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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1979

Seroepidemiology of rubella infection in Chinese and Caucasians in Hong Kong.

The seroepidemiology of rubella infection in Hong Kong Chinese was examined by haemagglutination inhibition of normal sera and a comparison made where feasible with Caucasians living in Hong Kong. Taking reciprocal titre of 20 as a baseline, the incidence of maternally acquired antibody was 84% for Chinese and 90% for Caucasians. In babies up to 2 months this incidence was maintained in Caucasians but declined to 54% in Chinese. High titre antibody was more frequently detected in Caucasians generally, including women of child-bearing age. The detection of rubella-specific IgM in the Caucasian babies was suggestive of recent maternal infection. However, fewer Caucasian (20%) than Chinese (36%) women of child-bearing age (15-40 years) appeared unprotected against rubella. When all age groups were considered, 88% of Caucasians and 53% of Chinese were seropositive. The occurrence of a rubella outbreak during the study did not give rise to a significant increase in the incidence of seropositivity in Chinese 19-25 years, the only age group able to be evaluated in this manner. The ethnic differences in seroepidemiology are considered in the light of known HLA-1 and HLA-8 antigen distributions in Caucasian and Mongoloid people and the apparently low incidence of congenitally acquired rubella in Chinese.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Geographical distribution of swine (Hsw1N1) and Hong Kong (H3N2) influenza virus variants in pigs in Southeast Asia.

Influenza viruses of the Hsw1N1 and H3N2 subtypes were isolated in Hong Kong from pigs originating from Hong Kong, People's Republic of China (PRC), Singapore, and Taiwan. The H3N2 isolates were from pigs from Hong Kong and PRC, whereas the Hsw1N1 isolates were from pigs from Hong Kong, PRC, Singapore and Taiwan. The hemagglutinins of the H3N2 isolates were similar to those of the earlier A/Hong Kong/1/68 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 variants from man. The Hsw1N1 isolates were similar to the human A/New Jersey/8/76 virus. These studies extend the geographical range of Hsw1N1 influenza virus and suggest that pigs in southeast Asia, like those in North America, harbor Hsw1N1 influenza viruses. These findings underline the importance of pigs as potential reservoirs for future human pandemics by the continued isolation (in Asia) of H3N2 and Hsw1N1 influenza viruses.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The incidence of unsuspected peripheral arterial disease amongst surgical patients in Hong Kong.

A survey of surgical in-patients in Hong Kong has shown that subclinical peripheral arterial disease caused by atherosclerosis and detected by palpation is not uncommon and is similar in incidence to that reported in European populations. However, only a small proportion of affected patients had any associated symptoms. Reduced or absent ankle and ulnar pulses occurred with the same frequency in our patients as in those in Europe. Cigarette smoking does not appear to be associated with symptomatic arterial disease in the local population in Hong Kong.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Diversity of influenza A virus subtypes isolated from domestic poultry in Hong Kong.

The second phase of a 2-year influenza virus surveillance programme of domestic avian species in Hong Kong (up to October 1977) yielded influenza A virus, Newcastle disease virus, and Hong Kong paramyxovirus, as well as unidentified haemagglutinating agents. These viruses were isolated from the trachea or cloaca of apparently healthy domestic ducks, geese, and chickens originating from China and Hong Kong. Twenty-five combinations of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens were identified from the 136 influenza A viruses isolated. Eight of the combinations do not appear to have been previously reported - Hav3Nav2, Hav4Nav2, Hav4Nav4, Hav4Nav5, Hav4Neq1, Hav6Nav4, Hav6Nav6, and Hav9Nav1. The existence of such a diverse pool of influenza virus genetic information may play a role in the emergence of new human pandemic strains.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Urban-rural differences in student mental health: the Hong Kong scene.

Student mental health of Hong Kong urban and rural fifth formers and sixth-formers was assessed by examining their scores obtained from the General Health Questionnaire twice administered. The first administration was done soon after commencement of a school term and served as a baseline measure, and the second was done six weeks before the fifth-formers took an important public examination, a significantly stressful event. The results indicated that all groups of fifth-formers showed an increase in mean scores, reaching statistical significance only in urban boys and rural girls. The latter finding was used to explain urban-rural differences in mean scores. The significance of severe examination distress and its possible late psychiatric sequelae remained unanswered.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recombination as a mechanism in the evolution of influenza viruses: a two-year study of ducks in Hong Kong.

An analysis was made of 149 influenza A viruses isolated from ducks in Hong Kong during the period of November 1975 through October 1977. The viruses were isolated five times more frequently from ducks raised in the People's Republic of China than from those raised in Hong Kong. The isolation rate fo viruses was higher from the cloaca than it was from the trachea, but this pattern varied over the two years of investifation. The large number of different combinations (30) of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes suggests that recombination of viruses was taking place. Analysis of these combinations showed that their distribution was not random and that certain combinations occured more frequently, and others less frequently, than was expected. The recombination of influenza viruses and the excess or restriction of certain combinations may have implications for the evolution of pandemic strains of influenza virus in humans.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Bronchial cancer in Hong Kong 1976-1977.

Bronchial cancer is a disease of high and increasing annual incidence in Hong Kong, especially in women, whose age-specific death rates from this cause are amongst the highest in the world. A case-control study of the relationship of bronchial cancer with smoking was carried out during 1976--77, taking particular note of the histological type of the tumour. Two hundred and eight male and 189 female patients were interviewed, covering about half the total number of cases of bronchial cancer registered as dead from the disease in Hong Kong during the period of the survey. The association with smoking was more evident in males than in females, and in squamous and small-cell types, as a group, than in adenocarcinoma. Forty-four per cent of the women with bronchial cancer were non-smokers, their predominant tumour being adenocarcinoma, and in them on association could be detected with place of residence or occupation. There was no strong evidence of an association with the use of kerosene or gas for cooking; 23 did not use kerosene. The cause of the cancer in these non-smoking women remains unknown.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2026

Genomic Landscape of 6597 Hong Kong HBOC Patients: Implications for Beyond-BRCA Multi-Gene Panel Testing and Cancer Surveillance.

Breast cancer remains highly prevalent, where the lifetime risk before age 75 is one in 13. However, known genetic factors were only identified in 14.7% of cases in our Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry. Our current local policy for genetic testing does not cover the detection of beyond BRCA1/2. Here we highlight the clinical value of extending testing to beyond BRCA susceptibility genes for improved prevention, diagnosis, and management. We recruited 6597 hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) patients from our registry based on family history and clinical criteria. Germline mutations were identified by multi-gene sequencing analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Clinical-pathological characteristics of BRCA and beyond BRCA carriers were compared and the real-world management and surveillance services adopted in Hong Kong were highlighted. In this multi-gene hereditary cancer cohort, germline mutations were identified in 10.9% of cases for BRCA1/2 and 3.5% for beyond BRCA susceptibility genes. These beyond BRCA mutations constitute a considerable proportion of actionable hereditary risk. Notably, PALB2 emerged as the most prevalent non-BRCA gene, followed by TP53, ATM, and BARD1. New cancers or recurrences were detected during their surveillance; the overall pick up rates were 8.3% (PALB2), 29.4% (TP53), 33.3% (PTEN) and 5.6% (BARD1). This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the beyond BRCA germline landscape in a Hong Kong hereditary cancer cohort and highlights the current need for implementing multi-gene sequencing analysis and surveillance services for HBOC patients, establishing the predominant non-BRCA drivers and providing a robust empirical basis for expanding public genetic screening frameworks.

Humans↗

PubMed1975

Health services system in Hong Kong: professional stratification in a modernizing society.

A characteristic of modernizing societies is the coexistence of modern and traditional professions that claim to perform the same functions for the society. As a result of differential support by the dominant classes and their social values, and by the academic and the political authorities, the modern profession occupies a higher stratificational ranking than the traditional profession. In order to struggle for survival and to compete for more social-political and economic resources, the traditional profession advocates a rational revival, i.e. a rationalization of its social organization and technical contentmin this paper, I have illustrated these generalized statements by analyzing and comparing the profession of modern medicine with that of Chinese medicine in the modernizing society of Hong Kong, These two types of professional services are coexisting in the pluralistic health context of Hong Kong, but the former enjoys greater power, higher prestige and more economic resources. The state of modern medical dominance may be due to its connection with the dominant social value of science and to its support by the "higher" classes and the university and the government in Hong Kong. In recent years; however, there has emerged a revivalistic movement in the realm of Chinese medical care. In significant part, this may be influenced by developments in the People's Republic of China.

Acupuncture Therapy↗

PubMed1978

Intrauterine growth in Hong Kong Chinese.

The recorded data on birth weight and gestational age of 16,836 babies born at Tsan Yuk Hospital in Hong Kong for the years 1970 to 1972 was analysed by computer. The means, standard deviations, and percentiles were separately obtained for nine sub-groups between 28 and 42 weeks and they were compared with similar series from Taiwan, Singapore, America and England. Chinese babies in Hong Kong were significantly heavier compared to most series between 32 and 35 weeks (p less than or equal to 0.001), and consistently lighter compared to all series studied between 38 and 42 weeks (p less than or equal to 0.001). Reasons for these findings are discussed.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1975

Ethnic aspects of cord serum alpha 2-macroglobulin levels in Chinese, Caucasians and Ghurkas in Hong Kong.

Serum alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) levels were measured in cord sera of Chinese, Caucasian and Ghurka babies in Hong Kong by the antibody-agar radial immunodiffusion technique. The values for male babies of the three ethnic groups were 293 +/- 59, 323 +/- 79 and 303 +/- 72 mg./100 ml., respectively; those for female babies were 287 +/- 74, 315 +/- 74 and 317 +/- 7) mg./100 ml., respectively. Although a general similarity of cord serum alpha 2-M levels was evident at birth, it was noted that ethnic differences in the level of this serum protein only become apparent later in life. The value obtained for Caucasian cord serum alpha 2-M in Hong Kong was significantly lower than a published value for Caucasians elsewhere.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Lung cancer in Hong Kong Chinese: mortality and histological types, 1960-1972.

Age-adjusted mortality from lung cancer rose rapidly in both males and females in Hong Kong from 1960-1972. The relative frequency of epidermoid carcinoma increased in male bronchial biopsies but not in lung biopsies, resections, or autopsies; there was a decline in small-cell anaplastic carcinoma. In both males and females the ratio of Kreyberg Group I (epidermoid and small-cell anaplastic) to Group II (adenocarcinoma and carcinoid) tumours did not increase, despite an 80% rise in mortality from lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma was the most common type in females, despite the high mortality from lung cancer. It is speculated that cigarette smoking might produce a different pattern of histological types among Hong Kong Chinese, or that additional aetiological factors may be operating there.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1977

Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Hong Kong 1971-1975.

Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis occurred in epidemic in Hong Kong in 1971 and 1975 respectively. Two picornaviruses, the Enterovirus type 70 and an antigenic variant of Coxsackie virus type A24, were isolated during the 1971 outbreak, while only the latter virus was detected in the 1975 outbreak. In 1972 and 1974, sporadic cases of conjunctivitis associated with Enterovirus type 70 were observed. Serological survey in late 1975 showed a high proportion of the population might still be susceptible to both viruses. Recrudescence of the disease is conceivable when environmental condition is favourable for the spread of these viruses.

Adenoviruses, Human↗

PubMed1979

Some epidemiologic observations on cancer in Hong Kong.

The average incidence by age-group per 100,000 for both sexes and the age-standardized incidence rates for the 10 most common cancers in Hong Kong for 1974 were determined. A comparison between the incidence and death rates for these 10 cancers indicated that a good coverage of the actual incidence has been achieved by the Cancer Registry for cancers of the nasopharynx, bronchus, esophagus, colon, rectum, breast, cervix, and bladder, but it was incomplete for cancers of the liver and stomach. A study of their age-specific incidence curves showed a sharp rise in the curve after age 20-24 in cancers of the nasopharynx and liver (males), after age 25-29 in cancers of the cervix and breast (females), and after age 35-39 for the remaining tumors studied; thus a difference in the period of life at which carcinogenesis was initiated was indicated. Epidemiologic observations on nasopharyngeal, esophageal, hepatocellular, and uterine cervical carcinoma were compared, and it is believed that epidemiology is the key to the solution of the cancer problem in Hong Kong.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

The symptoms of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis and patients' attitudes to the disease and to its treatment in Hong Kong.

A questionnaire was applied by Government Health Visitors in Hong Kong to 201 consecutive patients with smear-positive, and 199 with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis who were attending one of the 7 full-time Government chest clinics for the first time on account of their current illness. Information was obtained about the symptoms of the disease and its diagnosis and management outside the Government service, and about patients' knowledge and attitudes towards the Government service. Among the 343 patients who sought treatment because of respiratory symptoms, the first symptom for the great majority (81 %) was cough, 15 % having sputum and 27 % haemoptysis as well. However, treatment was sought by only 15 % because of cough alone, compared with 40 % because of haemoptysis. Most patients (76 %) attended their first source of treatment or investigation within a month of the onset of symptoms, but some allowed long delays, and only 35 % attended a Government chest clinic within a month (whether this was the first source of treatment or not). The first source attended was a private practitioner for 53 % of the patients, another private medical establishment for 4 %, a Government chest clinic for only 11 % and another Government medical establishment for 17 %, 9 % went first to a herbalist and 5 % went to a drug store or treated themselves. The delays between the patients' first attendance at a source of treatment and their first attendance at a Government clinic were important, because outside the Government chest clinics only 49 % were investigated by chest radiograph and only 7 % by sputum bacteriology. Only 33 % were even suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis, and many were correspondingly inadequately treated. The patients were, in general, ill informed about the Government chest clinic service; 52 % did not know, before their current illness, of the existence of the service, only 9 % knew that it was free, and only 12 % that it specialised in the management of tuberculosis. This study thus revealed a need to educate the public about the symptoms of tuberculosis, and about the possibility of their being investigated and treated, free, in a Government chest clinic.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Hospital Salmonella johannesburg infection and its possible role in the community spread of the infection in Hong Kong.

Salmonella johannesburg (1, 40: b: e, n, x), a previously rare salmonella serotype, has established itself rapidly as an important and highly prevalent cause of gastroenteritis among children. The clinical features of the infection are usually mild but chronic. It has been suggested that S. johannesburg was introduced into Hong Kong through imported foods but no common vehicle could be traced as the source of infection. A thorough investigation of one paediatric ward in a general hospital revealed that non-infected patients admitted to the ward usually acquired S. johannesburg infection within 3-7 days, with or without symptoms. Thus hospital cross-infection could be a significant factor in contributing to its rapid spread in the community. Furthermore, the rapidity with which S. johannesburg spread was facilitated by (a) its tendency to produce a chronic infection, (b) its multiple resistance to antibiotics, and (c) the higher infectivity of S. johannesburg over other salmonellas endemic in this locality. These factors combined with the overcrowded conditions in many of the hospitals in Hong Kong facilitated the occurrence of hospital infection, which in its turn contributed to the spread of the infection in the local community.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1979

The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in Hong Kong Chinese after hip surgery for fracture of the proximal femur.

Fifty-three Hong Kong Chinese patients with fractures of the proximal femur have been studied after hip surgery using functional ascending phlebograms for evaluating deep vein thrombosis. There was an incidence of deep vein thrombosis of 53.1 per cent in the fractured limbs and 14.3 per cent in the uninjured limbs. The majority of thrombi (84.6 per cent) were located in the calf. No clinical or fatal pulmonary embolism was observed.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Double-blind comparison of methadone and placebo maintenance treatments of narcotic addicts in Hong Kong.

In a double-blind study carried out between 1972 and 1975 in Hong Kong 100 heroin addict volunteers were initially admitted to hospital for two weeks for stabilisation on 60 mg of methadone before being assigned at random to two groups: one group received methadone (range 30--130 mg, average 97 mg/day); those in the other group had their dose of methadone reduced at the rate of 1 mg/day and were then maintained on placebo. All subjects were provided with a broad range of supportive services. After thirty-two weeks 10% of the controls were still on treatment, compared with 76% of those receiving methadone. At the end of the three-year project, only 1 of the original 50 placebo subjects still turned up for treatment (2%), whereas the retention-rate (proportion still on treatment) for methadone subjects was 56%. Subjects who had dropped out of the study and were readmitted for methadone treatment under known conditions had the same retention-rate as the original treatment group.

Adult↗