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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2000

Does the lack of hyperkinesis during dobutamine stress echocardiography predict the functional significance of coronary arterial stenosis?

The clinical implication of the lack of hyperkinesis during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) has not been determined. We hypothesized that a lack of hyperkinesis during graded doses of dobutamine infusion would reflect the severity of coronary flow abnormality distal to the stenosis and provide the functional significance of coronary arterial stenosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of the lack of hyperkinesis in patients with normal coronary arteries and to determine its value in patients with single-vessel disease. A total of 63 consecutive patients who subsequently revealed angiographically normal coronary arteries underwent DSE. Thirty-one consecutive patients with angina and single-vessel disease also underwent both DSE and exercise thallium single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). According to the response of wall motion during low and peak doses of dobutamine infusion, patients were divided into three groups (group A, hyperkinesis was present during both low dose and peak stress; group B, hyperkinesis was present only during low dose; group C, no hyperkinesis). SPECT images were divided into 16 segments, and thallium uptake at each segment was scored from 0 (normal) to 3 (severe defect). Thallium uptake score index (TSI) was calculated as total thallium score divided by 16 at stress and delayed image. The prevalence of group A, B and C was 56 (89%), 3 (5%), and 4 (6%) in patients with normal coronary arteries. The corresponding values were 11 (35%), 8 (26%), and 12 (39%) in patients with single-vessel disease (P < 0.0001). In patients with single-vessel disease, there was no significant difference in percent diameter stenosis (group A, 59% +/- 8%; group B, 69% +/- 16%; group C, 67% +/- 13%) and the prevalence of proximal stenosis (45%, 25%, and 42%) among three groups. However, TSI at stress image was significantly lower in group A (0.21 +/- 0.14) than in group B (0.45 +/- 0.20, P < 0.05) and group C (0.53 +/- 0.27, P < 0.01). TSI at delayed image was also significantly lower in group A (0.07 +/- 0. 11) than in group C (0.18 +/- 0.15, P < 0.05). Because the lack of hyperkinesis during DSE was observed in 11% of patients with normal coronary arteries, it does not always predict the presence of significant coronary artery stenosis. However, this finding related to the severity of perfusion abnormality by exercise thallium SPECT in patients with single-vessel disease. These results suggest that the lack of hyperkinesis during dobutamine infusion would predict functional significance of coronary arterial stenosis and provide myocardial perfusion status distal to the stenosis in patients with single-vessel disease.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Is clinic prevalence of ICD-10 hyperkinesis underestimated? Impact of increasing awareness by a questionnaire screen in an UK clinic.

Hyperactivity is common, but its diagnosis is still controversial, with two contending approaches: ADHD from DSM IV and hyperkinesis from ICD-10. The concept of ADHD predicts higher rates, but its use may lead to overmedication. Hyperkinesis usefully indicates medication, but clinics using it may detect many fewer cases, raising the possibility of underdiagnosis. It has never been shown whether this lower rate results from hyperkinesis' criteria, or to the differing methods used to detect hyperactivity in those centres that prefer it. We report a mirror study, examining rates of all types of hyperkinesis before and after the introduction of a preliminary screen (not originally intended to detect hyperkinesis). Its introduction resulted in an increase of detected hyperkinesis from 2% to 25% of the clinic sample with no change in diagnostic criteria. This was independent of any other change in the sample or clinic staff. We conclude that insensitive assessment may be responsible for low rates of diagnosis of ICD-10 hyperkinesis in secondary care clinics.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed1992

Compensatory regional contraction following coronary artery occlusion depends on subendocardial hyperaemia and hyperkinesis.

The effects of circumflex coronary artery occlusion on regional myocardial performance and blood flow in the left ventricular anterior wall was studied, using 16 thoracotomized pentobarbital-anaesthetized cats. Two pairs of ultrasonic crystals were placed in the midwall; one segment (longitudinal) parallel to the subendocardial fibres, the other (circumferential) being aligned to the fibres of the outer half-layer. A shunt line from the right subclavian artery to the main left coronary artery was unrestricted in eight cats (Group A) and clamped in another eight cats (Group B) until coronary perfusion pressure was clearly reduced with only a minor reduction in shunt flow, but without changes in global cardiac function. After circumflex coronary occlusion hyperkinesis was most pronounced in segments parallel to subendocardial fibres (longitudinal), also validated as a marked leftward shift in the end-systolic pressure-length relation of these segments. Such a shift may indicate decreased regional afterloading along the cardiac major axis. Hyperkinesis of longitudinal segments was attenuated in Group B where a fixed shunt stenosis hampered subendocardial and mid-myocardial hyperaemia. The lesser hyperkinesis of Group B was associated with decreased left ventricular systolic pressure and cardiac output. Thus, impaired compensatory contraction outside an acute ischaemic region was produced by a significant coronary stenosis which precluded the subendocardial hyperaemia and hyperkinesis of that region.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Compensatory subendocardial hyperkinesis in the cat is abolished during coronary insufficiency outside an acutely ischaemic region.

OBJECTIVE: The aims were to determine (1) whether acute coronary occlusion provoked uniform hyperkinesis in remote non-ischaemic myocardium, and (2) how subsequent coronary stenosis affected such hyperkinesis. METHODS: Two pairs of ultrasonic crystals were placed in the anterior left ventricular midwall of nine pentobarbitone anaesthetised open chest cats. One pair (longitudinal) ran parallel to subendocardial fibres; the other pair (circumferential) was aligned with subepicardial and mid-myocardial fibres. Following circumflex coronary occlusion, subsequent hypoperfusion of the anterior wall was established by controlled constriction of a shunt line from the right subclavian artery to the left main coronary artery in two discrete steps. RESULTS: Following circumflex occlusion maximum systolic shortening of segments aligned to subendocardial fibres increased from 6.7(SEM 0.9)% to 11.5(1.4)% (p less than 0.001), whereas circumferential segment shortening was unchanged, at 12.2(0.8)% v 14.1(1.1)%. During mild shunt stenosis [delta P = 42(2) mm Hg] subendocardial tissue blood flow in the anterior wall decreased by 42(10)% (p less than 0.001), and longitudinal segment shortening decreased from 11.5(1.4)% to 6.9(1.1)% (p less than 0.001). Corresponding shortening of circumferential segments did not change. During severe shunt stenosis [delta P = 52(3) mm Hg] subendocardial tissue blood flow decreased further, and shortening of longitudinal segments approached zero value (p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compensatory hyperkinesis of remote non-ischaemic myocardium following an acute coronary occlusion may depend mostly on augmented subendocardial contraction.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

The what, why and how of hyperkinesis: implications for nursing.

Hyperkinesis refers to a combination of traits that typically include: overactivity; restlessness; short attention span; distractability; low frustration tolerance; impulsiveness. Its aetiology and prevalence have not been established but associating problems underscore the importance of early identification and treatment. Theories about aetiology relate to minimal brain damage, heredity, temperament variations, maturational lag, dysfunction of the reticular activating system, food sensitivity, and learned response to unorganized environment. Hyperkinesis may be distinguished only by its behavioural manifestations. Insightful analyses of behavioural problems require viewing the child from a development perspective, such as those advanced by Freud, Erikson, Berne and others. Sensitivity to the ramifications of labelling the child as deviant is critical. Multidimensional assessment is needed upon which management decisions are made. An eclectic approach merits consideration: medication, if it works; therapeutic counselling; parental counselling; intervention with school personnel; and above all, support for the child. The nurse plays a crucial role in providing the health team with key information basic to establishing accurate diagnosis and evaluating interventions. The problem of hyperkinesis bears many implications for nursing practice and research.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed1988

Hyperkinesis without the Frank-Starling mechanism in a nonischemic region of acutely ischemic excised canine heart.

To determine the essential mechanism of increased systolic wall motion, i.e., hyperkinesis, in a nonischemic region (NIR) during acute ischemia, we simultaneously evaluated global and regional function of the excised, cross-circulated canine left ventricle connected to a volume servo pump before and after coronary occlusion. Regional areas were determined with pairs of orthogonal subendocardial sonomicrometers in the ischemic region (IR) and NIR. After coronary occlusion with left ventricular end-diastolic and stroke volumes kept constant, the amount of systolic area shrinkage (delta A) in NIR increased by 33 +/- 41% (p less than .05), despite a decrease in end-diastolic regional area by 3 +/- 4% (p less than .05). Regional work obtained from the wall tension-regional area (T-A) loop in NIR decreased by 50 +/- 24% due to a similar decrease in afterload despite the presence of hyperkinesis, indicating regional systolic unloading. When left ventricular end-diastolic volume was subsequently increased with a constant stroke volume, delta A in NIR increased at the expense of a further decrease in delta A in IR. The end-systolic T-A relationship in NIR remained unchanged, whereas that in IR markedly shifted rightward, suggesting that the contractile state of NIR was constant. These results indicate that hyperkinesis in NIR during acute ischemia can occur without a utilization of the Frank-Starling mechanism or an enhancement of regional contractile state, and that the essential mechanism of this phenomenon is regional afterload reduction due to an intraventricular mechanical interaction between IR and NIR.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Operant conditioning of EEG rhythms and ritalin in the treatment of hyperkinesis.

Enhanced voluntary motor inhibition regularly accompanies conditioned increases in the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), a 12--14-Hz Rolandic EEG rhythm in cats.A similar rhythm, presumably SMR, has also been identified in the human EEG. The clinical effectiveness of SMR operant conditioning has been claimed for epilepsy, insomnia, and hyperkinesis concurrent with seizure disorders. The present report attempts to follow up and replicate preliminary findings that suggested the technique's successful application to hyperkinesis uncomplicated by a history of epilepsy. SMR was defined as 12--14-Hz EEG activity in the absence of high-voltage slow-wave activity between 4 and 7 Hz. Anticipated treatment effects were indexed by systematic behavioral assessments of undirected motor activity and short attention span in the classroom. EEG and behavioral indices were monitored in four hyperkinetic children under the following six conditions: (1) No Drug, (2) Drug Only, (3) Drug and SMR Training I, (4) Drug and SMR Reversal Training, (5) Drug and SMR Training II, (6) No Drug and SMR Training. All hyperkinetic subjects were maintained on a constant drug regimen throughout the phases employing chemotherapy. Contingent increases and decreases in SMR occurred in three of four training subjects and were associated with similar changes in classroom assessments of motor inactivity. Combining medication and SMR training resulted in substantial improvements that exceeded the effects of drugs alone and were sustained with SMR training after medication was withdrawn. In contrast, these physiological and behavioral changes were absent in one highly distractible subject who failed to acquire the SMR task. Finally, pretraining levels of SMR accurately reflected both the seve-ity of original motor deficits and the susceptibility of hyperkinetic subjects to both treatments. Although the procedure clearly reduced hyperkinetic behavior, a salient, specific therapeutic factor could not be identified due to the dual EEG contingency imposed combined with associated changes in EMG. Despite these and other qualifying factors, the findings suggested the prognostic and diagnostic value of the SMR in the disorder when overactivity rather than distractibility is the predominant behavioral deficit.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗

PubMed1994

Effect of ambient temperature on hyperthermia and hyperkinesis induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy") in rats.

A stress-free, biotelemetric monitoring technique was used to investigate the effects of ambient temperature (Ta) on the hyperthermic and hyperkinetic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. In the first experiment a single injection of 5.0 or 7.5 mg/kg MDMA produced hyperthermia in rats maintained at a Ta of 24 degrees C but hypothermia in rats maintained at a Ta of 11 degrees C for 24 h prior to the injection. In contrast, hyperkinesis was induced at both Tas. In the second experiment, the effects of acute MDMA administration was compared in rats maintained at a standard Ta of 24 degrees C and in rats which were placed in a cool (11 degrees C) room for a brief (90-min) period commencing 30 min after the injection. The brief exposure to the cool environment produced significant attenuation of MDMA-induced hyperthermia but did not affect the magnitude of hyperkinesis. The implications of the results for the understanding of the thermotoxic effects of MDMA in human drug users are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Coloboma mouse mutant as an animal model of hyperkinesis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Hyperkinesis and developmental behavioral deficiencies are cardinal signs of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In mice, the mutation coloboma (Cm) corresponds to a contiguous gene defect that results in phenotypic abnormalities including spontaneous hyperactivity, head-bobbing, and ocular dysmorphology. In addition, coloboma mutant mice exhibit delays in achieving complex neonatal motor abilities and deficits in hippocampal physiology, which may contribute to learning deficiencies. The hyperkinesis is ameliorated by low doses of the psychostimulant D-amphetamine and can be rescued genetically by a transgene encoding SNAP-25, located within the Cm deletion. Together with syntaxin and synaptobrevin/VAMP, SNAP-25 constitutes a core protein complex integral to synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Despite the ubiquitous role of SNAP-25 in synaptic transmission, and uniformly decreased expression in the mutants, coloboma mice show marked deficits in Ca2+-dependent dopamine release selectively in dorsal but not ventral striatum. This suggests that haploinsufficiency of SNAP-25 reveals a specific vulnerability of the nigrostriatal pathway which regulates motor activity and may provide a model for impaired striatal input into executive functions encoded by the prefrontal cortex associated with ADHD.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Structural and topical bases of picrotoxin-induced choreomyoclonic hyperkinesis.

Multiple bilateral microinjections of 1 g picrotoxin (blocker of GABAA-receptor chlorine channels) into the rostral neostriatum cause choreomyoclonic hyperkinesis of the paws, head, and body in rats. The most pronounced hyperkinesis was observed when the cannula was localized in the most anterior regions of the rostral neostriatum with irradiation of its action to the white matter (corpus callosum) and when the cannulas were located asymmetrically in the right and left striatum.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The association between hyperkinesis and breakdown of parenting in clinic populations.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing recognition that child based, as well as parent based factors may be associated with children being excluded from their families. Despite the distress routinely observed among the parents of hyperactive children, there is little research on this in clinic populations. AIMS: To examine removals from home in a typical secondary care population, where hyperkinesis was accurately diagnosed. METHODS: A total of 201 cases were coded using mulitaxial ICD-10 criteria and Jarman indices derived from census data. RESULTS: Hyperkinetic children were more than three times more likely to have suffered removal from home than children with other psychiatric diagnoses, independent of any psychosocial measure. CONCLUSION: Hyperkinesis is a specific risk factor for removal from home, which can operate in the absence of other psychosocial stressors. Screening children for hyperactivity is now simple, and the routine paediatric examination for children accommodated by the local authority gives an opportunity for early detection and treatment of hyperactivity in children at risk of family breakdown.

Child↗

PubMed2006

[Magnesium ions prevent development of hyperkinesis produced by picrotoxin intrastriatal microinjections into the rat neostriatum].

The effects of daily bilateral microinjections of GABA-A receptor antagonist picrotoxin (2 mcg) into rostral neostriatum of the rats in chronic experiments were investigated. The picrotoxin was injected in volume of 1 mcl of saline or in 1 mcl of 1.0 M or 1.5 M MgCl2 solution; 1 mcl of saline or 1.0 M MgCl2 solution were injected in control groups of animals. The impairment of the avoidance conditioning in shuttle box, changes in free locomotor activity and the stereotypic choreo-myoclonic limb jerks were registered in rats with picrotoxin with the saline microinjections. The motor deviation registered are similar with Huntington chorea hyperkinesis in humans. The addition of magnesium ions into injected solution prevented both the lyperkinesis and condition behaviour realization impairment. As the magnesium is a universal calcium channel blocker, the calcium homeostasis of striatal neurons impairment as one of principal elements of hyperkinesis pathogenesis is proposed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Approach to a combined pharmacologic therapy of childhood hyperkinesis.

The pharmacologic management of childhood hyperkinesis with psychostimulants has repeatedly proved its efficacy. In the case of hyperkinesis with an organic background (with eviden electrocencephalographic signs), the association with different anticonvulsants is usually beneficial although at times it gives rise to exceptionally undesirable side-effects, or to a paradoxically depressant action of the psychic activity. A clinical trial was carried out in 30 children aged from 5 10 years, with 2-dimethylaminoethanol in association with a magnesium salt of dipropylacetic acid (DAP).

Child↗

PubMed1978

Nutrient intakes of children on the hyperkinesis diet.

The nutrient intakes of fifty-four hyperactive children during a baseline period and while following the hyperkinesis diet were calculated. During both periods, mean dietary intakes compared favorably with the Recommended Dietary Allowances. A comparison of three-day food records showed that, relative to baseline values, nutrient intakes did not change significantly while the children followed the hyperkinesis diet. The majority of the children reported intakes sufficient to meet the recommended allowances during both the baseline and diet periods.

Child↗

PubMed1985

Effects of methylphenidate on whirler mice: an animal model for hyperkinesis.

The neurological mutant whirler mouse, one of several strains of waltzing mice, may be suitable as an animal model for testing studies relative to hyperkinesis. As in hyperkinetic children, behaviorally the mice are extremely restless, nervous, excitable, irritable and aggressive but also show symptoms of rotation behavior, head-shaking and deafness. This study demonstrated that paradoxically oral intubation of daily doses of 5.0 mg/kg of methylphenidate during a 23 week period significantly decreased circling activity in test mice. The effects on circling behavior were reversible following cessation of methylphenidate administration. After 18 weeks of cessation of the CNS stimulant, oral administration of a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg of methylphenidate caused a 37.8% increase in circling activity but the increase compared to control whirler mice was not significant. Use of this strain as an animal model may be especially beneficial in the screening of new drugs for the treatment of hyperkinesis.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1990

Left ventricular hyperkinesis in acute myocardial infarction and at control angiography after 1 month.

One-hundred-and-fifty-four consecutive patients were treated with intravenous and intracoronary streptokinase within 3 h of the onset of acute myocardial infarction. Left ventricular function was determined from contrast ventriculograms obtained in the acute phase and at follow-up at 28 (15-37) days in 123 patients with matched ventriculograms. Regional wall motion analysis was performed with a radial axis system and asynergy determined by comparing percentage radial shortening with findings in ten normal controls. Reperfusion was achieved in 79% of patients. However, there was no significant difference in global ejection fraction between the acute phase (60.6%) and follow-up (60.4%) ventriculograms, although a significant reduction of hypokinetic areas was seen. An increase in regional ejection fraction in anterior (+10%) and inferior (+9%) hypokinesis was counterbalanced by a reduction of incidence (-11%) of hyperkinesis and regional ejection fraction (-10%) in the contralateral wall. In patients with a patent infarct-related vessel at follow-up, no difference in global or regional parameters was found in the acute phase, but at follow-up these patients showed improved regional wall motion with an increase in global ejection fraction (1.6%, n.s.). In patients with occluded vessels at follow-up global ejection fraction decreased (-5.4%, P less than 0.05). The decrease of frequency and extent of hyperkinesis in the clinical course of acute myocardial infarction tends to counterbalance recovery of wall motion in the infarcted region, resulting in little change in global ejection fraction.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Catalepsy and hyperkinesis induced by the chronic injection of a tetrapeptide into the neostriatum.

The influence on behavior of the chronic (over the course of three weeks) injection of leu-enkephalin and its analog, a tetrapeptide, in doses of 5 and 15 micrograms, into the neostriatum was investigated in experiments on rats. Native enkephalin had little effect, but the tetrapeptide in both doses blocked conditioned reflex avoidance behavior and induced a set of complex changes in behavior. Catalepsy with pronounced waxy rigidity of the skeletal musculature was the main element of the pathological behavior. Stereotypical slow movements of the head and forelimbs began to predominate on the second week of the microinjections. Changes in behavior but without catalepsy and hyperkinesis were observed on the following days. It is hypothesized that the phenomena described are associated with reorganizations of neuromediator systems that accompany the chronic influence on the opiate system of the neostriatum. The role of the enkephalinergic system in the genesis of psychomotor deviations is discussed, as well as the possibility of obtaining through the method utilized of models of neurological and psychopathological deviations.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Further dissection of a genomic locus associated with behavioral activity in the Wistar-Kyoto hyperactive rat, an animal model of hyperkinesis.

Molecular genetic studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are a major focus of current research since this syndrome has been shown to be highly heritable.(1) Our approach has been to search for quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a genetic animal model of hyperkinesis, the Wistar-Kyoto hyperactive (WKHA) rat, by a whole-genome scan analysis. In a previous article, we reported the detection of a major QTL associated with behavioral activity in an F2 cross between WKHA and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat strains.(2) Here, we extend our analysis of this cross by adding new genetic markers, now defining a 10 cM interval on rat chromosome 8 associated with ambulatory and exploratory activities. Then we present a replication of this QTL detection, at least for exploratory activity, by a new genetic mapping analysis of an activity QTL in an F2 cross between the WKHA and Brown Norway (BN) rat strains. Overall, the results provide compelling evidence for the presence of gene(s) influencing activity at this locus. The QTL interval has been refined such that the human orthologous region could be defined and tested in human populations for association with ADHD. Ultimately, the improved dissection of this genomic locus should allow the identification of the causal genes.

Animals↗