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Ethics group drafts guidelines for control of genetic material and information.
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HUGO warning over broad patents on gene sequences.
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HUGO approves ethics code for genomics.
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Genome panel defends researchers'--and families'--interests.
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The case for genomic patenting.
Opposition to the patenting of genomic inventions threatens to erode the foundation of intellectual property rights needed to convert innovative research into new drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tests.
Unesco seeks role in genome projects.
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Sequencers call for faster data release.
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HUGO: the Human Genome Organization.
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From Rosén von Rosenstein to HUGO (the Human Genome Organization).
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Mutation detection 2001: Sixth International Symposium on Mutations in the Human Genome, May 3-7, 2001, Bled, Slovenia.
Mutation Detection 2001, an international symposium on human mutations and mutation detection methodologies, was held in Bled, Republic of Slovenia, on May 3-7, 2001. The event was sponsored by the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) and several other co-sponsors. It provided an important forum for not only defining the state-of-the-art in mutation detection methodologies but also a valuable chance for international collaboration. A special issue of Human Mutation with articles derived from the symposium is scheduled for publication in early 2002. Meeting highlights are described at http://www.mutations2001.bled.si.
Using literature-based discovery to identify disease candidate genes.
We present BITOLA, an interactive literature-based biomedical discovery support system. The goal of this system is to discover new, potentially meaningful relations between a given starting concept of interest and other concepts, by mining the bibliographic database MEDLINE. To make the system more suitable for disease candidate gene discovery and to decrease the number of candidate relations, we integrate background knowledge about the chromosomal location of the starting disease as well as the chromosomal location of the candidate genes from resources such as LocusLink and Human Genome Organization (HUGO). BITOLA can also be used as an alternative way of searching the MEDLINE database. The system is available at http://www.mf.uni-lj.si/bitola/.
Nomenclature of the ARID family of DNA-binding proteins.
The ARID is an ancient DNA-binding domain that is conserved throughout the evolution of higher eukaryotes. The ARID consensus sequence spans about 100 amino acid residues, and structural studies identify the major groove contact site as a modified helix-turn-helix motif. ARID-containing proteins exhibit a range of cellular functions, including participation in chromatin remodeling, and regulation of gene expression during cell growth, differentiation, and development. A subset of ARID family proteins binds DNA specifically at AT-rich sites; the remainder bind DNA nonspecifically. Orthologs to each of the seven distinct subfamilies of mammalian ARID-containing proteins are found in insect genomes, indicating the minimum age for the organization of these higher metazoan subfamilies. Many of these ancestral genes were duplicated and fixed over time to yield the 15 ARID-containing genes that are found in the human, mouse, and dog genomes. This paper describes a nomenclature, recommended by the Mouse Genomic Nomenclature Committee (MGNC) and accepted by the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) Gene Nomenclature Committee, for these mammalian ARID-containing genes that reflects this evolutionary history.
Myosin-I nomenclature.
We suggest that the vertebrate myosin-I field adopt a common nomenclature system based on the names adopted by the Human Genome Organization (HUGO). At present, the myosin-I nomenclature is very confusing; not only are several systems in use, but several different genes have been given the same name. Despite their faults, we believe that the names adopted by the HUGO nomenclature group for genome annotation are the best compromise, and we recommend universal adoption.
Promoter and intron-1 region polymorphisms in the IFNG gene in patients with hepatitis E.
Allelic and genotype variations in the promoter region and the dinucleotide (CA)(n) repeat region in intron 1 of the interferon-g (IFNG) gene were analysed by direct sequencing and simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP), respectively, in patients with acute hepatitis, and the prevalence was compared with that in healthy controls. Our results showed a significant association of heterozygous genotypes (CA)12/(CA)14 and (CA)12/(CA)16 in intron 1 of the IFNG gene in all categories of patients with acute hepatitis, classified on the basis of presence or absence of hepatitis E virus (HEV), in comparison with healthy controls. A novel polymorphism, -288 A-->T [from the translational start site, as per Human Genome Organization (HUGO) nomenclature], in the promoter region of the IFNG gene leading to a loss of the consensus domain for the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE), as predicted by in silico analysis, was observed in 12.5% of patients with acute HEV infection. However, no significant difference in allele or genotype frequency was observed for the -288 promoter polymorphism, although the heterozygous -288 A/T genotype showed a moderate risk in patients with acute HEV infection alone (P = 0.29, odds ratio = 1.964, confidence interval = 0.46-8.45). The data suggest that the genotype at intron 1 of IFNG might affect susceptibility to acute hepatitis in HEV infection, which warrants further elucidation in a larger sample and also functional studies.
The human genome project: past, present, and future.
This article presents a short discussion of the development of the human genome program in the United States, a summary of the current status of the organization and administration of the National Institutes of Health component of the program, and some prospects for the future directions of the program and the applications of genome information.
Mapping the human genome.
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Property rights, genes, and common good.
This paper applies aspects of Hugo Grotius's theologically informed theory of property to contemporary issues concerning access to the human DNA sequence and patenting practices. It argues that Christians who contribute to public debate in these areas might beneficially employ some of the concepts with which he worked--notably "common right," the "right of necessity," and "use right." In the seventeenth century, wars were fought over trading rights and access to the sea. In the twenty-first century, information and intellectual property are the issues of the day. Grotius's writings serve to correct the overemphasis in modern liberalism on individual rights, and have practical application to the debate concerning the reduction of the human genome to the status of private property.