-competitive inhibitor, where as all the other inhibitory amino acids were competitive.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1975

Variants in the histochemical patterns of lipids in the hepatopancreas of Scylla serrata (Forskal) (Brachyura, Decapoda).

The highest concentrations of phospholipid, neutral lipid and fatty acids were observed in the R cells and connective tissue of the hepatopancreas of Scylla serrata. The basal parts of the B cells and apical parts of the cells lining the main duct also showed moderate presence of these substances. The E cells however, except at their cell membranes were found to be devoid of lipids. F cells on the other hand exhibited lipoid complexes. Considerable reduction in the staining intensity of fatty acids were noticed 4 h after the bilateral ablation of eyestalks, neutral lipid undergo depletion 24 h after the operation whereas phospholipid reserves increase 48 h after the eyestalk removal. A fall in the quantity of neutral lipid and phospholipid was conspicuous when eyestalk extract was injected into normal or destalked crabs. From the present data it appears that R cells and connective tissue form major sites of lipid storage and in an intermolt animal eyestalk factor(s) may have an important role in the control of lipid metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Histochemical observations on the occurrence of glycolytic and pentose phosphate cycle enzymes in the hepatopancreas and their possible relation to eyestalk factor(s) in the crab Scylla serrata (Forskal).

Histochemical studies were carried out on some of the glycolytic enzymes viz. phosphorylase, aldose, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and a key enzyme of the pentose phosphatase cycle, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), in the hepatopancreas of Scylla serrata (Forskal). 1. Weak activities of phosphorylase and aldolase and strong-activities of alpha-GPDH and LDH were noticed mainly in the brush border of the tubules and R-cell cytoplasm. A trace activity of G-6-PDH was noticed in the brush border. 2. Bilateral eyestalk removal results in inhibition of both phosphorylase and aldolase. However, enhanced activities of alpha-GPDH and LDH were noticeable 4 h after the operation. The G-6-PDH activity remained unaltered till 24 h. 3. Injection of eyestalk extract into both intact and destalked crabs activated all the enzymes.

Animals↗