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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Cumulation and elimination of horse-anti-dog lymphocyte and normal horse gammaglobulin in dogs.

Two groups of dogs received daily intravenous doses of 20 mg/kg 131-I-labelled horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin or normal horse gammaglobulin respectively over a period of 11 days. Horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin showed a significantly higher eleimination rate than normal horse gammaglobulin. In contrary to the continuous increase in serum radioactivity during normal horse gammaglobulin treatment, there was a plateau after the 5th day in the horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin group. The xenogeneic protein concentration, measured with the single radial immunodiffusion technique, at the end of treatment was 165 +/- 8 mg/1 in the horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin, compared to 498 +/- 15 mg/1 in the normal horse gammaglobulin group. After treatment horse-anti-dog-lymphocyte globulin treated animals showed a significantly higher increase in active hemagglutination titer against horse erythrocytes with an average of 2(-8).

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Long-term therapy using horse anti-dog lymphocyte globulin without sensitization against horse protein].

Eight mongrel dogs received a standard daily i.v. infusion of 20 mg/kg b.w. deaggregated horse-anti-dog-lymphocyte-globulin (ALG) and additional prednisolone (1 mg/kg b.w. daily i.v.) over a maximum period of 82 days following pretreatment with deaggregated normal horse IgG. No sensitization against horse protein was observed during therapy of afterwards as proved by lack of humoral antibodies against horse antigens, maintained lymphopenia, good compatibility, longterm prolongation of xenogeneic skin graft survival (85.6+/-20.6 days, n=8' untreated controls 12.5+/-1.3 days, n=4) and longterm suppression of cytotoxic antibodies against donor lymphocytes. The level of preformed agglutinating antibodies against horse erythrocytes was significantly reduced, while preformed antibodies against other species remained normal. The immune response to a challenge injection of anti-lymphocyte-serum (ALS) 6-11 weeks after termination of treatment was significantly lower in the ALG treated animals as compared to the control group. These results suggest the involvement of a specific mechanism of unresponsiveness against ALG other than immunosuppression only. It is concluded, that by the described method sensitization against ALG can be prevented during longterm treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Purification of horse renal kallikrein and chemical relations with horse urinary kallikrein.

Kallikrein was purified from horse kidney by several steps of chromatographic procedure and by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Concanavaline. Horse urinary kallikrein was previously purified by DE-32 hydroxylapatite and by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. On the purified final sample of renal and urinary kallikrein the aminoacid composition and the gel electrophoretic molecular weight were determined. The ratio in micronMoles between each aminoacid residue of both hydrolyzed renal and urinary kallikrein of horse is about 1,00 +/- 0,30. Except for Pro, 1/2 Cys and basic aminoacid residues a good proportion was obtained. It is confirmed that the different molecular weight, respectively 47,500 for renal kallikrein and 28,000 for the urinary enzyme is an artefact of the different procedures used for the purification of horse kallikrein.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Assessment of myocardial function in the horse. 2. Experimental findings in resting horses.

The paper describes observations on 8 horses at rest using catheter-mounted microtransducers to record intracavity pressures. In 5 of them records were obtained from both left and right sides and in 3 horses from the right heart only. Twelve indices were measured. Variations in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure seemed to influence the results on many of the parameters. It is suggested that left ventricular end-diastolic pressure itself may be a useful guide to left ventricular functional efficiency but more work is necessary to further evaluate these indices as possible measures of myocardial function in the horse.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Symposium on back problems in the horse. (2) The diagnosis of diseases of the horse's back.

A description of some of the clinical features of low back pain in the horse has been given and a number of methods for assisting diagnosis considered. As well as a complete clinical examination both at rest and during exercise, a useful diagnostic aid in some chronic cases was the injection of local anaesthetic into the interspinous spaces. A laboratory examination, including haematological and biochemical profiles, was undertaken in all cases. The serum enzymes GOT and CPK were particularly valuable as an aid to diagnosis in atypical tying-up. A technique for radiography of the vertebral column of the mid back in the standing position and of the pelvic and sacroiliac regions of the anaesthetised horse was described using a Siemens Triplex Optimatic 1023 machine. Some of the radiological features of the vertebral column were considered and a breakdown of the diagnosis of 110 referred back cases. The most important conditions included muscle strain, crowding and overriding of the dorsal spinous processes in the mid back, spondylosis, undue curvature of the spine and vertebral fractures.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1979

In vitro of adenosine on lymphocytes and erythrocytes from horses with combined immunodeficiency.

The effect of adenosine on the mitogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and on the nucleotide pools of erythrocytes from normal horses, horses heterozygous for the combined immunodeficiency (CID) trait (carriers), and foals with CID was studied. When PBL from normal, carrier, and CID horses were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen, [3H]thymidine uptake was inhibited by adenosine (0.1 microM) to 1.0 mM) in a dose-dependent manner. Adenosine (100 microM) mediated inhibition of [3H]thymidine uptake was prevented in both normal and carrier horse PBL by incubation with uridine. Uridine had no sparing effect on PBL from horses with CID. Differences were detected between human and horse PBL in response to adenosine and erythro-9(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA), a competitive inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. In the first assay, mitogen-stimulated PBL from horses were more sensitive to adenosine. In the second assay, adenosine was added to PBL cultures at various times after PHA addition. Adenosine inhibited mitogenesis in horse PBL if added within the first 24 h. In human PBL cultures, adenosine inhibited mitogenesis only if added within the first 4 h. The third assay measured capacity of PHA-stimulated human and horse lymphocytes to escape inhibition by adenosine or EHNA. At the end of a 72-h culture period, horse PBL were still inhibited of mitogenesis in both human and horse PBL. With prolonged incubation (72 h), synergistic inhibition was detected only in horse PB. With high-pressure liquid chromatography, nucleotide levels in erythrocytes of normal, carrier, and CID horses were found to be similar. Incubation with adenosine produced a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in total adenine nucleotide pools in erythrocytes from all horses. However, these increases were accompanied by alterations in the relative amounts of the nucleotide components. This was seen as a significant decrease in the ATP:(AMP plus ADP plus ATP) ratio and energy charge in erythrocytes from normal horses. In contrast, the ATP:(AMP plus ADP plus ATP) ratio decreased only slightly in erythrocytes from CID horses, whereas no change in the energy charge was detected. The data from these studies indicate a difference in adenosine metabolism exists between human and horse lymphoyctes, and an abnormality may exist in purine metabolism or in an interconnecting pathway in horses with CID.

Adenine↗
PubMed1979

Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumors against sarcoid cells in vitro.

Cell-mediated immunity in horses with sarcoid tumor against sarcoid antigens was studied in vitro by means of mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity of 52Cr-labeled target cells. When Mc-1 sarcoid cells were used as stimulatory cells for peripheral blood lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell assay, a clear difference in the kinetics of the generated lymphocytic proliferative response could be detected between sarcoid and control horses. With sarcoid horses, their proliferative maximum was reached 3 days earlier than that of the control horses, and at this time their proliferative activity was significantly increased over that of control horses. When normal allogeneic fibroblasts were used as stimulatory cells, no such difference between sarcoid and control horses could be seen. The cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from sarcoid and control horses against Mc-1 cells or normal allogeneic fibroblast targets was very low. However, the mean cytotoxicity against Mc-1 was slightly increased for sarcoid horses as compared with that of control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. In contrast, the cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts was slightly lower for sarcoid than for control horses. Furthermore, it was shown that sarcoid horses, but not control horses, had a slightly but consistently increased cytotoxicity against Mc-1 cells as compared with that against normal allogeneic fibroblasts.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Topographic antigenic determinants on cytochrome c. Immunoadsorbent separation of the rabbit antibody populations directed against horse cytochrome.

Seven populations of site-specific antibodies were isolated from each of three sera of rabbits immunized against glutaraldehyde-polymerized horse cytochrome c. The antibodies were separated using an immunoadsorption scheme which employed the following cytochromes c: horse, beef, guanaco, rabbit, mouse testicular, pigeon, and the cyanogen-bromide cleaved fragment of the rabbit protein containing residues 1 to 65. The monovalent, antigen-binding fragments of the antibodies (Fab') gave 1:1 stoichiometries with native horse cytochrome c in fluorescence quenching assays. Cross-reactivities with heterologous cytochromes c using fluorescence quenching and a modified Farr assay demonstrated that the antigenic determinants are situated around residues 44, 60, and 89/92, four of the six amino acid sequence positions where horse and rabbit cytochromes c differ. The remaining two differences occur at residues 47 and 62. The apparent lack of immunogenicity of these two substitutions may result from the presence of the more immunogenic residues 44 and 60 nearby. Of the seven antibody populations isolated, four were shown to bind in the region of residues 89 and 92. Since several cytochromes c have amino acid sequence differences from the horse protein at either of these two residue positions, it was possible to fractionate the antibodies directed against this complex site on the basis of subtle specificity differences between them. Two antibody populations bind in the region of residue 44. One of these is specific for proline at that position, while the other antibody population also binds to cytochrome c containing glutamic acid at position 44. The remaining antibody population binds in the region of the lysine residue at position 60. Each of the seven site-specific antibody populations binds effectively to any cytochrome c having a suitable amino acid sequence in the antigenic determinant regardless of any residue differences from the immunogen outside of that area. It was also demonstrated that these seven antibody populations represent the totality of the antibodies elicited in rabbits against horse cytochrome c, since the immunoadsorbants bound all the antibodies specific for the native protein. Furthermore, the rabbit antisera contained no other antibody population that could bind to the conformationally disturbed, cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragment of horse cytochrome c containing residues 1 to 65, making it appear that there were no antibodies elicited against a "processed" form of cytochrome c.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Critical tests of suspension, paste, and pellet formulations of cambendazole in the horse.

Three formulations of cambendazole were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by critical testing method in 21 horses. Cambendazole suspension was administered via stomach tube at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg to 3 horses and at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg to 3 horses. Cambendazole paste was given intraorally to 8 horses, and the pellet formulation was fed to 7 horses at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg. Anthelmintic activity of cambendazole was similar for all dose rates and formulations. Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gasterophilus nasalis, Draschia megastoma, Anoplocephala perfoliata, and Anoplocephala magna appeared to be refractory. The 3 formulations removed (1) 100% of Parascaris equorum and mature Oxyuris equi, (2) 82 to 100% of Strongylus vulgaris, (3) 80 to 100% of Strongylus edentatus, (4) 85 to 99% of small strongyles, and (5) 79 to 100% of immature Oxyuris equi. Probstmayria vivipara was present in only 1 horse and removal was 99%. There was some evidence of activity on Habronema muscae. Toxicosis was not observed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Osteochondrosis in the horse. I. A clinical and radiologic investigation of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee and hock joint.

The clinical and radiologic features of osteochondritis dissecans in the knee and hock joint of horses are described. The material includes 91 horses, of which 43 had the lesion in one or both knee joints, and 48 in one or both hock joints. It was found that osteochondritis dissecans of the knee joint was more common than the one in the hock joint in thoroughbreds and halfbreds, while the lesion in the hock joint was most common in standardbred trotters. In the knee the lesion was most often located to the lateral trochlear ridge. In the hock joint the predilection site was the intermediate ridge of the tibia. The lesions were of obvious clinical importance and the knee joint was usually more severely affected than the hock joint. Prognosis was also more guarded in horses with knee joint involvement, regardless whether or not surgical treatment was instituted. Arthrotomy and removal of fragments in the osteochondral defects or of loose bodies was the standard surgical procedure. It was felt that this treatment improved prognosis somewhat, particularly in the horses with hock joint lesions. It was found that there are many similarities between osteochondritis dissecans in horses and in pigs and dogs. However, further investigation is needed to shed more light on etiology and pathogenesis and on the nature of osteochondritis dissecans in the horse.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Hereditary multiple exostoses: clinicopathologic features of a comparative study in horses and man.

Investigation of hereditary multiple exostoses in horses under controlled research conditions for 10 years and epidemiologic studies that have spanned up to five generations of human families contain notable similarities. The present study demonstrated that a single dominant autosomal gene is responsible for hereditary multiple exostoses in horses and man. Affected individuals transmit this trait to approximately 50% of their progeny, whereas nonaffected individuals do not transmit the condition to their offspring. The tumors in affected horses are most often present at birth. They tend to be bilaterally symmetrical and vary in size, shape, and texture. Those on the legs generally do not appear to enlarge as the animal matures, but others, notably those on the ribs and scapulae, enlarge until skeletal maturity, Histologically, the tumors appear as typical ostosteochondromas in both horse and man. Sarcomatous transformations have not yet been detected after 10 years in horses, although such changes are occasionally reported in the similar disease condition in man. The remarkable similarities of hereditary multiple exostoses in the horse to that in man provide an opportunity for comparative biomedical study.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Sarcocystis fayeri sp. n. from the horse.

Hearts, diaphragms, esophagi, and spinal cords from 266 horses were obtained at slaughter in Creston, Ohio. Tissues were examined microscopically for Sarcocystis in sections, digested in trypsin to obtain bradyzoites, and fed to 10 dogs and 10 cats. Intramuscular cysts were found in selections of two hearts from 57 horses and four esophagi from 107 horses. The cysts were up to 900 micron long and up to 70 micron wide. The cyst wall was 1 to 2 micron thick and cross-striated. The enclosed bradyzoites were banana-shaped, 15 to 20 by 20 to 3 micron, and contained several PAS-positive granules. Bradyzoites were found in trypsin digests of seven of 57 (13%) equine tissues (heart, diaphragm, esophagus but not spinal cord) in one experiment and 10 of 47 (21%) esophagi, eight of 47 (17%) diaphragms but none of 47 hearts and spinal cords in another experiment. All of 10 dogs shed sporulated sporocysts or oocysts in feces 12 to 15 days (12 in one, 13 in eight, and 15 days in one) after digesting tissues from 169 horses. The sporocysts were 11 to 13 (12.0 +/- 0.5) by 7 to 8.5 (7.9 +/- 0.5) micron. In histologic sections of canine small intestine the sporocysts were located in the lamina propria near the tips of the villi. The 10 cats fed tissues from 266 horses did not shed Sarcocystis. A new name, S. fayeri, is proposed for this organism. Sarcocystis fayeri sporocysts (12 by 8 micron) are shorter than those of S. betrami (15 by 10 micron), the other species of Sarcocystis from the horse. The prepatent period is 12 to 15 days for S. fayeri and 8 days for S. bertrami (synonym S. equicanis Rommel and Geisel 1975).

Animals↗