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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

[The contribution of German professors to pharmaceutical chemistry and phytochemistry in the 19th and 20th centuries. 40. The history of pharmaceutical science].

The aim of this article is to trace some features of the historical development of phytochemistry. In the period from 1870 to 1920 pharmacy at universities attempted a new phase, the emancipation as an independent science. The article analyses the contributions to phytochemistry by the professors E. Schmidt (1845-1921), H. Thomas (1859-1931), H. Beckurts (1855-1929) and their research schools as well as those of K. Polstorff (1846-1911) and m. Scholtz (1861-1919).

Botany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The concept of delirium in Spanish psychiatry (19th-20th century)].

The history of psychiatric knowledge in Spain can be divided into four differentiated periods (up to the eighteenth century; nineteenth century; first third of the twentieth century and the two final thirds). These four periods provide a framework within which theories about delusion can be explored. Spanish psychiatrists have not been very original. Nonetheless, some of them (Sanchís Banús, López Ibor, Martín Santos, Llopis, Valenciano, Sarró or Castilla del Pino) have tried to make personal contributions to the subject of delusion that deserve attention. Their theories (and some others) are reviewed in this paper.

Delusions↗
PubMed1997

Revolutionary inventions in the 20th century. The history of endoscopy.

Today, the wide variety of modern endoscopes allows routine diagnostic examinations. Precise observation is possible because of excellent optical and light transmission. Surgery can be performed while viewing a television screen, and video documentation and intraoperative photography are possible with outstanding quality. The invention of a rod-lens optical system by Harold H. Hopkins, PhD, in 1959 and the addition of fiberoptic light transmission by Karl Storz in 1960 marked a breakthrough in modern endoscopy. This article summarizes an interview with the instrument maker, Karl Storz.

Endoscopes↗
PubMed1993

A selective history of groin herniorrhaphy in the 20th century.

Of the histories of the many operations available in a general surgeon's technical armamentarium, that of groin herniorrhaphy has been written about repeatedly. Many of these reports focus on developments prior to the twentieth century. This article, instead, details selective evolutionary changes relative to groin hernia surgery during the last nine decades. Among the surgeons discussed are Battle, Ferguson, La Roque, Cheatle, Gallie, Henry, Tanner, McVay, Shouldice, and Lichtenstein.

Hernia, Femoral↗
PubMed2002

[Bernard Schapiro--an orthodox Jew as an early andrologist in the 20th century].

The unusual history and professional background of one of the first andrologists is reported. Bernhard Schapiro, born in 1888 in Dvinsk in Latvia, then a city in the Russian Pale of Settlements for Jews, grew up as an orthodox (hassidic) Jew receiving exclusively talmudic lessons until he was 18 years old. During the final years of this period of life he was educated at the famous Slobodka Talmud Academy Kenesset Israel in Kovno where he absorbed the ideals of Musar-doctrines, thus being influenced for the rest of his life. The Rogachover Gaon J. Rozin supported his desire to study medicine. After a brief stay in Frankfurt/Main he acquired by own efforts the necessary general knowledge to matriculate for access to university. Medical studies at Zurich University (1913-1919) were followed by a one-year-internship at a dermatologic department in Breslau/Silesia. The thesis for his doctorate at Zurich University in 1920 was on, Relations between Nodular Erythema and Tuberculosis'. He spent two years training in dermatology at Breslau University under Jadassohn. Back in Berlin, he married and had four children, while he worked at Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Sciences. After initial clinical studies in venerology he more and more turned to andrological problems, including treatment of underdeveloped male genitals, premature ejaculation and impotence in general. In this context he tested the new drug Praehormon and developed the two remedies Testifortan and Praejaculin. He was the first to describe the effect of anterior pituitary lobe hormone on the descent of cryptorchid testicles, thus initiating a treatment modality still in motion today. When Hitler came to power he and his family were spared as Swiss citizens, but he lost his base for working after the Institute was looted. He established an andrologic practice at Zurich. What he had witnessed in Germany caused him to set up a Swiss branch of Mizrachi, the spiritually based center of Zionism in Switzerland. He left Europe in 1940 for New York/USA. After compulsory repetition of medical exams in a new language he managed to establish a new existence as andrologist. His practice flourished, the more as he was trusted to treat Jewish patients according to Jewish Law. The decisive step brought him to Jerusalem, in 1951, where he founded and headed an Endocrinologic Department of the University, pursuing andrologic questions, until his death on December 31, 1966. What actually controlled his life can be read on his tombstone: 'He remained a pupil of Slobodka all the days of his life'.

Andrology↗
PubMed1988

Historical aspects of inflammatory bowel disease.

Ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis (Crohn's disease), probably first appeared as isolated cases, several centuries ago; but not until the latter half of the 19th century did their clinical presentation attract medical interest as definable entities. This review of the early medical literature reveals a surprising number of reports of inflammatory bowel disease consistent with present descriptions of these conditions. As with other diseases, the steadily increasing numbers of patients with ulcerative colitis during the first third of the 20th century and of patients with regional enteritis during the latter two thirds of the century follows a familiar pattern encountered with diseases wherein environmental factors play a pathogenetic role. The early history of ulcerative colitis is lost in the complex mixture of infectious colitides, only partially unraveled in the past 100 years. The early history of regional enteritis probably is linked with the numerous European and American reports of tumor-like granulomas of the small intestine, initially regarded as neoplastic lesions requiring surgical removal. It now seems possible that physicians over a period of several centuries may have encountered these conditions but were not in a position to appreciate their uniqueness. The careful accounts of many authors, especially Morgagni (1761), Wilks (1859), Fenwick (1889), Dalziel (1913) and of Crohn, Ginzburg, and Oppenheimer (1932) of then obscure intestinal inflammatory processes thus re-emphasizes the importance of meticulous clinical and pathological descriptions in the subsequent elucidation of obscure disorders. If the course of ulcerative colitis and of Crohn's disease follow the historical pattern of other once important and later disappearing human illnesses, we may have reason to anticipate clarification of their etiology and possible relationship in the not too distant future.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗
PubMed2006

Health as a meaningful social practice.

The pursuit of health has become a highly valued activity in modern and contemporary life, commanding enormous resources and generating an expansive professionalization and commercialization along with attendant goods, services and knowledge. Health has also become a focal, signifying practice. As a 'key word', health is constructed in relation to social structures and experience and systematically articulated with other meanings and practices. Although the cogency of health as a practical concept is largely a product of the enormous influence of modern medicine, medical conceptions have never been able to contain the irrepressible proliferation of meanings associated with health. The meaningful - and ideological - practices of health can be illustrated by comparing three periods in American culture: (1) the late 19th and early 20th century; (2) the 1970s and 1980s; and (3) the first years of the 21st century.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1985

Functional comparative histology. 5. Communication: History of histology.

The present author gives a survey on the development of microscopy by centuries: 16th Invention of the simple microscope--at the end of the century the compound microscope was invented. 17th HOOKE's microscope was the leading of this century--binocular microscope--introduction of screw fine adjustment. 18th The first microscope in America came to Yale in 1734. CHARLES SPENCER started to manufacture microscopes at the continent in 1847. 19th Establishment of precondition for electron microscopy. ZEISS introduced apochromatic optics. The Royal Microscopical Society was established in 1858. The American Microscopical Society in 1878, The New York Microscopical Society in 1877. 20th 1906 invention of the ultraviolet microscope, 1911 of the fluorescence microscope, 1931 of the electron microscope, the first American in 1938, 1932 the centrifuge microscope, 1932 the phase contrast microscope. The first American phase contrast microscope in 1944, 1942 phosphorescence microscope, in the 1950th the interference and x-ray microscopes.

Histological Techniques↗
PubMed2004

[History of vaginal reconstruction].

The paper presents the outline of the history of vaginal reconstruction since antiquity, mainly in vaginal agenesis. The review presents first concepts of vaginoplasty originating from Hippocrates and Celsus, a few attempts of vaginal reconstruction in 18th-19th centuries nad moderate advances in the USA in 19th century. A breakthrough in this field was related to introduction of split thickness skin graft for covering neovaginal channel by Abbe at the turn of 19th and 20th century. Subsequent evolution of surgical techniques was based on Abbe's concept and was directed to finding an ideal material accelerating the epitheliazation of vaginal channel. At the turn of 20 and 21st century medical technology development e.g. laparoscopy played its role in this field of surgery too. Tissue engineering and molecular biology will definitely play increasing role in vaginal reconstruction. Conservative and minimally invasive methods of vaginal creation were also briefly discussed. The considerable input of Polish scientist into the development of both experimental and clinical problems of vaginoplasty is presented.

Female↗