PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “IODINE”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

[Iodine deficiency, iodine requirement and iodine excess of farm animals--experiments on growing pigs].

Since insufficient iodine intake is widespread among the German population, farm animals should if possible receive iodine above requirement, thus concentrating the trace element in milk, eggs and possibly meat. Experiments with a total of 29 fattening pigs with grain soy-bean meal diets without iodine supplementation or with increasing supplements up to 1000 micrograms iodine/kg diet did not show any effect on growth intensity (gain) and feed efficiency. At and above 125 micrograms supplementary iodine/kg diet the thyroid was not or only little hypertrophied and iodine incorporation into thyroglobulin sufficed to sustain serum T4 concentration. The glucosinolates of rape feeds increase iodine requirement. In an experiment with a total of 36 fattening pigs the thyroid iodine depot was decreased due to rapeseed meal feeding, this in agreement with antithyroid drugs which had been also tested. A thyroid with emptied iodine depot is hardly able to synthesize and release hormone, the serum thyroxine concentration showed a drastic decrease. More iodine may compensate for effects of glucosinolates, however, only with not too much of these compounds in the feed. Excessive iodine dosages (10 mg/kg diet) were compared with supplements in the range of recommendations (100 and 1000 micrograms/kg diet) with a total of 120 pigs in three groups of 40 animals each. The dosage of 10 mg iodine/kg diet decreased serum T3 concentration. The enlarged thyroid with double weight had a very high iodine concentration. In comparison with physiological application (100 or 1000 micrograms iodine/kg diet) the thyroid deposited only little iodine in the group with the excessive iodine intake related to consumed iodine quantity. In case of sufficient and excessive iodine supply--industry of compounds feed applies up to 2.5 mg supplementary iodine/kg diet--T4 and iodine of serum but also thyroid weight cannot serve as markers. This range of usual iodine supply is better characterized by the iodine depot of the thyroid. As a rule, thyroid weight increase indicates glucosinolate effects, generally those of dietary antithyroid compounds, more seldom it shows extreme and longterm iodine undersupply or iodine excess.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

[Meta-analysis on the relationship between children's intelligence and factors as iodine deficiency, supplement iodine and excessive iodine].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the role and extent of iodine deficiency, iodine supplement and iodine excess on mental development of children. METHODS: Meta-analysis was applied to study 128 independent items from 63 published and non-published papers and reports. The standards of references collected included: age of sample declared by references was 5 - 15; belong to comparison study; children lived in iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and iodine excess areas; no difference of social economic and culture development level between the study group and the control group. RESULTS: Sixty-seven percent and 79% of the reports mainly involved severe IDD areas respectively. Hunter test of each studies, i.e. iodine deficiency, iodine supplement and excessive iodine group had not discovered statistic difference at the level of alpha = 0.05. The weighted average ES of damage affecting on children's intelligence by iodine deficiency achieved 0.69, which was equivalent to a marked drop in 10.4 IQ points [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.9 - 10.9] when comparing with the children living under non-IDD. The weighted average ES of protective effect on children's intelligence by iodine supplement reached 0.81, which meant that the IQ of children born after correction of iodine deficiency increased 12.2 points (95% CI: 11.5 - 12.9) in comparison with those born at least one year before the correction of iodine deficiency. Most of the references about the relationship between iodine excess and intelligence were gathered from proceedings, while the others were from journals. They location were in some areas of Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. The mean ES of the role of iodine excess on intelligence was 0.21, which was corresponding to 3.2 IQ points (95% CI: 2.5 - 4.0). CONCLUSION: 1) Iodine deficiency played a role of intermediate strength compared with other causes in delaying brain development making children to be at least 10 IQ points loss in IDD areas. 2) Effective iodine supplement plays a remarkable strengthening role in promoting brain development and can cause 12 IQ points increase for children who were born after the correction of iodine status. 3) Iodine excess has not shown significant important role in children's intelligence.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Iodine-131 Tositumomab: (131)I-anti-B1 antibody, (131)I-tositumomab, anti-CD20 murine monoclonal antibody-I-131, B1, Bexxar, (131)I-anti-B1 antibody, iodine-131 tositumomab, iodine-131 anti-B1 antibody, tositumomab.

Iodine-131 tositumomab [B1, Bexxar , iodine-131 anti-B1 antibody] is a murine antibody conjugated to iodine 131 that recognises and binds to the B1 (CD20) antigen which is found specifically on B lymphocytes. Iodine-131 tositumomab has a dual mechanism of action. It is capable of initiating a host immune response to those B cells to which it is attached, and it also triggers apoptosis in a significant proportion of the cells to which it binds. The product was first discovered by Coulter Corporation, Miami, in collaboration with the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the University of Michigan. The spin-off company Coulter Pharmaceutical, upon its formation, obtained worldwide rights to iodine-131 tositumomab. (Coulter Corporation was acquired subsequently by Beckman Instruments in October 1997. The union of the two companies produced Beckman Coulter.) In December 2000, Coulter Pharmaceutical was acquired by, and merged into, Corixa Corporation.Iodine-131 tositumomab is available for licencing in Japan. Corixa Corporation and GlaxoSmithKline signed an agreement to jointly develop and commercialise iodine-131 tositumomab. The total agreement has a potential value of up to $US132 million, plus shared profits and royalties. The two companies will jointly market the antibody in the US following regulatory approval. Corixa Corporation has announced it expects iodine-131 tositumomab to be approved in the US for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Under the terms of the original agreement, GlaxoSmithKline will receive exclusive marketing rights outside the US, excluding Japan. However, an amended agreement between the two companies will allow Corixa Corporation to also market the product outside the US. In February 2003, the European Commission granted iodine-131 tositumomab orphan-drug designation. Corixa Corporation and GlaxoSmithKline also intend to jointly investigate the use of the product in other indications. GlaxoSmithKline may also receive access to second generation anti-CD20 compounds under its agreement with Corixa Corporation. In May 2003, Corixa Corporation entered into an agreement that will see GlaxoSmithKline market Bexxar in Canada. Under the terms of the agreement, Corixa Corporation will manufacture and supply the product to GlaxoSmithKline, who will register, market and sell it in Canada. In October 2001, Amersham PLC, a supplier of medical equipment, announced that its Amersham Health unit had signed a marketing agreement with Corixa Corporation. The agreement allows Amersham Health to market iodine-131 tositumomab in Europe. Corixa Corporation formed agreements with Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG and Lonza Biologics to produce the B1 antibody and radiolabelling of the antibody has been contracted out to MDS Nordion.Iodine-131 tositumomab has received orphan drug and fast track designation for the treatment of NHL. Corixa Corporation submitted a Biologics Licence Application (BLA) to the US FDA in 1999, seeking permission to market Bexxar in the US for the treatment of relapsed or refractory, low grade or transformed low grade B-cell NHL. Following a priority review, the US FDA requested that Corixa Corporation reformat certain sections and perform additional analyses of existing data in its BLA. Corixa Corporation and GlaxoSmithKline resubmitted their BLA to the US FDA in September 2000. The BLA was subsequently accepted by the US FDA in November 2000. However, in March 2001, the US FDA requested additional information in its complete review letter to Corixa Corporation and marketing partner GlaxoSmithKline. The two companies submitted data pertaining to the chemistry, manufacturing and controls section of the BLA, and to the majority of the questions regarding the clinical section of the BLA in August 2001. Corixa Corporation and GlaxoSmithKline submitted the remainder of the response to the US FDA in September 2001, following an independent review of clinical trial data. In March 2002, Corixa Corporation received another complete review letter from the US FDA, which stated that additional clinical trials would have to be conducted in order to provide adequate evidence of the safety and clinical benefit of Bexxa. The US FDA also denied Corixa Corporation's request for accelerated approval, stating that the data provided was inadequate to show that Bexxar filled an unmet medical need. Corixa Corporation has met formally with the US FDA but the two were unable to resolve their differences. Corixa Corporation will now file a formal request for dispute resolution under the Food and Drug Administration Modernisation Act. Corixa Corporation also requested a presentation of Bexxa data to the US FDA's scientific advisors. In June 2002, the US FDA granted the company's appeal for additional regulatory review. In December 2002, the US FDA's Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee agreed that Bexxar has clinical benefit for patients with NHL. In May 2003, Corixa Corporation and GlaxoSmithKline announced that they had fulfilled many of the steps required for US FDA approval, however the US FDA has extended its review of the application for another 3 months. This extension will allow for further refinement of post marketing commitments and package insert language, and to ensure they are consistent with an updated safety database requested by the US FDA and submitted by Corixa Corporation in early April. GlaxoSmithKline was waiting for the outcome of the situation before deciding on marketing plans for Bexxar. Corixa Corporation and GlaxoSmithKline will conduct a head-to-head study of Bexxar and Idec's Zevalin, planned for mid-2003. The trial will likely be one of three phase IV studies that the US FDA requires for accelerated approval of Bexxar. Corixa Corporation initiated its Expanded Access Program for Bexxar in response to requests from physicians and patients for continued access to Bexxar during the period prior to potential US FDA marketing approval.A phase II multicentre trial of Bexxar in combination with CHOP chemotherapy is underway in the US as first-line therapy in patients with intermediate-grade NHL. Corixa Corporation has initiated a phase II trial of iodine-131 tositumomab in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone for the treatment of previously untreated low-grade NHL. The trial was initiated while the company was preparing its BLA for Bexxar for use as a single agent for relapsed or refractory NHL. Corixa Corporation intends to pursue additional trials to expand the potential use of iodine-131 tositumomab to other indications, including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The agent is also in a clinical trial for preparation in autologous bone marrow transplant patients. The trial is designed to test the combination of iodine-131 tositumomab and chemotherapy. The trial began in 1995 and has so far enrolled 40 patients. In addition, a phase II dose-escalation trial has begun at the University of Nebraska for the combined use of iodine-131 tositumomab and chemotherapy as preparation for autologous bone marrow transplant. Corixa Corporation has received an issued US patent covering methods for administering and dosing radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas. The patent covers iodine-131 tositumomab and other anti-CD20 antibodies used to aid in selective tumour targeting. Corixa Corporation has exclusive rights to the patent.A February 2000 media release from GlaxoSmithKline and Corixa Corporation stated that they had been issued a composition patent relating to radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies (including Bexxar) for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas. On 11 September 2001, IDEC announced that it had filed two separate lawsuits. The first lawsuit is against Corixa Corporation and the University of Michigan on six patents pertaining to products and processes related to radioimmunotherapy. They seek a declaration that Zevalin does not infringe Corixa Corporation's issued US patents. The second lawsuit involves two patents relating to cell culture media, and is against GlaxoSmithKline. IDEC's lawsuit in this case, seeks a declaration that its manufacture of Zevalin does not infringe GlaxoSmithKline's issued US patents. Corixa Corporation and GlaxoSmithKline have also filed a complaint for patent infringement against IDEC. These actions however, should have no effect on the regulatory process that Zevalin is completing, or prevent IDEC from launching the drug before iodine-131 tositumomab.A year earlier, in March 2001, the Financial Times reported that Bexxar could reach peak sales of $US120 million. In 1998, Coulter Pharmaceutical received a licencee fee payment of $US34 million from SmithKline Beecham (now GSK) in the fourth quarter of the year, as part of the joint development and commercialisation agreement for Bexxar.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1985

Iodine intake of Japanese male university students: urinary iodine excretion of sedentary and physically active students and sweat iodine excretion during exercise.

We examined the urinary iodine excretion of sedentary and physically active male university students in order to estimate the iodine intake of Japanese. Iodine excretion in sweat collected during treadmill exercise was also determined in different dietary iodine levels. The mean urinary iodine excretion of 5 sedentary students during 15 consecutive days was 357 micrograms/day (40-3,390). When high-iodine food, i.e. seaweed, was included in meals in only 22% of the total experimental days of 5 subjects, the urinary iodine excretion was high (1,106 micrograms/day, 298-3,390), but was low (153 micrograms/day, 40-441) when seaweeds were not consumed. An unexpectedly low mean urinary iodine excretion of 149 micrograms/day (50-393) was found in 10 rowing club students during 6 consecutive days of their summer training camp, probably being due to iodine losses in sweat; sweat iodine concentrations were about 37 micrograms per liter, regardless of serum and urinary iodine levels modulated by the dietary iodine level. The present data indicate that the iodine intake of Japanese depends on the amount of seaweed consumption and that it is not necessarily as high as expected from the data obtained in the 1960s. Moreover, our findings indicate the importance of taking account of iodine loss in sweat in the evaluation of iodine nutrition for physically active persons working in hot and humid environments.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Studies on iodine concentration in psammoma bodies in the thyroids of chronically iodine-deficient rats: effect of iodine repletion.

Thyroids of rats fed an iodine-deficient diet for several months contain small psammoma bodies within the follicular lumens which concentrate radioactive iodine. If the iodine-deficient rats are fed a high-iodine diet to produce a "colloid goiter" with reaccumulation of PAS-positive colloid around the psammoma bodies before administering radioactive iodine, the radioactivity is present in follicular cells, around the psammoma bodies and in the colloid 24 hours after radioactive iodine administration. Propylthiouracil (PTU) causes radioactivity to disappear from the cells and colloid but does not produce any appreciable discharge of radioactivity from the psammoma bodies. If radioactive iodine is given to the iodine-deficient rats before feeding a high-iodine diet, radioactivity is initially present chiefly in the cells and psammoma bodies and gradually accumulates in the PAS-positive colloid as this becomes deposited under the influence of the increased dietary iodine. If such rats are fed PTU for 4 days before the high-iodine diet is instituted, radioactivity remains limited almost entirely to the psammoma bodies and does not appear in the accumulating colloid. It is concluded that the psammoma bodies are iodinated directly, rather than forming a nidus for condensation of intrafollicular thyroglobulin after it is iodinated. Although iodine is readily bound to the psammoma bodies, it apparently is not easily removed from these structures under in vivo conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Iodination of irrigation water as a method of supplying iodine to a severely iodine-deficient population in Xinjiang, China.

Severe iodine deficiency still occurs in many countries, and causes cretinism and mental impairment. In southern Xinjiang province, China, after usual methods of iodine supplementation had failed, we iodinated irrigation water to increase iodine in soil, crops, animals, and human beings. 5% potassium iodate solution, dripped into an irrigation canal for 12 or 24 days, increased soil iodine 3-fold, and crop and animal iodine 2-fold. Median urinary iodine excretion in children increased from 18 to 49 micrograms/L (two groups of similar age). The cost for iodine was US $0.05 per person per year. Soil iodine remained stable over one winter, and dripping of iodine during the second year (US $0.12 per person per year) resulted in a further 4-fold increase in soil iodine and a 1.8-fold increase in iodine in crops. We conclude that iodination of irrigation water is an advantageous and cost-effective method of supplying iodine in southern Xinjiang, and may be useful in other areas dependent on irrigation.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Serum thyroglobulin and urinary iodine concentration are the most appropriate indicators of iodine status and thyroid function under conditions of increasing iodine supply in schoolchildren in Benin.

Iodine deficiency control programs have greatly reduced iodine deficiency disorders worldwide. For monitoring changes in iodine status, different indicators may be used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of indicators of iodine status and thyroid function, thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) in serum, thyroid volume and urinary iodine concentration, in iodine-deficient schoolchildren under conditions of increasing iodine supply. The study was established as a double-blind, placebo-controlled oral administration of a single dose of iodized oil to schoolchildren (7-10 y old), living in an iodine-deficient area of Benin, with an observation period of 10 mo. However, 3-4 mo after supplementation, iodized salt became available in the area. The study population therefore comprised an iodized oil-supplemented group and a nonsupplemented group, both of which had variable, uncontrolled intakes of iodized salt during the last 6 mo of the study. Initial mean serum concentrations of TSH and FT4 were within the normal range, whereas serum Tg concentration, urinary iodine concentration and thyroid volume were indicative of moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency. At the end of the study, all indicators had improved significantly, except thyroid volume, which had decreased only in the supplemented group. The supplemented group also still had significantly lower serum Tg and higher urinary iodine concentrations than the nonsupplemented group. Serum Tg and urinary iodine concentrations are the indicators most influenced by a changing iodine supply. Current normal reference ranges of serum concentrations of TSH and FT4 are too wide for detecting iodine deficiency in this age group.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1991

Course of thyroid iodine concentration during treatment of endemic goitre with iodine and a combination of iodine and levothyroxine.

In the treatment of endemic goitre, the concept of giving levothyroxine in combination with iodine offers a promising therapeutic approach by influencing not only TSH secretion but also intrathyroidal iodine content. However, little is known about the doses of iodine necessary to correct intrathyroidal iodine deficiency. To get more information on this important issue, we conducted a prospective, double-blind study on the effect of a monotherapy with 500 micrograms iodide/day and a combined treatment with 100 micrograms levothyroxine and 100 micrograms iodide/day on thyroid iodine concentration as measured by fluorescence scintigraphy. In a group of 12 patients, a 4-month treatment with 100 micrograms levothyroxine and 100 micrograms iodide/day did not significantly affect thyroid iodine concentration (0.35 +/- 0.14 vs 0.37 +/- 0.11 mg/g). The application of 500 micrograms iodide/day in these patients during a second 4-month period resulted in a sharp increase in thyroid iodine concentration from 0.37 +/- 0.11 to 0.61 +/- 0.14 mg/g (p less than 0.01). Another group of 8 patients first treated with 500 micrograms iodide/day also showed a significant increase in iodine concentration from 0.35 +/- 0.14 to 0.65 +/- 0.20 mg/g (p less than 0.01). After switching to the combination regimen during a second 4-month period, thyroid iodine concentration slightly decreased, particularly in those patients with high iodine concentrations after monotherapy with iodide (0.65 +/- 0.20 vs 0.50 +/- 0.12 mg/g, p less than 0.05). In conclusion, treatment with 500 micrograms iodide/day could sharply increase thyroid iodine concentration in patients with endemic goitre. In contrast, a combination of 100 micrograms levothyroxine and 100 micrograms iodide/day had no significant effect on thyroid iodine concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, long-term iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of varying amounts of iodine intake on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction, autoimmunity and goitre in old age. DESIGN: The first screening study where elderly subjects with varying amounts of iodine supply but from the same geographical and ethnographical region (Carpathian basin) were compared, and all hormone measurements and ultrasonography were performed by the same laboratory or person. PATIENTS: Nursing home residents were screened for thyroid disorders from: (A) an iodine-deficient area, Northern Hungary (n = 119; median age 81 years; median iodine excretion (MIE) 0.065 mumol/mmol creatinine (equivalent to 72 micrograms/g creatinine); (B) an area of obligatory iodinated salt prophylaxis since the 1950s, Slovakia (n = 135; median age 81 years, MIE 0.090 mumol/mmol creatinine (equivalent to 100 micrograms/g creatinine)) and (C) an abundant iodine intake area, Eastern Hungary (n = 92; median age 78 years; MIE 0.462 mumol/mmol creatinine (equivalent to 513 micrograms/g creatinine)). MEASUREMENTS: TSH, T4, free T4, T3, thyroglobulin (Tg), antibodies to Tg (AbTg) and to thyroid peroxidase (AbTPO), iodine excretion, ultrasonography of the thyroid gland. RESULTS: In regions A, B, and C, the prevalence of unsuspected clinical hypothyroidism was 0.8%, 1.5% and 7.6% (P = 0.006), with all cases except one being antibody positive (Ab+). The occurrence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 4.2% in region A, 10.4% in region B and 23.9% in region C (P < 0.001), but only 3 of 22 cases with subclinical hypothyroidism from region C were Ab+. The overall prevalence of Ab positivity (either antiTg+ or antiTPO+) was similar in the three regions (A, 19.3%; B, 24.4%; C, 22.8%). The occurrence of hyperthyroidism (clinical plus subclinical) was 3.4% in region A, 3.0% in region B and 0% in region C (not significant). The rate of elevated Tg levels was similar in the three regions. The prevalence of goitre was 39.4%, 16.4% and 12.2% (P < 0.001), respectively in regions A, B and C. In euthyroid subjects the mean ultrasonographically determined thyroid volume was 21.9 ml in region A, 13.6 ml in region B and 15.1 ml in region C (ANOVA F = 5.76; P = 0.0038). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of cases with hypoechogenic echotexture of the thyroid gland. CONCLUSIONS: The screening for hypothyroidism in nursing home residents living in iodine-rich regions is justified by the high prevalence of unsuspected clinical hypothyroidism. The high prevalence of antibody positivity in old age is independent of the iodine supply, but iodine supply has a determining role in the development of autoimmune hypothyroidism in the aged. Most cases of subclinical hypothyroidism in iodine-rich regions are not of autoimmune origin. In old age, hypoechogenic texture of the thyroid gland is not predictive of thyroid dysfunction.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[The iodine supply of newborns. Comparison of iodine absorption and iodine excretion of mother and child].

BACKGROUND: Since 1989 the use of iodized salt has been allowed in Germany, additional supplementation with iodide tablets has been recommended during pregnancy and lactation. This study was undertaken to clarify whether the iodine intake of neonates and young infants improved since then. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the first part of the study the urinary iodine excretion of 52 newborns and their mothers in 1998 was compared to data of similar studies 1983 in the area of Göttingen and 1982 in the areas of Heidelberg and Rothenburg, Germany. All these are geographically low-iodine areas. In the second part the iodine supply of infants in 1998-1999 under feeding with mother's milk or formulas in 1998 and 1999 was obtained by measuring iodide concentrations in urine and milk using a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. RESULTS: 45% of pregnant women were without iodide supplementation in 1998. In 1998 the median urinary iodide concentration during the first week of life was 4.3 micrograms/dl, which was more than twice that found in 1983 (1.75 micrograms/dl). Infants feeding by mother's milk without maternal iodine supplementation or by semi-elementary diet had the lowest urinary iodine excretion, whereas significantly higher values were measured when feeding formulas for term or preterm infants. CONCLUSIONS: The iodine intake of newborns has markedly improved during 15 years. The WHO criterias for adequate iodine supply (TSH < 5 microU/ml and urinary iodine >/ = 10 micrograms/dl) were only partly fulfilled in Göttingen indicating that a mild iodine deficiency still exists with the risk of iodine deficiency disorders.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1978

Polybrominated biphenyl toxicosis in rats fed an iodine-deficient, iodine-adequate, or iodine-excess diet.

Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 0, 1, 10, or 100 ppm of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in iodine-deficient, iodine-adequate (0.2 ppm), or iodine-excess (1000 ppm) diets. Six rats in each of the 12 groups were killed at 30 days and the remaining six in each group at 60 days. Growth rates were similar in all rats fed diets containing 0, 1, or 10 ppm PBB but were slower from 30 to 60 days in rats given 100 ppm PBB. Results of routine hematologic examinations and urinalyses were essentially normal. Although liver weights were substantially increased by PBB, the smallest increases were in rats fed an iodine-deficient diet. Thyroid weights were increased by iodine deficiency and by 10 and 100 ppm PBB. Electropherograms of serum proteins, serum lipoproteins, and LDH isozymes at 60 days from rats given PBB indicated hepatic alterations, but changes were least dramatic in rats fed an iodine-deficient diet plus PBB and most severe in rats fed iodine-excess diets plus PBB. Hepatic lesions were basically similar to those previously described except that bile duct proliferation was seen at 60 days only in rats fed an iodine-deficient diet and 100 ppm PBB. Histologic changes in thyroid glands were associated with iodine deficiency and with PBB. The iodine-excess diet plus 100 ppm PBB induced squamous metaplasia of respiratory bronchiolar epithelium. These results indicate interrelationships between PBB and iodine which may affect the toxicosis caused by PBB.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Therapy of iodine deficiency goiter in adolescents with iodine or a combination of iodine and levothyroxine with special reference to lipid parameters].

The are various opinions about the optimal therapy of endemic goiter in adolescents. From 106 patients (75 girls) suffering from endemic goiter 50 patients (group A) were treated with 300 micrograms iodine per day and 56 patients (group B) with 100 micrograms iodine plus 100 micrograms levothyroxine per day. Before therapy and after 172 days of therapy on average the thyroid volume, the thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4) and the lipidparameters (cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides) were measured. Within the period of treatment the thyroid volume (measured by ultrasound) decreased by 11.3% in group A and by 23% in group B. The iodine deficiency was corrected completely in both groups. However, investigations in both groups proved that patients undergoing combined therapy excrete the iodine administered additionally. Analogously to studies of the intrathyreoidal iodine metabolism it can be concluded that combined therapy on the basis of the dose mentioned above does either not result in an increase in the intrathyreoidal iodine contents or in a minor increase only. Iodine treatment as well as combined treatment cause a decrease in TSH-levels and an increase in T4-levels. The changes are only significant in group B. In the total group the percentage of T3-increases was reduced from 45% to 33% during treatment. The initially elevated plasma concentration of cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides - compared to the control group - decreased significantly in both groups during therapy. Both groups does not differ significantly with respect to the decrease in lipids. It is to be concluded that combination therapy is preferable to iodine therapy with respect to the SD-volume reduction as well as the lipid metabolism. The primary cause of endemic goiter, i.e. the intrathyreoidal iodine deficiency, can presumably not be eliminated by means of the dose of 100 micrograms iodine combined with 100 micrograms LT4.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Iodine excretion and dietary iodine supply in newborn infants in iodine-deficient regions of West Germany].

Urinary iodine excretion was measured on the fifth day of life in 461 neonates from nine different towns in the Federal Republic of Germany. There was a progressive fall in levels from north to south, with highest values in Hamburg (2.9 micrograms/dl) and lowest in Freiburg (1.2 micrograms/dl). All levels were lower than those of neonates in other countries in which iodine is added to salt: Stockholm (61 neonates) 9.6 micrograms/dl, Zurich (63) 4.75 micrograms/dl. Iodine analysis of mothers in G ottingen on the fifth day post-partum indicated that iodine excretion in urine of mothers with goitre (51 cases) was significantly lower than in a control group without goitre (38): 17.6 compared with 30.0 micrograms/g creatinine, and the iodine content of breast milk in the goitre group was significantly lower than that of the control group (1.75 compared with 2.5 micrograms/dl). Iodine content in artificial infant milk preparations was of a similar range. These results indicate that iodine supply during the neonatal period in the Federal Republic of Germany is very low; they support the demand for general iodine-salt prophylaxis.

Diet↗
PubMed1975

The iodine requirement and influence of iodine intake on iodine metabolism and thyroid function in the adult beagle.

Various aspects of iodine metabolism were studied in adult beagles maintained at iodine intake levels ranging from 480 to 20 mug/day. On the basis of changes in radioiodine metabolism, the minimum daily iodine requirement of the adult beagle was found to be 140 mug. Although striking changes were observed in radioiodine metabolism when iodine intake was reduced to 90mug/day, serum T4 and T3 levels were unaffected. Marked reductions in serum T4 occurred in dogs restricted to an iodine intake of 50 or 20 mug/day, but even at these low levels of iodine intake there were only slight reductions in serum T3 concentration and a eumetabolic state was maintained. Prolonged iodine deficiency (8-12 months) resulted in variable patterns of thyroid histology, which were related to differences in thyroidal 127I content and in the rate of release of radioiodine from the thyroid. The heterogeneity in thyroid morphology and iodine kinetics did not, however, have a significant effect on serum T4 and T3 levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Iodine kinetics and effectiveness of stable iodine prophylaxis after intake of radioactive iodine: a review.

Ingestion of potassium iodide (KI) offers effective protection against irradiation of the thyroid after accidental exposure to radioactive iodine. This prophylaxis aims at rapidly obtaining maximal thyroid protection without adverse effects. This article reviews studies on iodine kinetics in humans and on the efficacy of KI in protecting the thyroid. In adults with normal thyroid function, ingestion of 100 mg of iodide just before exposure to radioactive iodine blocks at least 95% of the thyroid dose. If exposure persists after iodide ingestion (100 mg), the percentage of averted dose may decrease significantly. Daily ingestion of a dose of 15 mg of KI would then maintain the thyroid blockade at a level above 90%. The efficacy of iodide and the occurrence of antithyroid effects also depend on external and individual factors such as dietary iodine intake, thyroid function, and age. The KI dosage regimen should be adjusted for age at exposure. For the fetus, the newborn, children, and adolescents, the risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer in case of accidental exposure to radioactive iodine justifies KI prophylaxis, despite the risk of hypothyroidism, especially in newborns. For the elderly, the benefits of KI may be lower than the risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed2001

Iodine deficiency in Azerbaijan after the discontinuation of an iodine prophylaxis program: reassessment of iodine intake and goiter prevalence in schoolchildren.

The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency (ID) in Azerbaijan after the discontinuation of an iodine prophylaxis program by assessing the prevalence of goiter, iodine intake, and thyroid function. The study included 942 schoolchildren (475 boys and 467 girls) ages 8-14 years, from 13 distinct regions. The survey included the following: (1) clinical evaluation; (2) assessment of thyroid volume both by ultrasound and by palpation; (3) determination of iodide in a morning urine specimen using the classic Sandel-Kolthoff reaction in 347 schoolchildren; (4) determinations of thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroglobulin (Tg), and anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in serum (n = 165) and TSH in whole blood spotted on filter paper (n = 942). The prevalence of goiter for the whole country was determined by ultrasound (US) to be 86% and by palpation 66%, reaching 100% in the mountainous regions of Caucasus. The median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was 54 microg/L, reaching level of 26 and 39 microg/L in the Caucasus region. In conclusion, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, Azerbaijan now has mild to moderate ID (median UIE, 54 microg/L) and in the mountainous regions with severe ID. The high prevalence of goiter and the low UIE emphasizes the need for urgent medical reintervention. An iodination program is now implemented by our team in the mountainous regions under the auspice of the government of Azerbaijan.

Adolescent↗