[Emission monitoring and test systems in the High Sea estuary area. Importance of biotests for marine environmental protection].
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Animals↗
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Integrating genomic distance analyses in the description of a new family, genus, and species of sponge-associated antipatharians (black corals).
Antipatharians (black corals) are among the least studied coral groups, with much of their diversity still undescribed. Here, we present an integrative morphological, phylogenomic and genomic distance study of deep-sea antipatharians sampled in high seas areas of the North Pacific Ocean and from New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone. These corals grow on hexactinellid sponges - a unique characteristic in the order Antipatharia. Using a dataset of ultra-conserved elements and exons, combined with morphological analyses, we reconstruct phylogenomic relationships and formally describe a new family (Eidikopathidae fam. nov.), a new genus (Eidikopathesgen. nov.), and two new species (E. korallispongiasp. nov., E. zealandkoralliasp. nov.). Morphologically, the new family is distinguished by a corallum consisting of a network of loose branches that fuse with the sponge skeletal framework. Phylogenomic analyses recovered consistent topologies with strong nodal support, corroborating the distinct evolutionary placement of this sponge-associated lineage. Pairwise genomic distances estimated using the Tamura-Nei model were concordant with patristic genomic distances, identifying Pteridopathidae as the genetically closest family to Eidikopathidae fam. nov., followed by Myriopathidae and Stylopathidae, which were recovered as sister families in the phylogeny. This pattern shows that genomic distance complements, rather than simply mirrors, tree topology by quantifying accumulated sequence divergence among lineages. Together, these results provide the first genomic distance framework for Antipatharia, offering a baseline for future systematic, evolutionary, and biodiversity studies on this fundamental shallow, mesophotic and deep-sea coral group.
Animals↗
Beware of malignant lymphoma masquerading as facial inflammatory processes.
Considerable difficulty exists in diagnosing some sarcomas, lymphomas, and carcinomas that develop in the head and neck. Frequently these malignancies appear clinically as masquerading inflammatory disease processes. Recognition of these rare lesions usually occurs only after the inflammatory-like symptoms have failed to respond to conventional management, necessitating a more extensive evaluation and even repeated biopsies. The use of special stains, immunohistochemical studies, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence techniques may still produce an inconclusive histopathologic diagnosis. This case report documents a rare extranodal malignant lymphoma of the right maxillary sinus that mimicked an odontogenic infection with superimposed chronic rhinosinusitis in a 19-year-old sailor. The cause of his chief complaint and presenting symptoms challenged the astuteness of clinicians, surgeons, and histopathologists on two continents and the high seas. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for malignancy when inflammatory-like lesions fail to respond to the usual appropriate management. Indications for early biopsy of suspect lesions and aggressive follow-up are emphasized.
Adult↗
Effects of hypoxemia at sea level and high altitude on sodium excretion and hormonal levels.
Acute hypoxemia at sea level is associated with decreased aldosterone secretion. This inhibition is thought to be mediated through secretion of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). The interaction of these two hormones should result in enhanced renal salt excretion during hypoxemic conditions. This hypothesis was tested by administration of a standardized salt load to seven normal subjects during normoxemia at sea level (SL), acute hypoxemia (AH) at sea level, and high altitude (HA) (3,000 m). Urine and venous blood samples were collected and analyzed. A natriuresis and diuresis was observed only under AH conditions. It was accompanied by a decrease in plasma aldosterone levels, but did not correlate with changes in plasma aldosterone levels, ANF, or other hormones. Increased plasma renin activity (PRA) and increased norepinephrine levels were encountered at HA, suggesting sympathetic nervous system activation. No change in anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) levels with increased plasma osmolality was seen at HA. We conclude that excretion of a salt load during normobaric hypoxemia is enhanced by a decrease in plasma aldosterone levels, unrelated to changes in ANF or other hormones. The differences observed in norepinephrine, PRA, and ADH levels during HA versus AH conditions suggest that hypobaria or chronic hypoxemia may influence these hormonal responses.
Acute Disease↗
Reevaluation of regression of coronary arteriosclerotic lesions in repeat-spawning steelhead trout.
At spawning, migratory salmonids have an extensive accumulation of coronary arteriosclerotic lesions. Nevertheless, when steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) return to the ocean after spawning, an unusual phenomenon has been reported, namely, that these lesions have regressed naturally and almost completely (R.L. Van Citters and N.W. Watson, Science 1968; 159:105-107). In contrast to this earlier finding, we present data that show a high prevalence and severity of coronary lesions in 1) wild, repeat-spawning steelhead trout that were caught at high sea and 2) wild and cultured steelhead trout that had been held in sea pens for up to 1 year after maturation. Therefore, we refute the idea of natural lesion regression in steelhead trout. Coronary lesions in salmonids are characteristically lipid free despite the fact that there are high plasma levels of both total cholesterol and low density lipoproteins. This situation contrasts with the characteristic lipid deposition during lesion development in mammals. We therefore suggest that attention should be directed to explaining why coronary lesions accumulate despite very high dietary levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diets and tissues of these fish.
Animals↗
[Analysis of the mechanisms determining the varying relationship of the sperm from the marine and freshwater forms of the three-spined stickleback to the salinity of the medium].
The causes of differences in the reaction of spermatozoa of the fresh-water (morpha leiurus) and marine (m. trachurus) forms of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus to the high sea water salinity (the upper limit of spermatozoan motility being 18% and 52%, resp.) were investigated. The experiments with solutions of pure NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl, LiCl (25 g/l) have shown that the movement of spermatozoa of m. leiurus is inhibited by NaCl only. The inhibition of chlorine channels of the plasma membrane by a specific inhibitor furosemide has shown that the activity of spermatozoa of m. leiurus is suppressed by the high Na+ concentrations. The experiments with ATP have revealed no differences in the activity of Na pump between the spermatozoa of mm. trachurus and leiurus. Amyloride, an inhibitor of Na channels, at a concentration of 1.10(-5) M relieved the inhibiting effect of the high Na+ concentrations on the activity of spermatozoa of m. leiurus. The differences in the reaction of spermatozoa of two forms of the stickleback appear, to be determined by differences in Na channels of the plasma membrane.
Animals↗
Comparison of ontogenetic brain growth in marine and coastal dolphins.
In young postnatal individuals, brain growth proceeds at a much faster rate in the high seas dolphin Stenella than in the coastal waters form Pontoporia, and the encephalization is much higher in the former than in the latter. In prenatal Stenella, brain growth is also very rapid. These results agree with indices of brain progression estimated for several families (Platinistidae, Delphinidae, Delphinapteridae, Phocoenidae). The possibility that the difference is related to more demanding conditions of life in marine than in coastal or inland environments is discussed.
Animals↗
[Acute mountain sickness].
Acute mountain sickness is a pathologic reaction as a result of bad adaptation to high altitudes (greater than 2.500 meters). The main symptoms are headache, nausea, vomits, and insomnia. When severe it can produce oliguria, retinal hemorrhage, ataxia and sometimes coma. Its etiology is not well known. It is considered that the first producer factor of the disease is tissular hypoxia secondary to low partial oxygen pressure existing in areas of high sea level. The treatment consists of descent and the use of dexametasone and acetazolamide.
Acute Disease↗
Aldosterone dynamics during graded exercise at sea level and high altitude.
Hormonal responses to graded exercise of eight low altitude residents were examined at sea level (SL) and after 1 (acute) and 11 (chronic) days at 4,300 m (HA). Caloric, water, and electrolyte intakes were controlled, as were temperature and humidity. Blood was sampled at rest and during light and moderate upright bicycle exercise (20 min at 40% and 75% of maximal O2 uptake, respectively). Mean VO2 max at HA was 27% lower than at SL. Resting plasma levels of aldosterone (Aldo), renin, and angiotensin II (A II) were significantly lower (P smaller than 0.05) on day 1 at HA compared to SL, but returned to SL values by day 11. Plasma cortisol values at rest were similar at SL and HA and were not significantly altered by light or moderate exercise. Renin, A II, and Aldo rose progressively with increasing workload in each environment. With acute HA, renin and Aldo were lower than at either SL or chronic HA. The chronic HA levels tended to approximate SL findings, implying adaptation. The data suggest that aldosterone is predominantly under the control of the renin-angiotensin system during graded exercise at sea level and that the response of this system is altered on acute high-altitude exposure.
Acclimatization↗
Cardiocirculatory responses to upright tilt at sea level and high altitude.
A collaborative study was conducted to measure the cardiocirculatory responses to upright tilt in eight young men at sea level (SL); after 1h at 4300m simulated altitude (SA) and at 18h, 66h and 114h during residence at 4300m (HA). Heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), calf blood flow (CBF), blood pressure (BP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were obtained during supine rest and after 13 min of 60 degrees head-up tilt using an impedance monitor and an electrosphygmomanometer. SL to HA changes in blood volume (BV) were calculated from hematocrit and hemoglobin values. Supine HR, TPR and BP were increased while SV, CO and CBP were reduced SL to HA (P less than .05). HR and BP in the upright position were increased SL to HA (P less than .05). The responses to tilt (delta supine to upright) were unaltered SL vs SA. With prolonged exposure, SV, CO, TPR and CBP responses to tilt were reduced (P less than .05). The reduced responses to tilt at HA were associated with a 10% decline in BV (P less than .01). It was concluded that the reduction in SV during tilt at SL and SA was compensated for by increases in HR and TPR in order to maintain BP. After 18h HA, BP in the upright position was maintained only by an increase in HR.
Adult↗
The nature of the perception of effort at sea level and high altitude.
The purpose of this study was to compare perceptual responses (RPE) and selected physiological measures during both short term and prolonged exercise of equal relative intensities at 4300 m to those at sea level. Specifically, we compared results obtained (n=20) for 6 min of exercise at 60, 80 and 95% VO2max and at 5 min intervals during exercise to exhaustion at 85% VO2max. At 4300 m, VO2max was reduced 19%, while VEmax and Rmax increased 17 and 8%, respectively. HRmax and RPEmax was unchanged. For any given relative exercise intensity, VO2 and absolute exercise intensity (kpm-min-1) were reduced, while VE was about 12% and R about 7% greater at 4300 m; HR was unchanged. At 4300 m, RPE at the lower intensities of submaximal exercise and early during prolonged exercise were significantly less than at sea level. These differences were reduced and finally eliminated as exercise intensity increased toward maximal or as prolonged exercise continued to exhaustion. Endurance time to exhaustion at 4300 m was not different from that at sea level. To account for the perceptual differences between exercise at 4300 m an sea level, we proposed that local factors (muscular strain) exert greater influence on the perception of effort at exercise intensities which do not greatly stress ventilation and circulation, while central factors exert greater influence on the perception of effort at exercise intensities at which tachypnea and tachycardia are of sufficient magnitude to be perceived as extremely stressful.
Adult↗
Respiratory adaptations in burrowing pocket gophers from sea level and high altitude.
To examine the adaptations to low O2 and high CO2 among fossorial and nonfossorial rodents, hematological parameters were determined for laboratory rats, the valley pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) from 250 m, and the mountain pocket gopher (T. umbrinus melanotis) from 3150 m. Hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and O2 capacity were higher in pocket gophers than in rats. Blood PO2 at 50% saturation and pH 7.4 was 33 mmHg for both gophers and 39 mmHg for rats. Bohr factors for all three rodents were similar (-0.55 to -0.61) but buffer value, delta log PCO2/delta pH, was -2.54 for T. umbrinus, -1.97 for T. bottae, and -0.98 for Rattus. Concentrations of total acid-soluble phosphates were 50-75% higher in gophers than in rats, while bicarbonate values were within the normal mammalian range. All three rodents had similar myoglobin concentrations in cardiac muscle. Myoglobin concentrations were significantly higher in skeletal muscles (diaphragm, gastrocnemius) of T. umbrinus when compared to T. bottae, and significantly higher in both gophers when compared to rats. These differences may constitute important adaptations to the hypoxia and hypercapnia in burrows; certain of these factors in pocket gophers respond to the additional stress of high altitude hypoxia.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
[Manifestations of acute mountain sickness and changes of some physiological parameters from sea level to high altitude (author's transl)].
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Altitude Sickness↗
Comparison of patients with ventricular septal defect at high altitude and sea level.
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Adolescent↗
Two high molecular mass proteases from sea urchin sperm.
Two-types of high molecular mass proteases have been purified from sea urchin sperm using DEAE-Sephacel, hydroxylapatite and Superdex 200 column chromatography. Both proteases showed similar hydrolyzing activities toward synthetic peptides, but they differed in the molecular mass and peptide composition. One was probably identical to a proteasome (multicatalytic proteinase), judging from its molecular mass (650 kDa) and polypeptide composition. The other one was composed of several polypeptides with molecular masses ranging from 24 kDa to 125 kDa and its molecular mass was estimated as 950 kDa by gel filtration. These two proteases, however, were closely related to each other. Immunological studies revealed that the 950-kDa protease comprised at least five subunits of the 650-kDa protease.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
The epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in Southeast Asia and the western Pacific.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and their complications are common in Southeast Asia (SEA) and the Western Pacific region. Gonorrhea, chancroid, nongonococcal urethritis, and syphilis are still the major STDs. However, the clinical incidence of genital herpes and genital warts show a definite increase. The gonococcal infections in SEA show high levels of antimicrobial resistance. There is a high level of chromosomal-mediated and plasmid-mediated penicillinase resistance. The sex industry, strongly fueled by local consumption, travel, and tourism, continues to play an important focal role in maintaining the high level of transmission of STDs in SEA and the Western Pacific region.
Asia, Southeastern↗
[A comparison of echocardiograms recorded at high altitude and at sea level in 25 cases (author's transl)].
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Adult↗
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A induced interferon (IFN)-gamma production in spleen cells from BCG-immunized mice: the IFN production is dependent on leukotriene C4 but not dependent on interleukin 2.
In our previous paper, we showed that IFN was induced in sera by injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunized C57BL/6 (B6) mice. In analyzing the phenomenon in vitro, we showed that SEA induced IFN-gamma in the supernatant of the spleen cell culture from BCG immunized B6 mice and that leukotriene C4 (LTC4) from BCG activated macrophages in the spleen was involved in the IFN production from Ly 1+ T cells. On the other hand, interleukin-2 (IL-2) has reported to play an important role in the regulation of synthesis of IFN-gamma by T cells. In the present study, we examined whether IL-2 is involved in SEA-induced IFN production. The result showed that the SEA-induced IFN-gamma production was observed in spite of suppression of SEA-induced IL-2 production in spleen cells from BCG-immunized B6 mice. On the contrary, the depressed IFN production was observed in spite of high SEA-induced IL-2 production in spleen cells from their control mice. On the other hand, LTC4 production was 8 times higher in spleen cells from BCG-immunized B6 mice, high producer of SEA-induced IFN, than in that from BCG-immunized C3H mice, the low producer. We also observed that the IFN and the LTC4 production of spleen cells from BCG-immunized B6 mice was suppressed in the presence of caffeic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, non-specific lipoxygenase inhibitors, and that LTC4 augmented the IFN production of normal B6 mouse spleen cells in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Therefore, involvement of LTC4 rather than of IL-2 was supported in our experimental system.
Animals↗