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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Fertility and reproduction in women working in beet growing and animal breeding (1943-1982)].

The article contains formulae for real fertility rate (RFR), functional and calendar-related pregnancy intervals. RFR is proposed as the criteria in the assessment of occupational factors' influence on the reproduction function in couples not using contraceptives. The simultaneous reproduction assessment with two indices involved (real fertility and birthrate) made it possible to evaluate the role of the occupational and social factors in human reproduction in the region. The agricultural female workers surveys showed that RFR remained stable at the time of examinations and births, taking account of the age, in women engaged in beet raising, cattle breeding and employees, who had been working in different labour conditions for 40 years. Within the same period of time, birth rates in the beet-raisers were markedly higher as compared with the employees.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parotid gland enlargement and female reproductive performance in a Papua New Guinea highland population.

Swelling of the parotid salivary glands is commonly observed among males and females of highland Papua New Guinea. Evidence suggests that the condition is related to the highlanders' high starch consumption in the form of sweet potato. In this paper we regard parotid enlargement as an indicator of high energy intake and test its association with two measures of reproductive performance, the number of live births and living offspring, in a sample of 274 women from Lufa in the Eastern Highlands District of Papua New Guinea. Multiple regression analysis including maternal age showed that parotid enlargement is positively correlated with both measures of reproductive performance. Given that parotid gland enlargement in this population is due to persistent starch consumption, and that the condition represents above average energy intake, these results suggest that increases in energy intake relate to increases in reproductive performance in this sample of highland females.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of fertility decline in China, 1981: analysis of intermediate variables.

This study examines the proximate determinants of fertility in China by making use of the data collected by the One-per-Thousand Sample Fertility Survey of 1982. The results indicate that the most important inhibitor of potential fertility is deliberate control. Its contribution to fertility change has been far greater than all other proximate determinants. The marital structure of the population is also an important factor, while lactational infecundability and induced abortion are relatively unimportant. Comparative results by using data from the In-depth Fertility Survey conducted in Shanghai Municipality, Hebei and Shaanxi Provinces in April 1985 agree well in the ranking of the four intermediate factors. The findings point to successful family planning program and government population policies, which propelled the fertility transition to a substantial degree. Further research needs and policy implications of the results of the study are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Insulin resistance index: measurement and potential in human reproduction].

Insulin resistance (IRI) applies to abnormalities of insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism. Biochemical events related to this phenomenon are difficult to search in the absence of overt diabetes mellitus. A simple method to quantify insulin resistance was assessed through the measurement of glucose and insulin (fasting glucose [mmol/L] x fasting insulin [mU/L]/22.5) in patients (n = 50) attending our clinic of human reproduction, including controls (n = 10) and diabetics either unstable or under control (n = 5). Cases with obesity, polycystic ovarian disease, diabetes mellitus, infertility and hypoglycemia showed higher (p = 0.01-0.05) IRI changes, inversely correlated with a decreasing fasting glucose observed in diabetics under treatment with various degrees of control. We conclude that the IRI method used in this work is a reliable estimate of insulin resistance with potential applications for the study of reproductive biology.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1984

Sexual development and behavior in black preadolescents.

As part of a longitudinal study of the sociosexual development of black preadolescents, sexual maturation and sociosexual behaviors were assessed and the relationships between these variables determined in a sample of 101 nine- to eleven-year-old middle- and low-income boys and girls. Sexual maturation was measured by Tanner's staging criteria of specific secondary sex characteristics. Involvement in heterosexual behaviors was elicited via self reports and was classified on a five-point heterosexual physical activity scale (HPA). The data corroborate other studies in demonstrating that girls were more advanced than boys in the process of sexual maturation. Considerable variation in stages of maturation for chronological age existed in both boys and girls, but was more pronounced for girls. In girls, there was no significant association between HPA and degree of biologic maturation. However, genital development in boys was significantly related to their sexual behavior. Income level was not significantly associated with the HPA score. A baseline from which to chart the progress of sociosexual behaviors in these developing preadolescents was established.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Puberal development in Cuban adolescents].

Within the sample of the National Investigation of Development and Growth in Cuba in 1972, the mean age of menarche in girls and the different stages of sexual development in both sexes were analyzed. For menarche, the status method was employed with logit analysis in a national aleatory sample that comprised 13,143 girls. The mean age for menarche was 13.01 +/- 0.02 years with a value of 12.77 for urban population and 13.26 for the rural. The study was also made by provinces. The sexual development, according with the stages of Tanner's method was investigated. The sample included about 26,000 individuals from 8 to 18 years old. The results obtained for the different percentiles with the logit analysis are offered. The importance that adolescents have a different maturation rhythm; precocious, average and late, becomes evident and the importance of the knowledge of these variants in normal individuals by the personnel in charge is pointed out.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Cyclic changes in ciliation, cell height, and mitotic activity in human tubal epithelium during reproductive life.

The percentage of ciliated cells, the height, and the mitotic index of human oviductal epithelium were studied during the menstrual cycle and under progestogens. A total of 141 fallopian tubes were examined. During the menstrual cycle, a process of ciliation and deciliation was observed. Maximal ciliation was attained around the time of ovulation, particularly in the fimbria where significant differences were noted. Deciliation was observed under progestogen therapy, but this progestogen effect was easily reversible. The decrease of epithelial height observed after ovulation was also found after progestogen therapy. Cyclic mitotic activity was noted during the menstrual cycle. Estrogens influence the mitotic activity of tubal epithelium, whereas endogenous progesterone and progestogens inhibit this estrogenic effect.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed2006

Management of obese women in assisted conception units: a UK survey.

A national audit was performed to ascertain details of the management of clinically obese women at infertility clinics in the UK. This was with particular reference to body mass index (BMI) limits for specific treatments and general advice given to patients regarding obesity. A postal questionnaire was sent to all licensed assisted conception units (ACUs) in the UK offering fertility treatment. The return rate was 86 of 100 (86%). There was a great deal of variation between different units in the practice standards of obese infertile women. This audit demonstrates the wide variation in current UK practice and highlights the need for a broad discussion and adoption of national guidelines for the management of obese infertile women.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2003

Reproductive function during weight gain in anorexia nervosa. Leptin represents a metabolic gate to gonadotropin secretion.

The adipocyte hormone leptin plays an important part in the reproductive function and in energy homeostasis. Only single studies have addressed the relationship between leptin and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) in anorexia nervosa (AN). In the present study 18 female adolescents with AN were investigated during weight gain. Leptin, LH, FSH, fT3, BMI and body composition were measured in the 1(st), 3(rd), 7(th) and 11(th) week of inpatient treatment. 18 eumenorrheic age- and gender-matched controls were examined once during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Our results demonstrate a critical leptin level of 1.2 ng/ml for an increase of FSH and confirmed a leptin threshold level of 1.85 ng/ml for LH. It may be concluded that leptin represents a metabolic gate to gonadotropin secretion. Once this is exceeded other biological mechanisms seem to be important for the complete recovery of the reproductive function and the resumption of menses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Is there a role for leptin in human reproduction?

Leptin is a protein product from the obesity gene (ob gene). It has been shown that leptin significantly correlates with body mass index in humans. In contrast to the obesity of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice, human obesity is not generally caused by gene mutations. It is possible that human obesity results from central leptin resistance. Leptin can serve as a metabolic cue in the neuronal activation of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) at the end of the prepubertal period. The concentration of leptin is higher in pubertal girls than pubertal boys, and it is supposed that sexual dimorphism might be established in the prepubertal period or even in earlier developmental phases. This dimorphism could be explained by a suppressive action of androgens on leptin. Decreased leptin levels were found in undernourished women of reproductive age, mainly presenting with oligo- or amenorrhea. Leptin concentrations fluctuate according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. It is suggested that the complex relationship of leptin with other hormones, such as insulin, can have etiopathogenetic importance in some enigmatic reproductive disturbances such as the polycystic ovary syndrome. Recent findings of leptin in non-adipose tissue of the placenta could indicate its potential role in developmental physiology and human reproduction.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Short-term meal replacements followed by dietary macronutrient restriction enhance weight loss in polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common condition in women, improves with weight loss. Meal replacements in short-term weight loss and strategies for weight maintenance have not been investigated in PCOS. OBJECTIVE: We compared in overweight women with PCOS the effects of meal replacements in short-term weight-loss and longer-term carbohydrate- or fat-restriction strategies on weight maintenance and improvements in reproductive and metabolic variables. DESIGN: Overweight women with PCOS (n = 43; x +/- SD age: 32.1 +/- 5.2 y; weight: 96.1 +/- 18.4 kg) followed an 8-wk weight-loss regimen (2 meal replacements/d, 4904.4 +/- 127 kJ; phase 1) and then a 6-mo weight-maintenance carbohydrate- (<120 g/d) or fat- (<50 g/d) restriction regimen (phase 2). RESULTS: Thirty-four women completed phase 1, and 23 women completed phase 2; the proportion of dropouts was similar in the 2 groups. During phase 1, significant (P < 0.05) reductions in weight (5.6 +/- 2.4 kg), waist circumference (6.1 +/- 2.5 cm), body fat (4.1 +/- 2.2 kg), insulin (2.8 +/- 1.1 mU/L), total testosterone (0.3 +/- 0.7 nmol/L), and free androgen index (3.1 +/- 4.6) occurred; these changes were sustained during phase 2. No significant differences between diet groups were seen for any variables. At 6 mo, both approaches resulted in a net weight loss of 4.7 +/- 4.6 kg. Improvements in menstrual cyclicity occurred for 16 (57.1%) of 28 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Meal replacements are an effective strategy for the short-term management of PCOS. Advice on moderate fat or carbohydrate restriction was equally effective in maintaining weight reduction and improving reproductive and metabolic variables.

Adult↗