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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1981

Illegitimacy in Sweden and Australia: 1911-1974.

"Despite the long standing interest in illegitimacy as well as the importance of its consequences, and the concern which the post war upturn has generated, researchers know surprisingly little about the social, economic, demographic, and cultural factors that influence temporal variation in illegitimacy. By using annual time series data for Sweden and Australia, [the authors] examine trends in and levels of illegitimacy over a sixty year period and assess the impact of various social, economic, demographic, and cultural factors on change in illegitimacy rates. [The] primary focus is the extent to which cultural differences between Australia and Sweden explain differences in illegitimacy and the effects of particular economic, demographic, and social factors. "Sweden and Australia have both reported the annual number of illegitimate births and bridal pregnancies since 1911. These are the longest annual time series available for these two measures. The Australian and Swedish data have never been subjected to statistical analyses which test assumptions about similarities and differences in causes of trends and fluctuations in illegitimacy across these two nations."

Australia↗

PubMed1998

Children as income-producing assets: the case of teen illegitimacy and government transfers.

This paper develops a classical model of the teen fertility decision in the presence of public income transfers. The theoretical model predicts that welfare payments will encourage fertility, holding constant other economic opportunities, and that better economic opportunities will discourage fertility. Considering the possible simultaneity of illegitimacy rates and benefit levels, due to the collective choice process, the authors confirm the theoretical model's predictions with state-level data from 1980 through 1990. The authors find that including fixed effects in the regression to control for unobserved differences between states does not sufficiently control for endogeneity. After controlling for endogeneity, real welfare benefits are strongly and robustly related to teen illegitimacy. The point estimates of the elasticity with respect to changes in the illegitimacy rate are around +1.3 for White teens and +2.1 for Black teens. Real wages for women with a high school education or less are negatively related to teen illegitimacy for White teens, with an elasticity of around -0.4. Finally, male wages appear to have little effect on the illegitimacy rate for White teens but appear negatively correlated with the illegitimacy rate for Black teens in some model specifications.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Interacting factors affecting illegitimacy in preindustrial northern England.

Illegitimacy in a historic, single community at Penrith, Cumbria (1557-1812), has been studied using aggregative analysis, family reconstitution and time series analysis. This population was living under extreme conditions of hardship. Long, medium and short wavelength cycles in the rate of illegitimacy have been identified by time series analysis; each represents a different response to social and economic pressures. In a complex interaction of events, the peaks of the cycles in wheat prices were associated with rises in adult mortality which promoted an influx of migrants and a concomitant rise in illegitimacy. The association between immigration and illegitimacy was particularly noticeable after the mortality crises of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Children of immigrant families also tended to produce illegitimate offspring. Native and immigrant families responded differently to extrinsic fluctuations, and variations in their reproductive behaviour were probably related to access to resources.

Emigration and Immigration↗

PubMed1988

Thinking about change in illegitimacy ratios: United States, 1963-1983.

What has been the recent trend in illegitimacy in the United States? The answer depends on what is being measured. If the focus is on illegitimacy rates, then the trend is mixed. Illegitimacy ratios, however, have been skyrocketing. We show that this is primarily the result of declining nuptiality (and rising marital dissolution) and secondarily the result of decreases in marital fertility. We argue that the illegitimacy ratio is the better index of the social consequences of out-of-wedlock childbearing and that the high ratios of recent decades are unlikely to abate in the foreseeable future.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

A time series analysis of Swedish illegitimacy rates, 1911-1974.

Using a sociodemographic model of the determinants of illegitimacy rates, a multivariate regression analysis of annual change in age-specific Swedish illegitimacy rates is applied to the 1911-74 period. The proxy measure of change in sexual activity was significant for all age groups. Legitimation rates for out-of-wedlock conceived births were significant for all ages except teenagers, and the final predictor, women's status, was significant for all ages except women 35-44. Explained variance for annual change was highest among ages 20-24 (66%), 25-29 (66%), and 30-34 (63%) and lower among teens (34%) and women 35-44 (47%). These results support earlier research that used a sociodemographic model to explain post-World War II change in cross-national illegitimacy rates among 23 developed countries.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Comparative estimates of teenage illegitimacy in the United States, 1940-44 to 1970-74.

Incompleteness in the reporting of illegitimate births in the U.S. vital registration system due to the consistent nonparticipation of a number of large States has left data published by the National Center for Health Statistics open to considerable criticism. Utilizing retrospective marriage and fertility data from the June 1978 Current Population Survey, a national probability sample of 54,000 interviewed households, a time series on teenage illegitimacy for first births is constructed that permits an evaluation of similar Vital Statistics data on teenage illegitimacy since the 1940s. Although there are some indications of a slight underreporting of white illegitimate first births by Vital Statistics during the 1940s and early 1950s, the overall comparison produces a general consensus between the two data sources on the incidence of illegitimacy among both white and nonwhite teenagers for the period 1940-44 to 1970-74.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Birth, marriage and death in illegitimacy: a study in northern Portugal.

In populations in which the frequency of illegitimacy is high, illegitimates and legitimates may be subjected to different demographic and social pressures, with social and genetic consequences. A rural population from north-east Portugal is studied and variables from birth, marriage and death records are compared according to the legitimacy of the individuals. The analysis shows important differential demographic patterns in infant and child mortality and in migration prior to and related to marriage, especially in women. Some changes over time and gender differences are also evident.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1974

Abortion, illegitimacy, and the American birth rate.

In sum, it appears that legal abortion depressed overall fertility, but particularly illegitimate fertility, by giving women an opportunity to terminate their pregnancies when other means of birth control either had not been used or had failed. If legalized abortion had not been available, an estimated additional 39,000 illegitimate babies and 28,000 legitimate babies would have been born in 1971 in the United States. While this makes up a small part of total births (3,500,000), the illegitimate births prevented represent almost onetenth of all out-of-wedlock children born in the country in that year. In addition to preventing these births the legalization of abortion appears to have reduced the incidence of pregnancy-related marriages and thereby may have helped to limit subsequent marital disruption. Finally, legal abortion prevented large numbers of illegal abortions from occurring. Our data indicate that well over half-most likely between two-thirds and three-fourths-of all legal abortions in the United States in 1971 were replacements for illegal abortions. Further declines in illegitimate birth rates for the country as a whole will depend, in considerable part, on the extent to which legal abortion becomes more readily available and more widely used. Theoretically, greater use of efficient contraception could also cause illegitimate fertility to decline. But there are many reasons why women do not use efficient contraception even when they know about it and have access to the materials (25). Even though the use of abortion throughout the nation is now legalized by the Supreme Court decision, this does not necessarily mean that services will in fact be everywhere more readily available. Our interstate analysis suggests that should the liberalization of abortion laws be reversed, not only would there be an upturn in illegal abortions and pregnancy-related marriages, but also a marked rise in illegitimacy, particularly among women who do not have the means to obtain an illegal abortion.

Abortion, Legal↗

PubMed1977

Newer fashions in illegitimacy.

In 1968 Illsley and Gill examined the rise in illegitimacy in the decade 1955-65 and showed that this rise, unlike rises in the first and second world wars, had not been accompanied by a fall in prenuptial conceptions but by a rise. Statistics from 1970 to 1975 have been examined and a third parameter, legal abortion, added. After a period characterised by an apparent rise in the total of extramarital conceptions there has since 1972 been a decline; and in the age group 20-24 this fall dates from 1971. Improved contraceptive practice is probably the reason.

Abortion, Legal↗

PubMed2002

Interpopulation relationship by isonymy: application to ethnosocial groups and illegitimacy.

The application of the isonymic method to establish interpopulation relationships is made difficult by such factors as: (1) a small population size; (2) the subdivision of the population into ethnosocial groups; and (3) the existence of individuals born extramaritally. The present study analyzes the validity of the isonymy method in populations where such difficulties exist. Lasker's R(ij) relationship coefficients were calculated in base to marital records from six Pocho parishes (Argentina) for the period 1766 to 1840. Three endogamous ethnosocial groups were considered-Spanish, American Indians, "Mestizos"--and a fourth group combining mates of the three previous groups. For each ethnosocial category, and taking into account paternal surnames, maternal surnames (both for legitimate and illegitimate mates), and whole surnames merged, R(i) interparish relationship matrices were obtained. All these matrices were correlated by means of the Mantel test. Maternal surnames of illegitimate mates show a similar pattern to the maternal surnames of legitimate mates and to all surnames of each category. Groups with larger sample size in every parish intercorrelate regardless of ethnosocial category. Results suggest the convenience of maximizing the sample size and using maternal surnames in populations with high illegitimacy.

Anthropology, Cultural↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Usefulness of chromosomal heteromorphisms obtained by G-banding for identification of illegitimacy].

The present paper investigates the use of G-bands chromosome heteromorphisms for illegitimacy testing. We studied both parents and 171 of their children in 80 families utilizing the material, in addition, to establish the procedures sensitivity. The results showed that one (0.6%) of the 171 children studied was illegitimate, which was much lower than the figure of 6.7% obtained in a similar population studied with three blood group systems and three serum genetic markers. We could show that the low efficiency of the G-band heteromorphisms is at least partially due to its low sensitivity, 27% as compared to 60% obtained with the other genetic markers.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Validation of an inferential approach for the measurement of illegitimacy.

An inferential model which utilizes surname comparisons in inferring legitimacy status is developed and validated. Criterion validation is employed to assess the level of agreement between the inferential approach and the conventional reporting procedure. Data for the analysis are based on a sample of birth certificates contained in files of the National Center for Health Statistics for calendar year 1973. Results indicate that despite excessive error within some categories of the control variables, the inferential method is generally adequate to obtain reliable estimates of illegitimacy.

Humans↗

PubMed1965