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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Inulin hydrogels as carriers for colonic drug targeting: I. Synthesis and characterization of methacrylated inulin and hydrogel formation.

PURPOSE: Vinyl groups were introduced in inulin chains in order to form hydrogels of this sugar polymer by free radical polymerization. METHODS: Inulin was reacted with glycidyl methacrylate in N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine as catalyst. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy were used for the characterization of the obtained reaction product. Solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed the conversion of the incorporated vinyl groups into covalent cross-links upon free radical polymerization of aqueous solutions of the derivatized inulin. RESULTS: During reaction of inulin with glycidyl methacrylate, transesterification occurred, leading to the direct attachment of the methacryloyl group to inulin. Consequently, the obtained reaction product is methacrylated inulin. The extent of chemical modification of inulin could be tuned by varying the molar ratio of glycidyl methacrylate to inulin in the reaction mixture. Aqueous solutions of methacrylated inulin were converted into cross-linked hydrogels by free radical polymerization using ammonium persulphate and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine as initiating system. CONCLUSIONS: Inulin hydrogels can be formed by free radical polymerization of aqueous solutions of methacrylated inulin.

4-Aminopyridine↗
PubMed2006

Pathology of Trichuris suis infection in pigs fed an inulin- and a non-inulin-containing diet.

Pathology of the colon in pigs infected with Trichuris suis and fed an inulin and a non-inulin containing diet was studied to investigate the inflammatory response induced and the influence of inulin on this. Twenty-nine pigs were allocated into four groups (N-7, I-7, N-9 and N/I-9). Groups N-7, N-9 and N/I-9 were given a diet with non-fermentable carbohydrates, and group I-7 was fed a diet including fermentable carbohydrates (inulin). After 2 weeks, all pigs were inoculated with 2000 T. suis eggs. Seven weeks post-infection (p.i.), groups N-7 and I-7 were killed and group N/I-9 changed to inulin diet to study the influence of inulin on already established T. suis. Nine weeks p.i., groups N-9 and N/I-9 were killed. Trichuris suis were collected from the colon for enumeration. Tissues from the colon of each pig were taken for histological and immunohistochemical quantitative and semi-quantitative evaluations of heterophils, eosinophils, mast cells, IgA(+), IgG(+), IgM(+) and CD3(+) cells. The findings were compared with tissues from seven uninfected pigs of the same age. Pigs fed inulin had significantly fewer worms compared with pigs on the non-fermentable carbohydrate diet. The number of inflammatory cells in the colonic mucosa was increased in all T. suis-infected pigs compared with uninfected controls. The numbers of eosinophils, mast cells, IgA(+), IgG(+) and CD3(+) cells were significantly lower in pigs fed inulin than pigs fed non-fermentable carbohydrate. Whether this is a direct effect of inulin or a secondary effect due to the lower parasitic burden in inulin fed pigs is not known.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Optimal sampling strategies to assess inulin clearance in children by the inulin single-injection method.

BACKGROUND: Glomerular filtration rate in patients can be determined by estimating the plasma clearance of inulin with the single-injection method. In this method, a single bolus injection of inulin is administered and several blood samples are collected. For practical and convenient application of this method in children, it is important that a minimal number of samples are drawn. The aim of this study was to develop and validate sampling strategies with fewer samples for reliable prediction of inulin clearance in pediatric patients by the inulin single-bolus-injection method. METHODS: Complete inulin plasma concentration-time curves of 154 patients were divided into an index (n = 100) and a validation set (n = 54). A population pharmacokinetic model was developed for the index set. Optimal sampling times were selected based on D-optimality theory. For the validation set, Bayesian estimates of clearance were generated using the derived population parameters and concentrations at two to four sampling times. Bayesian estimates of clearance were compared with the individual reference values of clearance. RESULTS: The strategies with samples taken at 10/30/90/240 min, 10/30/240 min, 10/90/240 min, 30/90/240 min, and 90/240 min allowed accurate prediction of inulin clearance (bias <3% and not significantly different from 0; imprecision <15%). CONCLUSIONS: Strategies involving two to four samples, including a sample at 240 min after administration of inulin, in the inulin single-injection method allow accurate prediction of inulin clearance in pediatric patients. Even one blood sample at 240 min showed acceptable performance. The proposed strategies are practical and convenient to children, and reduce repetitive blood sampling without compromising accuracy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Anaphylactic reaction to inulin: first identification of specific IgEs to an inulin protein compound.

BACKGROUND: A woman with a past history of allergy to artichoke presented with two episodes of immediate allergic reactions, one of which was a severe anaphylactic shock after eating two types of health foods containing inulin. RESULTS: Dot blot assay techniques identified specific IgEs to artichoke, to yoghurt F, and to a heated BSA + inulin product. Dot blot inhibition techniques confirmed the anti-inulin specificity of specific IgE. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a positive reaction to an unheated milk-inulin mixture indicates the probability of protein-inulin binding. There is no cross-reactivity with the carbohydrates of the glycosylated allergens.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of a novel fructosyltransferase from Lactobacillus reuteri that synthesizes high-molecular-weight inulin and inulin oligosaccharides.

Fructosyltransferase (FTF) enzymes produce fructose polymers (fructans) from sucrose. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of an FTF-encoding gene from Lactobacillus reuteri strain 121. A C-terminally truncated version of the ftf gene was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. When incubated with sucrose, the purified recombinant FTF enzyme produced large amounts of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) with beta-(2-->1)-linked fructosyl units, plus a high-molecular-weight fructan polymer (>10(7)) with beta-(2-->1) linkages (an inulin). FOS, but not inulin, was found in supernatants of L. reuteri strain 121 cultures grown on medium containing sucrose. Bacterial inulin production has been reported for only Streptococcus mutans strains. FOS production has been reported for a few bacterial strains. This paper reports the first-time isolation and molecular characterization of (i) a Lactobacillus ftf gene, (ii) an inulosucrase associated with a generally regarded as safe bacterium, (iii) an FTF enzyme synthesizing both a high molecular weight inulin and FOS, and (iv) an FTF protein containing a cell wall-anchoring LPXTG motif. The biological relevance and potential health benefits of an inulosucrase associated with an L. reuteri strain remain to be established.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Purification of inulin fructotransferase (DFA I-producing) from Arthrobacter sp. MCI2493 and production of DFA I from inulin by the enzyme.

An extracellular enzyme that produces di-D-fructofuranose-2',1;2,1' dianhydride from inulin was purified from the culture broth of Arthrobacter sp. MCI2493. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 40,000 by gel filtration and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme had maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 50 degrees C. Using this purified enzyme, 100 g/liter inulin was converted into 60 g/liter of DFA I, nystose, and 1-F-fructofuranosyl-nystose after incubation for 30 h.

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed2005

Introducing inulin-type fructans.

Inulin is a generic term to cover all beta(2-->1) linear fructans. Chicory inulin is a linear beta(2-->1) fructan (degree of polymerisation (DP) 2 to 60; DPav=12), its partial enzymatic hydrolysis product is oligofructose (DP 2 to 8; DPav=4), and by applying specific separation technologies a long-chain inulin known as inulin HP (DP 10 to 60; DPav=25) can be produced. Finally, a specific product known as oligofructose-enriched inulin is obtained by combining chicory long-chain inulin and oligofructose. Because of the beta-configuration of the anomeric C2 in their fructose monomers, inulin-type fructans resist hydrolysis by intestinal digestive enzymes, they classify as 'non-digestible' carbohydrates, and they are dietary fibres. By increasing faecal biomass and water content of the stools, they improve bowel habits, but they have characteristic features different from other fibres. They affect gastrointestinal functions not because of their physico-chemical properties but rather because of their biochemical and physiological attributes. In the colon, they are rapidly fermented to produce SCFA that are good candidates to explain some of the systemic effects of inulin-type fructans. Fermentation of inulin-type fructans in the large bowel is a selective process; bifidobacteria (and possibly a few other genera) are preferentially stimulated to grow, thus causing significant changes in the composition of the gut microflora by increasing the number of potentially health-promoting bacteria and reducing the number of potentially harmful species. Both oligofructose and inulin are prebiotic. They also induce changes in colonic epithelium stimulating proliferation in the crypts, increasing the concentration of polyamines, changing the profile of mucins, and modulating endocrine as well as immune functions. From a nutrition labelling perspective, inulin-type fructans are not only prebiotic dietary fibres; they are also low-calorie carbohydrates [6.3 kJ/g (1.5 kcal/g)]. Supported by the results of a large number of animal studies and human nutrition intervention trials, the claim 'inulin-type fructans enhance calcium and magnesium absorption' is scientifically substantiated, but different inulin-type fructans have probably a different efficacy (in terms of effective daily dose), the most active product being the oligofructose-enriched inulin. A series of animal studies demonstrate that inulin-type fructans affect the metabolism of lipids primarily by decreasing triglyceridaemia because of a reduction in the number of plasma VLDL particles. The human data largely confirm the animal experiments. They demonstrate mainly a reduction in triglyceridaemia and only a relatively slight decrease in cholesterolaemia mostly in (slightly) hypertriglyceridaemic conditions. Inulin appears thus eligible for an enhanced function claim related to normalization of blood triacylglycerols. A large number of animal data convincingly show that inulin-type fructans reduce the risk of colon carcinogenesis and nutrition intervention trials are now performed to test that hypothesis in human subjects known to be at risk for polyps and cancer development in the large bowel.

Animals↗