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Results for “High-intensity interval training”

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PubMed2026

All eyes on gas exchange: impact of controlled arterial hypertension on cardiopulmonary function and the effects of high-intensity interval training.

INTRODUCTION: Arterial hypertension (AH) impairs vascular function which, in turn, may reduce cardiopulmonary function. However, the impact of AH on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and its potential mechanisms remains insufficiently investigated. We compared cardiopulmonary function during exercise testing (CPET) between adults with and without AH (part 1) and evaluated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in adults with AH on submaximal cardiopulmonary CPET parameters (part 2). METHODS: Thirty-eight adults with AH and 19 controls without AH partook in the study. Adults with AH were randomized into either HIIT or a control group. CPET assessed CRF and submaximal exercise parameters, including the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), V̇E/V̇CO 2 slope, PETCO 2 , V̇O 2 /work rate (WR) slope, and O 2 pulse. The HIIT intervention consisted of triweekly sessions over 8 weeks. RESULTS: Adults with AH had a 6.5 ml kg -1  min -1 (95% confidence interval: 1.7-11.3) lower CRF, a steeper V̇E/V̇CO 2 slope (moderate-large effect size), lower PETCO 2 (large effect size), flatter V̇O 2 /WR slope (moderate effect size), and lower O 2 pulse (small-moderate effect size) than adults without AH. HIIT improved CRF and altered certain cardio-circulatory parameters in AH, including OUES (small-large effect size), V̇O 2 /WR slope (small-moderate effect size, low precision) and O 2 pulse (small-moderate effect size). However, effects of HIIT on pulmonary-vascular parameters were inconclusive, with large variability observed in the V̇E/V̇CO 2 slope and PETCO 2 . CONCLUSION: Adults with controlled AH might have lower CRF, indicating limitations in pulmonary-vascular and cardio-circulatory organ systems. A short-term 8-week HIIT enhances CRF and cardio-circulatory function, however, evidence is limited for improvements in pulmonary-vascular function.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Moderate alcohol intake and heart rate variability adaptations to high-intensity interval training in healthy young adults: the BEER-HIIT study.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether daily alcohol consumption influences training effects on heart rate variability (HRV). This study investigated: (i) the effects of a 10-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on HRV in healthy young adults; and (ii) the effects of daily alcohol consumption on HRV responses to exercise. METHODS: 71 healthy young adults (18-40 years old; 52.1% women) participated in the BEER-HIIT study. We conducted a 10-week (2 days/week) controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03660579). Participants were allocated to 5 groups: a non-training group (N-T) and four HIIT groups. Participants in the training groups chose whether to consume alcohol. Those choosing alcohol were randomly allocated to receive beer (5.4%; T-Beer) or an equivalent amount of alcohol (vodka; T-Ethanol) in sparkling water. Those choosing no alcohol were randomly allocated to receive alcohol-free beer (0.0%; T-Zero) or sparkling water (T-Water). Training comprised eight weight-bearing exercises performed in circuit form. HRV was measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: No statistically significant between-group differences in HRV outcomes were detected after the intervention (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that: (i) no statistically significant differences in HRV responses were detected following a 10-week HIIT program using weight-bearing exercises performed twice per week; and (ii) no statistically significant differences in HRV responses were observed among the assigned beverage intervention groups. These findings should be interpreted cautiously because HRV was a secondary outcome and the study was not specifically powered to detect differences in these parameters.

alcohol↗

PubMed2026

Optimising Exercise Prescription: A Meta-Analysis Examining the Dose Response of Exercise Duration on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following HIIT and MICT.

BACKGROUND: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is often promoted as a time-efficient alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness, yet the duration of HIIT sessions varies considerably across studies. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterise the dose-response relationship between exercise session duration and the improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness for HIIT and MICT. METHODS: A dose-response meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing exercise duration in HIIT and MICT, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022335590). Effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis. The primary outcome was maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Secondary outcomes included blood pressure, lipid profiles, glucose metabolism markers and body composition measures. A one-stage random-effects dose-response meta-analysis was performed to examine the relationship between exercise duration and adaptations. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar; eligibility criteria for selecting studies were randomised controlled trials in humans, published in English and exercise interventions lasting at least 4 weeks. RESULTS: We identified 69 randomised controlled trials (2387 participants). High-intensity interval training elicited greater improvements in VO2max than MICT (d = 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.49, p < 0.001). High-intensity interval training demonstrated a non-linear dose-response relationship between exercise session duration and VO2max, with 80% of maximal effect (changes in VO2max = 3.45 mL/kg/min) achieved with only ~11 min/session (95% confidence interval 9.5-40.2). Moderate-intensity interval training showed a linear dose-response relationship between exercise session duration and VO2max, requiring ~52 min/session to achieve 80% of the maximal observed effect (95% confidence interval 30.4-55.8). The dose-response relationship was consistent across populations. High-intensity interval training and MICT had comparable effects in improving cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: High-intensity interval training demonstrated a non-linear dose response, with 80% of maximal effect on VO2max in ~11 min/session, whilst MICT required four to five times longer to reach similar responses. The different types of training had comparable effects on cardiometabolic risk factors.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2025

Effect of Physical Exercise on Telomere Length: Umbrella Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Telomere length (TL) is a marker of cellular health and aging. Physical exercise has been associated with longer telomeres and, therefore, healthier aging. However, results supporting such effects vary across studies. Our aim was to synthesize existing evidence on the effect of different modalities and durations of physical exercise on TL. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the needs and expectations of individuals with physical disabilities and their interventionists for the use of a virtual reality physical activity platform in a community organization. METHODS: We performed an umbrella review and meta-analysis. Data sources included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. We selected systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized and nonrandomized controlled clinical trials evaluating the effect of physical exercise on TL. RESULTS: Our literature search retrieved 12 eligible systematic reviews, 5 of which included meta-analyses. We identified 22 distinct primary studies to estimate the overall effect size of physical exercise on TL. The overall effect size was 0.28 (95% CI 0.118-0.439), with a heterogeneity test value Q of 43.08 (P=.003) and I² coefficient of 51%. The number of weeks of intervention explained part of this heterogeneity (Q_B=8.25; P=.004), with higher effect sizes found in studies with an intervention of less than 30 weeks. Exercise modality explained additional heterogeneity within this subgroup (Q_B=10.28, P=.02). The effect sizes were small for aerobic exercise and endurance training, and moderate for high-intensity interval training. CONCLUSIONS: Our umbrella review and meta-analysis detected a small-moderate positive effect of physical exercise on TL, which seems to be influenced by the duration and type of physical exercise. High quality studies looking into the impact of standardized, evidence-based physical exercise programs on TL are still warranted.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Exploring the role of successful exercise-induced body weight loss on cardiometabolic health in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is known to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., VO2MAX), a key marker of cardiometabolic health in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Nonetheless, body weight loss is widely recognized as a crucial factor in reducing insulin resistance and improving metabolic risk factors. Thus, we aimed to determine the importance of body weight loss following exercise training on improving MetS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-eight adults (55.3 ± 7.9 yr) with overweight/obesity (32.5 ± 4.6 kg·m-2) and MetS were randomized to: a) standard health care non-exercise group (CONTROL group, N=58) or b) standard health care plus 16 weeks of HIIT (EXER group, N=170). MetS (MetS z-score), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2PEAK), maximal cycling power (WPEAK), and body weight/composition were assessed. After intervention, EXER group participants were divided according to their weight loss response to training: i) those achieving the weight loss predicted from estimated exercise energy expenditure (-BW group, n=78; -3.3 ± 2.2 kg); ii) those not reaching the expected weight loss (=BW group, n=38; -0.7 ± 0.5 kg); iii) and those who gained weight (+BW group, n=54; 1.1 ± 1.0 kg). VO2PEAK significantly improved regardless of body weight loss response (-BW, 0.3 ± 0.3; =BW, 0.2 ± 0.3; +BW, 0.3 ± 0.2 L·min-1; all p < 0.001) compared to CONTROL group (0.0 ± 0.3 L·min-1). However, significant improvements in MetS z-score (-0.31 ± 0.41) and HOMA-IR (-0.7 ± 1.6) were observed only in the -BW group (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise recommendations should consider that greater improvements in MetS are observed when interventions are accompanied by successful body weight loss. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05120778.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Application of 13C MRS demonstrates carbohydrate feeding spares muscle but not liver glycogen utilization during high-intensity interval exercise.

We examined liver and muscle glycogen utilization during high-intensity interval cycling, and the impact of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding, using noninvasive 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Following 24 h of standardized dietary intake, nine male cyclists completed 8 × 5-min intervals (1-min recovery), ingesting either placebo (PLA), 60 g maltodextrin (CHO), or 60 g maltodextrin plus caffeine, taurine, l-theanine, l-citrulline, and citicoline (CHO+) in a randomized crossover design. 13C MRS and 1H imaging were performed pre- and postexercise to determine liver and muscle glycogen and liver volume, respectively. Liver glycogen utilization was not significantly different between trials (P = 0.101) despite lower postexercise plasma glucagon concentrations in CHO and CHO+ (P = 0.001). In contrast, muscle glycogen utilization was significantly lower (∼40%) with CHO feeding compared with PLA (P = 0.006), yet this sparing effect was not evident with CHO+ (P = 0.073) in accordance with a higher mean power output during the late intervals (+2.8%, P = 0.046). Plasma glucose was comparable between trials (P = 0.175), whereas plasma lactate was higher in CHO+ versus CHO (P = 0.003), alongside lower blood bicarbonate (P = 0.005), base excess (P < 0.001), and total CO2 (P = 0.004). These findings demonstrate preferential use of skeletal muscle glycogen during high-intensity interval training (HIIT), which is attenuated under conditions of CHO feeding. This sparing effect is, however, not evident with the coingestion of a caffeine-containing multi-ingredient blend, potentially due to an increased capacity to sustain higher power outputs resulting in greater glycogen utilization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using 13C MRS, we provide data demonstrating preferential use of skeletal muscle glycogen during HIIT. Furthermore, data show muscle glycogen utilization is attenuated with CHO feeding, yet sparing is not evident when coingesting a caffeine-containing formulation, potentially reflecting increased capacity to perform more total work rather than a direct metabolic effect of caffeine. In contrast, liver glycogen utilization was not significantly different with CHO feeding despite a modest reduction of ∼5 g versus placebo.

Male↗

PubMed2026

Optimal dose and exercise modality to improve HbA1c in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses.

We aimed to compare exercise modalities and evaluate dose-response relationships with glycemic control including continuous aerobic exercise (CAE), resistance training (RT), combined exercise (CE), mind-body exercise (MBE), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Three databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions in older adults with T2DM reporting glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Pairwise, Bayesian network, and dose-response meta-analyses were conducted. Compared with control, HIIT demonstrated the largest estimated reduction (MD = -0.95%; 95% CrI -1.45, -0.49), followed by CE (MD = -0.59%; 95% CrI -0.93, -0.25), CAE (MD = -0.46%; 95% CrI -0.69, -0.24), MBE (MD = -0.42%; 95% CrI -0.76, -0.10), and RT (MD = -0.29%; 95% CrI -0.51, -0.08). Dose-response network meta-analyses suggested a non-linear association between overall exercise dose and HbA1c reduction, with maximal estimated benefits at approximately 704 METs-min/week with the 95% CrI excluding zero between 241 and 920 METs-min/week. HIIT demonstrated the steepest estimated dose-response relationship, but with wider credible intervals. Other exercise modalities showed more gradual dose-response patterns across their estimated effective ranges. Our findings suggest that exercise prescription for older adults with T2DM should be individualized according to exercise modality, dose, and health status.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

Metabolic responses of females to high intensity interval training of different frequencies.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of frequency and distance of high intensity, interval training on females. Thirty-two females participated in an eight-week program of interval run training. Subjects were assigned to either a 2 day/week or a 4 day/week group, as well as a high intensity, short distance (50,101,201 meters), or high intensity longer distance (604, 805, 1208 meters) group. Estimates of training intensity were 170% and 130% Vo2max for the short and longer distance groups, respectively. Maximal and submaximal measures of oxygen consumption (Vo2), heart rate (HR), and venous blood lactic acid were determined prior to and following the training program. After training, there was a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in Vo2max (13%) (deltax = 0.32 1/min or 5.2 ml/kg.min). Maximal VE increased approximately 12% after training (P less than 0.01). Max HR, max lactic acid, and submax Vo2 were not altered by the training. However, HR submax decreased significantly (P less than .05) after training by approximately 6%. Analysis of coveriance indicated that these changes were independent of training frequency, distance, and intensity. It was concluded that the changes in aerobic power and submaximal HR of females are independent of frequency, distance, and intensity of high-intensity interval training programs.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Effects of Intravenously Administered Plasma from Exercise-Trained Donors on Mitochondrial Respiration in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

PURPOSE: Dysfunction of mitochondria is observed early in Alzheimer's disease (AD), possibly driving the pathogenesis of the disease. This study aims to assess whether plasma from exercise-trained donors can enhance mitochondrial function in a transgenic AD model and to gain insight into the proteomic profile of the donor plasma. METHODS: Male McGill-R-Thy1-APP rats (n = 3 per treatment group) were treated at either an early preplaque stage (2.2 months) or a later stage (5.2 months) with plasma from exercise-trained donors (ExPlas), sedentary donors (SedPlas), or saline. The rats received 14 transfusions over 6 wk. Mitochondrial respiration was assessed in cornu ammonis (CA), dentate gyrus (DG), gastrocnemius, and left ventricle using high-resolution respirometry. Proteomic analyses were performed in donor blood using mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In early-stage AD rats, ExPlas improved hippocampal mitochondrial respiration. Compared with saline, CA oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity for complex I increased by +30.8 pmol O2·s-1·mg-1 (P < 0.001) and CI+II by +37.8 pmol O2·s-1·mg-1 (P < 0.001). Compared with SedPlas, CA OXPHOS for CI increased by +16.9 pmol O2·s-1·mg-1 (P = 0.01) and CI+II by +23.8 pmol O2·s-1·mg-1 (P = 0.007). In DG, similar improvements were only seen compared with saline. In CA, but not DG, of later-stage rats, ExPlas produced smaller but significant increases in CI and CI+II OXPHOS compared with saline, but no significant differences compared with SedPlas. No changes were observed in muscle or heart. Proteomics revealed enrichment of complement and platelet-related pathways in ExPlas. CONCLUSIONS: This proof-of-concept study shows that exercise-trained donor plasma enhances hippocampal mitochondrial respiration in early-stage AD rats and, to a lesser extent, in later-stage AD rats. The proteomic profile of the exercise-trained donor plasma indicates a role of altered complement and platelet functions.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Influence of Repeated-Sprint Bout Duration in Sprint Interval Training Intervention on Physical Performance Adaptations of Young Volleyball Players.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of repeated-sprint training (RST) with varying bout durations on the physical fitness adaptations of young male volleyball players. Forty athletes were randomly allocated to one of three intervention groups performing RST with varying bout durations and similar repetition volumes, all executed at maximal effort. The 3-sec group (n = 10) completed two sets of 30 bouts, the 6-sec group (n = 10) performed two sets of 15 bouts, and the 9-sec group (n = 10) carried out two sets of 10 bouts, each adhering to a 1:3 work to rest ratio. An active control group (n = 10) engaged solely in regular volleyball training without the RST intervention. Physical fitness measures-including countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), 10-m and 20-m linear sprints, T-test change-of-direction speed (T-CODS), reactive strength index (RSI), and the Wingate anaerobic power test-were assessed pre- and post-a 6-week training intervention (i.e., 18 sessions). All RST groups showed significant post-intervention improvements in physical fitness (main effect of time, p = 0.001), with greater adaptations compared with the control group and effect sizes ranging from small to very large. The 3-sec bout group demonstrated greater gains in CMVJ, 10-m and 20-m sprint performance, RSI, and peak power output compared with the 9-sec group (all, p < 0.05). Conversely, the 9-sec group exhibited superior adaptations in T-CODS and mean power output relative to the 3-sec group (all, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the 3-sec group experienced greater enhancements in explosive and sprint performances, while the 9-sec group showed superior gains in change of direction and mean power output. These findings indicate that manipulation of sprint-bout duration in RST can be used to optimize distinct performance adaptations in young volleyball players.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia alteration following training in endurance athletes.

Significant increases in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) were noted in nine young track athletes following an 8-week high-intensity running period (P less than 0.05). VO2max was measured, prior to and following the training program, using an on-line, open-circuit spirometry system. Parasympathetic activity was assessed using heart period variation (R-R interval in milliseconds) during carefully controlled breathing activity (R sinus arrhythmia). Following the training program, a 7.3% increase in aerobic capacity was associated with a 23.1% augmentation of efferent parasympathetic activity (P less than 0.01). These data suggest that enhanced aerobic capacity increases efferent parasympathetic tone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Mood, mileage and the menstrual cycle.

Forty women took part in a study to determine the effects of high-intensity training and the menstrual cycle on mood states. Half of the sample were competitive distance runners following a training load of between 50 km and 130 km running per week. Seven athletes were amenorrhoeic and 13 either eumenorrhoeic or oligomenorrhoeic. The remaining 20 subjects were inactive women who menstruated regularly. The mean age of all 40 subjects was 29 years. Each subject completed two identical Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaires. The 33 menstruating subjects completed both a premenstrual and a midcycle form and the amenorrhoeic athletes completed the questionnaires at a 3-week interval, which acted as a control for the potential effects of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among the menstruating females. Results showed highly significant differences in mood profiles among amenorrhoeic athletes, non-amenorrhoeic athletes and inactive women. The greatest difference was between premenstrual and midcycle measures for the inactive group. PMS appears to cause marked negative mood swings among menstruating women which the POMS inventory is sensitive in detecting. While the lower-intensity-training runners appeared to benefit psychologically from a training distance of approximately 50 km week-1, high-intensity training had an adverse effect on mood.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on blood glucose and performance in runners.

Ten trained male runners performed a treadmill exercise test at 80% VO2max under two experimental conditions, carbohydrate (CHO, 7% carbohydrate) and placebo (P), to determine the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on endurance performance (treadmill run time), blood glucose concentration, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Treatment order was randomized and counterbalanced and test solutions were administered double-blind. Ingestion took place 5 min preexercise (250 ml) and at 15-min intervals during exercise (125 ml). Performance was enhanced by 29.4% (p < 0.05) during CHO (115 +/- 25 min) compared to P (92 +/- 27 min). Blood glucose concentration was significantly greater during CHO (5.6 +/- 0.9 mM) relative to P (5.0 +/- 0.7 mM). There was a significant increase in mean RER following CHO ingestion (.94 +/- .01) compared to P (.90 +/- .01). Average RPE was significantly less during CHO (14.5 +/- 2.3) relative to P (15.4 +/- 2.4). These data suggest that time to exhaustion of high-intensity treadmill exercise is delayed as a result of carbohydrate ingestion and that this effect is mediated by favorable alterations in blood glucose concentration and substrate utilization.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1991

Dietary intervention and training in swimmers.

To ascertain if muscle damage occurred in swimmers as a result of high-intensity training and to find if fluid and dietary manipulation could affect muscle damage, we studied 40 members of the University of Florida swimming team using creatine kinase (CK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) as markers of muscle damage during a 6-month period of intensive training. During this time, training intensity, fluid intake during exercise and dietary supplementation were all modified one by one to examine their individual effects. During a control period of 4 weeks, all swimmers drank water before and during (120 min) workouts. CK in men at the end of this period averaged 315, SD 122 (normal less than 170 IU.l-1). Half of the swimmers were then given 500 ml of a glucose-electrolyte solution (GES) (Na 21 mmol.l-1, Cl 13 mmol.l-1, K 2.5 mmol.l-1, PO4 5 mmol.l-1 and glucose 6%) before workouts and twice at intervals during the workout, while half continued to drink the same volume of water. One week after division into fluid groups, the workout intensity was increased by about 10%. Another week later CK had increased to 500, SD 180 IU.l-1 in swimmers drinking water, but fell to 280, SD 105 IU.l-1 in those drinking GES (P less than 0.05). The second phase of the study began after a 4-week control period during which all athletes drank water before and during workouts. The swimmers were divided into four matched groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Muscle mechanical and architectural adaptations in response to different endurance training modalities in older adults.

INTRODUCTION: This study examined the effects of various cycling endurance training modalities, matched for total workload, on muscle mechanical and architectural characteristics in older adults. METHODS: Fifty healthy participants (25 females, 59-79 yrs) were randomly assigned to five age and sex matched groups: one control and four workload-matched training groups (moderate-intensity continuous, heavy-intensity continuous, high-intensity interval, and heavy-intensity continuous in eccentric cycling). Training consisted of three weekly sessions over 8 weeks, with evaluations conducted at the beginning and end of the intervention with maximal voluntary isometric contractions at five different knee angles (90, 75, 60, 45, 30°) and maximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic contractions at five different knee angular velocities (45, 90, 150, 210, 250°/s). Maximum voluntary isometric torque (Tmax) and optimal knee angle (KAopt) were obtained from the isometric contractions; eccentric torque (Tecc) and maximum concentric knee angular velocity (Vmax) were obtained from the isokinetic contractions. The muscle architecture of vastus lateralis (VL) at rest (muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length) was investigated as well. RESULTS: No statistical differences were detected between groups or time points in VL architecture, in KAopt and in Vmax. A main effect of time was observed for Tmax (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.458) and Tecc (p = 0.002, η2p = 0.191) in all the investigated training groups. The within-group comparisons indicate significant increases in Tmax in the training groups, but not in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Commonly applied endurance exercises improve muscle mechanical capacity (Tmax and Tecc) in older adults, with no structural (architectural) muscle remodelling, when matched for workload.

Humans↗