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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2025

There is gold in the graveyard: a new lineage of zombie-ant fungi in the genus Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae: Hypocreales) from Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Ophiocordyceps serves as a key model for studying cryptic fungal diversity and behavioural manipulation of hymenopterous insects. Here, we describe Ophiocordyceps acanthoponerae, a newly discovered species infecting Acanthoponera mucronata (Heteroponerini: Formicidae) in a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest-Cerrado ecotone. Morphological analyses revealed mixed traits characteristic of Ophiocordyceps lineages associated with ants and wasps, including leaf biting behaviour manipulation, dark brown ascostromata covering 360º of the stalk, ascospores producing capilliconidia and hirsutelloid asexual morphs. Phylogenetic analyses based on four genomic regions (SSU, LSU, TEF and RPB1) placed this species outside the traditional myrmecophilous hirsutelloid clades O. unilateralis and O. kniphofioides, and within a novel clade closely related to the wasp pathogen O. humbertii. This discovery represents the first record of Ophiocordyceps infecting Heteroponerini and highlights an unexplored lineage of manipulative fungi. Our findings expand the known host range for myrmecophilous Ophiocordyceps and underscore the importance of studying fungal diversity in under-sampled ecological niches. Citation: Lima-Santos SJ, Araújo JPM, Feitosa RM, Mendes-Pereira T, Elliot SL, Evans HC (2025). There is gold in the graveyard: a new lineage of zombie-ant fungi in the genus Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae: Hypocreales) from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 16: 243-264. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2025.16.14.

Acanthoponera↗
PubMed1979

[Course and modification of Hypomyces ochraceus m 359 autolysis].

Growth and natural autolysis of the ascomycete Hypomyces ochraceus were investigated in shake cultures by measuring dry weight, pH value, and uptake of carbohydrate. The alkaline autolysis resulted in maximum loss of 53% of dry weight during an incubation period of 35 days. Early autolysis was induced by limitation of oxygen, increasing temperature, addition of peracetic acid, and sodiumacide. Autolysis is discussed to be derived from deficiency of energy.

Azides↗
PubMed1977

Ophiocordin, an antifungal antibiotic of Cordyceps ophioglossoides.

An unknown antibiotic, ophiocordin, C21H22N2O8, MW: 430, was isolated from submerged cultures of Cordyceps ophioglossoides, strain TU 276, grown in a glycerol soybean meal medium at 27 degrees C. The antibiotic was extracted from acidified culture fluids with n-butanol and purified by subsequent column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and cellulose. Studies including nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry resulted in proposals of partial structures of the molecule. Inhibition by ophiocordin could be demonstrated for a small number of fungi belonging to different taxonomic groups. Bacteria were not inhibited. The antifungal effect was antagonized by ammonia and nitrate ions and by certain amino acids.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1976

Lytic enzymes in the autolysis of filamentous fungi.

The degrees of autolysis attained by five different genera of filamentous fungi during an incubation period of 60 days, under the same culture conditions were: 87.3% for Penicillium oxalicum; 65.9% for Neurospora crassa; 62.7% for Polystictus versicolor; 51.7% for Aspergillus niger and 23.5% for Nectria galligena. N. crassa, A. niger and P. versicolor reached the end of the autolysis during this incubation period (60 days), whereas P. oxalicum and N. galligena did not. The excretion of the lytic enzymes beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta -1-3 glucanase, chitinase, invertase and acid phosphatase into the culture medium during growth and autolysis was investigated. The excretion of these enzymes was consistent with the degree of autolysis reached, the maximum excretion belonging to P. oxalicum and the minimum to N. galligena. The N. crassa invertase was excreted into the culture liquid at levels very much higher than the other enzymes studied, and at levels very much higher than the invertases excreted by the other fungi.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2026

Molecular characterization of a novel partitivirus harboring an additional third dsRNA segment from Trichoderma harzianum.

We report the complete genome sequence of a novel partitivirus identified from Trichoderma harzianum NFCF092 strain, designated Trichoderma harzianum partitivirus 4 (ThPV4). Unlike canonical members of the family Partitiviridae, which possess a bipartite genome consisting of two double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and a capsid protein (CP), ThPV4 harbors a third dsRNA segment encoding a protein of unknown function. The complete genome consists of dsRNA1 (1,950 bp; encoding the RdRP), dsRNA2 (1,772 bp; encoding the CP), and dsRNA3 (1,629 bp; encoding a protein with unknown function). Sequence analysis shows that each segment possesses a single open reading frame (ORF). The deduced amino acid sequence of the RdRP shows the highest similarity (90.5% identity) to that of Trichoderma gamsii alphapartitivirus 1. Phylogenetic analyses based on the RdRP indicate that ThPV4 clusters within the genus Alphapartitivirus of the family Partitiviridae. To our knowledge. ThPV4 is the first member of the genus Alphapartitivirus identified from T. harzianum to possess an additional, conserved third dsRNA segment.

Phylogeny↗
PubMed2026

Multi-omics analysis reveals Protein Kinase A-associated regulatory remodeling during adaptation of Trichoderma reesei to lignocellulosic substrate.

The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is a major industrial source of holocellulolytic enzymes, and its response to complex carbon sources is regulated by nutrient-sensing mechanisms, including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. Here, we integrated transcriptomics, quantitative proteomics, and phosphoproteomics to analyze PKAc1-associated responses in the parental strain QM9414 and a Δpkac1 strain cultivated under glucose or sugarcane bagasse conditions. Deletion of pkac1 was associated with altered growth-related phenotypes and reduced extracellular activities of selected biomass-depolymerizing enzymes. Multi-omics profiling revealed condition-dependent changes affecting subsets of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) genes and proteins, nutrient transporters, stress-associated proteins, and regulatory factors. Phosphoproteomics identified phosphorylation-state changes associated with pkac1 deletion, including reduced phosphorylation at sites enriched for the PKA consensus motif. In silico peptide docking was used to prioritize candidate PKAc1-associated substrates for future validation, including a Sec 7-derived peptide with favorable docking behavior relative to the control peptide. Together, these data support a working model in which PKAc1 contributes to regulatory and phosphorylation-state remodeling during adaptation to sugarcane bagasse, with effects on the magnitude and/or timing of selected CAZyme-related outputs in T. reesei.

Trichoderma↗
PubMed1976

Biosynthesis of 3'-deoxyadenosine by Cordyceps militaris. Mechanism of reduction.

The biosynthesis of 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) by Cordyceps militaris has been investigated using [U-14C]adenosine and [3-3H]ribose. Crystallization of the resulting radioactive 3'-deoxyadenosine to a constant specific activity showed incorporation of both labeled compounds. A control showed that the 3H:14C ratio of the AMP isolated from the RNA was the same as the 3H:14C ratio in the 3'-deoxyadenosine. The 14C ratio in the adenine: ribose of the [U-14C]adenosine added to the 3'-deoxyadenosine producing cultures of C. militaris and of the isolated 3'-deoxyadenosine was the same, e.g. 50:50. These data provide strong evidence that adenosine in converted to 3'-deoxyadenosine without hydrolysis of the N-riboside bond. Degradation of the 3-deoxyribose from 3'-deoxyadenosine showed that the 3H was retained on carbon-3. These results suggest that the formation of 3'-deoxyadenosine may proceed by a reductive mechanism similar to that for the formation of 2'-deoxynucleotides.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1992

Autonomously replicating plasmids and chromosome rearrangement during transformation of Nectria haematococca.

A previously described, autonomously replicating plasmid was examined for its ability to replicate in the plant pathogenic fungus, Nectria haematococca (Nh). The plasmid, pFOLT4R4, replicates as a linear molecule, contains a subterminal inverted repeat, as well as the repeated hexanucleotide telomere consensus sequence, TTAGGG, at both ends, and increases frequency of fungal transformation approximately 100-fold compared to a similar integrative plasmid, pHRC. Transformation of Nh occurs by way of autonomous replication; the transformed, hygromycin B-resistant (HyR) phenotype is unstable without selection and in most cases pFOLT4R4 is maintained in the fungus, separate from chromosome-sized DNAs. Surprisingly, a non-autonomously replicating derivative of pFOLT4R4 (called pLD), lacking the subterminal inverted repeat and having the 5'-TTAGGG repeat in only one direction on the plasmid, transformed Nh at a rate as high as pFOLT4R4. Therefore, autonomous replication and high-frequency transformation are separable phenomena in Nh. In pLD transformants, plasmid sequences are integrated into chromosome-sized DNAs of Nh and these cultures generally have a stable HyR phenotype. Treatments involving ligation of Nh genomic DNA to pLD result in a lower frequency of transformation. In many cultures transformed with pLD plus genomic DNA, one wild-type chromosome-sized band is not visible, but another smaller chromosome-sized band is found. Mobility changes in some cases are consistent with deletions of over 1000 kb. Some HyS revertants of transformants appear to lack the entire chromosome into which integration had occurred. These results indicate that the Nh genome is extremely malleable and large portions may be non-essential for growth in culture.

Chromosome Deletion↗
PubMed2026

Synergistic transcriptional modules in Trichoderma asperellum enhance glutathione detoxification to counteract fungal pathogen toxins.

Trichoderma fungi are potent biocontrol agents. However, their defence mechanisms against pathogen-derived toxins remain poorly understood. We identified two synergistic transcription factor modules in T. asperellum that orchestrate the detoxification of cytotoxic secondary metabolites from the poplar blight pathogen Alternaria alternata. Overexpression of the central regulator TasMYB46 reduced disease lesion area by approximately 22% and was associated with decreased pathogen-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Mechanistically, TasMYB46 directly activates the glutathione S-transferases TasGST61.1 and TasGST56.1 through distinct promoter binding sites (G-box/as-1/MBS), forming dedicated detoxification modules. Crucially, we identified urolithin C as the most abundant phytotoxin in A. alternata metabolites, which is efficiently detoxified through the TasMYB46-TasGST61.1 module. The transcription enhancer TasbHLH53.8 amplifies this system by binding to TasMYB46, boosting TasGST expression and enhancing glutathione-dependent detoxification capacity. This coordinated response elevates glutathione pools and antioxidant enzyme activities (GST/GPx), conferring increased oxidative stress resistance. This study reveals a novel defence mechanism in Trichoderma in which MYB-bHLH-GST modules enable biocontrol agents to neutralise pathogen-derived toxins. Given that Alternaria toxins threaten crops globally (tomatoes, potatoes, citrus), the discovered regulatory synergy represents a strategic advance in developing next-generation biocontrol solutions against toxin-producing plant pathogens.

Alternaria↗
PubMed2025

Label-free structural imaging of plant roots and microbes using third-harmonic generation microscopy.

Root biology is pivotal in addressing global challenges including sustainable agriculture and climate change. However, roots have been relatively understudied among plant organs, partly due to the difficulties in imaging root structures in their natural environment. Here we used microfabricated ecosystems (EcoFABs) to establish growing environments with optical access and employed nonlinear multimodal microscopy of third-harmonic generation (THG) and three-photon fluorescence (3PF) to achieve label-free, in situ imaging of live roots and microbes at high spatiotemporal resolution. THG enabled us to observe key plant root structures including the vasculature, Casparian strips, dividing meristematic cells, and root cap cells, as well as subcellular features including nuclear envelopes, nucleoli, starch granules, and putative stress granules. THG from the cell walls of bacteria and fungi also provides label-free contrast for visualizing these microbes in the root rhizosphere. With simultaneously recorded 3PF signal, we demonstrated our ability to investigate root-microbe interactions by achieving single-bacterium tracking and subcellular imaging of fungal spores and hyphae in the rhizosphere.

Plant Roots↗
PubMed2026

Pathogenicity of Cadophora luteo-olivacea on Quercus robur and multi-omics characterization of antagonism by Trichoderma atroviride.

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is a foundation tree species in European forests and reforestation programs, but nursery propagated seedlings can harbor cryptic trunk diseases pathogens. Cadophora luteo-olivacea, known from grapevine trunk diseases, has been detected in oak nurseries, yet its pathogenicity on oak and interactions with antagonistic fungi remain unclear. We fulfilled Koch's postulates for C. luteo-olivacea isolate CZ_395 on Q. robur seedlings under experimental inoculation conditions and quantified growth reduction of C. luteo-olivacea by Trichoderma atroviride isolate CZ_180 in dual culture. Proteomic and metabolomic profiling of the contact zone was performed at two post contact sampling points, 4 and 8&#xa0;dpi, to identify candidate molecular signatures associated with the interaction. Inoculated seedlings developed extensive stem lesions (mean 11.9 cm), whereas controls showed minimal wound response (mean 0.9&#xa0;cm; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). In dual culture, T. atroviride reduced the visible colony development and radial growth of C. luteo-olivacea under the tested in vitro conditions. Contact zone proteomics revealed 257 differentially abundant proteins at 8&#xa0;days, including cell wall targeting hydrolases, secreted proteases, oxidoreductases (44 upregulated), and transporters. Metabolomics detected contact specific changes in amino acids, central carbon intermediates, and lipid-associated features, including reduced ergosterol. This study demonstrates that C. luteo-olivacea can induce necrotic lesions in Q. robur under experimental inoculation conditions and identifies proteomic and metabolomic signatures associated with the interaction between T. atroviride and C. luteo-olivacea, providing a basis for nursery risk assessment and future evaluation of biocontrol potential.

Quercus↗