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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Response of the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the female catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), to hypophysectomy.

The effect of hypophysectomy on the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the catfish, H. fossilis, was studied. Hypophysectomy resulted initially in an accumulation of NSM at the distal ends of the cut axons. The axons had grown and were reorganized into a neurohypophysis-like structure 3 weeks after hypophysectomy, and this persisted even more than 3 years post-hypophysectomy.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Involvement in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma.

CONTEXT: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare malignancy that may involve the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA), leading to underrecognized but clinically significant endocrine dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to characterize the spectrum and patterns of HPA-related endocrine disturbances in patients with PCNSL. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented by gray literature. The search concluded in February 2025. STUDY SELECTION: We included studies reporting adult PCNSL cases with documented dysfunction of at least one hormonal axis. Exclusion criteria were preexisting hypopituitarism or lack of endocrine data. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on demographics, tumor localization, hormonal axes affected, radiological findings, treatment, and outcomes were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using JBI tools. RESULTS: Ninety-nine cases met the inclusion criteria. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma accounted for 84% of cases. Endocrine dysfunction included isolated adenohypophyseal involvement (46%), neurohypophyseal (8%), and combined (45%). The most affected pituitary axes were the gonadal and thyroid axes, with 89.7% and 89.2% involvement, respectively. Hypothalamic tumors were strongly associated with combined dysfunction (odds ratio = 9.47; 95% CI, 3.76-23.86; P < .001). Persistent endocrinopathy was more frequent in progressive disease. No direct association was found between endocrine dysfunction and mortality. CONCLUSION: HPA dysfunction in PCNSL is frequent and often underdiagnosed. Hypothalamic involvement is associated broader hormonal impairment. Routine hormonal screening and multidisciplinary management should be standard in PCNSL care to minimize complications and improve outcomes.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Discovery of the Underlying Mechanism of Ginger Juice Processed Ziziphi Spinosae Semen for Its Sedative-Hypnotic Effect on Insomnia Mice via Regulation of HPA Axis and cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway.

Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, the efficacy and mechanism of Ginger juice processed Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (GJPZSS) for treating insomnia, particularly stress-related types, were investigated to provide empirical evidence. An insomnia model was induced in mice by DL-4-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and chronic tail clamping. The sedative effect was evaluated by behavioral tests. Serum components from GJPZSS were analyzed by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, and 64 potential targets were identified. The cAMP signaling pathway was enriched as the core pathway by Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis and was validated by molecular docking. GJPZSS was demonstrated to prolong sleep time, reduce immobility time, increase 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, decrease hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis levels, and suppress neuronal death. The reduction of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain was also significantly inhibited. It was concluded that the sleep-improving effect of GJPZSS was mediated through the regulation of the HPA axis and the cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in the telencephalon and diencephalon of the eel (Anguilla anguilla l.). A fluorescence-microscopic and microspectrofluorometric investigation with special reference to the innervation of the pituitary.

In the telencephalon and diencephalon of the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) formaldehyde-induced fluorescence was studied microscopically and microfluorometrically with special emphasis on the innervation of the pituitary. In the telencephalon fluorescent fibers contained predominantly noradrenaline fluorophores. Fluorescent nuclei could not be established. In the diencephalon fluorescent perikarya were found in: (1) the paraventricular organ (PVO), possessing either dopamine or, to a lesser extent, serotonin fluorophores; (2) the PVO-accompanying group, exhibiting spectral data resembling those of noradrenaline fluorophores; (3) the nucleus hypothalami anterior (NHA), a small paired group of catecholamine-containing cells posterior to the commissura transversa.--The nucleus lobi inferioris exhibited a high density of delicate, most probably dopamine-containing terminals, while fibers surrounding this nucleus contained noradrenaline fluorophores. A high density of fluorescent terminals containing dopamine and/or noradrenaline was found in the habenular complex. Fluorescent terminals in the pituitary contained fluorophores resembling either dopamine or noradrenaline. Fluorescent tracts entered the pituitary from different directions. A rostral, unpaired tract enters the neurointermediate lobe, as also verified experimentally. The rostral pars distalis receives two paired tracts, one from a rostral and one from a dorsal direction. The proximal pars distalis also receives two paired tracts, one from a dorsal and one from a posterior direction.

Anguilla↗
PubMed2020

Harsh Parenting Predicts Novel HPA Receptor Gene Methylation and NR3C1 Methylation Predicts Cortisol Daily Slope in Middle Childhood.

Adverse experiences in childhood are associated with altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and negative health outcomes throughout life. It is now commonly accepted that abuse and neglect can alter epigenetic regulation of HPA genes. Accumulated evidence suggests harsh parenting practices such as spanking are also strong predictors of negative health outcomes. We predicted harsh parenting at 2.5&#xa0;years old would predict HPA gene DNA methylation similarly to abuse and neglect, and cortisol output at 8.5&#xa0;years old. Saliva samples were collected three times a day across 3 days to estimate cortisol diurnal slopes. Methylation was quantified using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array BeadChip (850&#xa0;K) with DNA collected from buccal cells. We used principal components analysis to compute a summary statistic for CpG sites across candidate genes. The first and second components were used as outcome variables in mixed linear regression analyses with harsh parenting as a predictor variable. We found harsh parenting significantly predicted methylation of several HPA axis genes, including novel gene associations with AVPRB1, CRHR1, CRHR2, and MC2R (FDR corrected p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). Further, we found NR3C1 methylation predicted a steeper diurnal cortisol slope. Our results extend the current literature by demonstrating harsh parenting may influence DNA methylation similarly to more extreme early life experiences such as abuse and neglect. Further, we show NR3C1 methylation is associated with diurnal HPA function. Elucidating the molecular consequences of harsh parenting on health can inform best parenting practices and provide potential treatment targets for common complex disorders.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Catecholamine turnover alterations in discrete areas of the median eminence of the 4- and 5-day cyclic rat.

Using quantitative microfluorimetry in combination with tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition (H44/68) the concentration and turnover of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) was studied in the subependymal layer (SEL) and the medial (MPZ) and lateral palisade zone (LPZ) of the rat median eminence during the 4- and 5- day vaginal estrous cycle. Significant cyclic variations were only found in SEL and LPZ. The NA turnover in SEL was high on proestrous and low on all other days of the 4-day estrous cycle, whereas in the 5-day estrous cycle the NA turnover in SEL started to increase already on the second day of diestrous to reach a peak in the afternoon of proestrous. At that time also the NA concentrations in SEL were increased, although significantly only in the 5-day cyclic rats. The DA turnover in LPZ was low on proestrous and high on all other days in both 4-and 5-day cyclic rats. Apart from the median eminence cyclic variations in catecholamine metabolism were only found in the medial preoptic area, where NA turnover was high on proestrous and low on estrous-diestrous. The present findings give further support for the existence of a facilitatory noradrenergic and inhibitory dopaminergic mechanism in the control of gonadotrophin release. Furthermore, it is suggested that an acceleration of reticulo-hypothalamic NA turnover precedes the retardation of tubero-infundibular DA turnover found on proestrous and that the time lag between initial NA activation and subsequent DA inactivation is longer in the 5-than in the 4-day estrous cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Peptidase inactivation of hypothalamic releasing hormones.

With the structural characterization of the hypothalamic hormones, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), thyrotrophin-releasing (TRH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting hormine (MIH), and growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone, (GH-RIH or somatostatin), it has been possible to investigate their enzymic inactivation by peptidases which are present at various sites in the body. Enzymes may play an important part in the control of polypeptide hormone levels and the peptidases acting on these four hypothalamic hormones may regulate the amount of TRH, LH-RH, MIH and somatostatin released from the hypothalamus, or their action at the level of the pituitary and their removal from the circulation. By studying the peptidase enzymes, further information may be obtained on the physiological mechanisms controlling the secretion and actions of hypothalamic hormones, as well as on the design of analogues with increased or competitive activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Psychoneuroendocrinology of affective disorder: an overview.

Neuroendocrine function has been reported by several workers to be abnormal in affective disorder. It has been shown that neurotransmitters (noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotinin) are involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine function. Several biological hypotheses of affective disorder have implicated a defect in neurotransmitter function, but these hypotheses have been found lacking in part over the years. The study of neuroendocrine abnormalities found in various types of affective disorder may clarify some aspects of this complex issue by reflecting neurotransmitter activity in this disorder. Such studies should help further explain affective illness.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1976

Distribution of releasing factors, biogenic amines, and related enzymes in the bovine median eminence.

The bovine median eminence was dissected into eight different subdivisions: rostral, anterior internal, anterior external, middle external medial, middle external lateral, middle internal medial, middle internal lateral, and caudal. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was found in the highest concentrations in the middle external medial and lateral subdivisions; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was concentrated in the middle external lateral and anterior internal subdivisions. Among the various neurotransmitters and enzymes assayed, only dopamine and choline acetyltransferase were present in highest concentrations in the same subdivisions of the bovine median eminence found to be rich in TRH and LHRH. The distributions of norepinephrine, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, serotonin, tryptophan hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and histamine appeared to correlate poorly with the major distributions of TRH and LHRH. These findings suggest that at the level of the median eminence, central neuroendocrine regulation of TRH and LHRH release may involve an interaction only with dopamine and acetylcholine.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The effect of bilateral lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle on endocrine-induced changes of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat median eminence.

With the microdissection method of Palkovits, individual hypothalamic nuclei were removed from the brains of adult male rats, and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity of each nucleus was determined 7 days after gonadectomy or thyroidectomy. Following gonadectomy, TH activity increased significantly in the median eminence with no change in the periventricular (NPV), arcuate (NARC), and dorsomedial nuclei (NDM), or medial forebrain bundle (MF). Following thyroidectomy, TH activity increased significantly in all 5 hypothalamic nuclei examined. Placement of bilateral lesions in the ventral norepinephrine bundles resulted in a greater than an 85% fall in the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity of the median eminence, arcuate nucleus, and ventromedial nucleus, but had no effect on tyrosine hydroxylase activity measured in those same areas. Furthermore, placement of such lesions had no effect on the endocrine-induced increases of TH activity found in the median eminence following gonadectomy and thyroidectomy, but did prevent the increase of TH activity found in the NPV, NDM, and MFB following thyroidectomy. Three conclusions appear to be justified: (a) noradrenergic axons which innervate the median eminence, arcuate, and ventromedial nuclei course in the ventral norepinephrine bundles; (b) the TH content of noradrenergic neurons in the median eminence, arcuate nucleus, and ventromedial nuclei is quite small; and (c) the majority, if not all, of the endocrine-responsive catecholaminergic neurons in the median eminence are dopaminergic.

Animals↗