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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Absorption of low and therapeutic doses of ferric maltol, a novel ferric iron compound, in iron deficient subjects using a single dose iron absorption test.

Ferric maltol is a novel ferric iron compound with potential use as an oral therapy for iron deficiency anaemia. Using a single, low dose iron absorption test we compared absorption of ferric maltol with absorption of ferrous sulphate in 21 iron deficient subjects. Absorption of 10 mg of ferric maltol as either aqueous solution or a single tablet compared favourably with that of an equivalent dose of ferrous sulphate. At a higher, more therapeutic dose of 60 mg elemental iron as tablets, absorption of ferric maltol appeared to be both more rapid and total absorption greater, than that seen with ferrous sulphate. We conclude that iron from ferric maltol, both at low dose and higher, more therapeutic doses, is at least as well absorbed as from ferrous sulphate. Ferric maltol is the first ferric iron formulation to be absorbed to a degree equivalent to that of ferrous iron salts and may represent a viable form of administration for ferric iron in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Magnetic iron compounds in neurological disorders.

Although iron plays an important role in many aspects of human neurophysiology, it also can be toxic under certain circumstances. Anomalous amounts of iron are known to be associated with most types of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. To date, little is known about the specific iron compounds present in this tissue and there is recent evidence to suggest that some forms are magnetic. This raises important questions with regard to the role of magnetic iron compounds in disease initiation and progression and, indeed, the origin of these compounds. This paper reviews recent work on the identification and analysis of magnetic iron compounds associated with neurological disorders.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

The lipophilic iron compound TMH-ferrocene [(3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl)ferrocene] increases iron concentrations, neuronal L-ferritin, and heme oxygenase in brains of BALB/c mice.

Mismanagement of intracellular iron is a key pathological feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Our long-term goal is to use animal models to investigate the mechanisms of iron neurotoxicity and its relationship to neurodegenerative pathologies. The immediate aim of this experiment was to determine regional distribution of iron and cellular distribution of iron storage proteins (L- and H-ferritin) and an oxidative stress marker (heme oxygenase-1) in brains of mice fed the lipophilic iron compound (3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl) (TMH)-ferrocene. We fed male and female weanling BALB/cj mice diets either deficient in iron (0 mg Fe/kg diet), adequate in iron (35 mg Fe/kg diet; control mice), or adequate in iron and supplemented with 0.1 or 1.0 g TMH-ferrocene/kg diet for 8 wk. Iron concentrations in cerebrum were higher in mice fed 1.0 g TMH-ferrocene/kg diet than in control mice (p < 0.05). Liver iron concentrations were eightfold higher in mice fed 1.0 g TMH-ferrocene/kg diet than in control mice (p < 0.0001). L-Ferritin and heme oxygenase-1 expression were elevated in striatum in mice fed 1.0 g TMH-ferrocene/kg diet. We conclude that administration of the lipophilic iron compound TMH-ferrocene leads to subtle perturbations of cellular iron within the brain, potentially representing a model of iron accumulation similar to that seen in various neuropathological conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Comparative study of different iron compounds in inhibition of sphaerotilus growth.

The effectiveness of iron compounds on growth inhibition of Sphaerotilus species was compared. In this study, two strains of Sphaerotilus were tested with different iron concentrations in a synthetic sewage (S-medium) as formulated by Lackey and Wattie (Sewage Works J. 12:669-684, 1940). For both strains, >80% inhibition of the maximum respiration rate was obtained by the following levels of soluble iron concentrations at pH 6.0: iron citrate, 20 mg/liter as Fe; iron cysteine, 5 mg/liter as Fe; and ferrous sulfate, 10 mg/liter as Fe. At a pH of 6.7 with iron citrate (20 mg/liter as Fe), inhibition of both strains was in excess of 50%. Insoluble iron compounds, such as iron hydroxides and ferrous carbonate, were found to be much less effective than the soluble iron compounds as inhibitors of these two strains. Aged iron hydroxide (500 mg/liter as Fe) produced a 70% inhibition in the maximum respiration rate while fresh iron hydroxide (52 mg/liter as Fe) and ferrous carbonate (500 mg/liter as Fe) produced a 20% inhibition. Chemical analyses of the iron-inhibited Sphaerotilus strains showed a close relationship between the inhibition of the organism's growth and the amount of iron sorbed by the organism.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differential regulation of ferritin expression in Friend leukemia cells by iron compounds.

Ferritin is an ubiquitous iron storage protein that plays a key role in determining the intracellular fate of iron. Therefore, ferritin synthesis is highly regulated by the iron status of the cell through post-transcriptional mechanisms that involve a specific high-affinity interaction between an iron-responsive element (IRE) in the 5' untranslated region of ferritin mRNA and a 98 kDa cytoplasmic protein, the iron-regulatory factor (IRF). The mechanisms that regulate the expression of the iron storage protein ferritin were investigated in erythroid (Friend erythroleukemia cell, FLC) and fibroblastic (L929 and B6) cell lines after exposure to various iron compounds. Both hemin (ferric protoporphyrin IX) and iron (as ferric ammonium citrate, FAC) were used as inducers of ferritin synthesis. Administration of hemin increases ferritin synthesis 8-12 fold both in erythroid and in non-erythroid cell lines, whereas FAC is a weak inducer of ferritin in FLC (only 5-fold). These results correlate with ferritin mRNA expression in FLC observed after hemin treatment compared to the effect exerted by FAC administration. This differential effect suggests that heme is the physiological compound able to stimulate ferritin synthesis in erythroid cell lines and that it plays an important physiological role in regulating gene expression in developing erythroid cells.

Deferoxamine↗
PubMed1978

Intramuscular injections of iron compounds and oncogenesis in man.

To evaluate the evidence for iron compounds as local carcinogens in man, histological material and clinical reports have been reviewed in seven of the eight published cases of tumours developing at the site of intramuscular injections. The microscopical appearances suggested benign lesions in two cases and a variety of tumours in the other five. In only two cases (a rhabdomyosarcoma and a fibrosarcoma) was the interval between injections and tumour development longer than six years. Of the remaining three tumours, one was considered to be a rather slowly growing haemangiopericytoma (with an interval of two years), one appeared to be a subcutaneous lymphoma with no evidence of having arisen in the gluteal muscles, and one was a pleomorphic sarcoma with a possible five-year interval. Sarcomas induced experimentally by iron compounds differ in being less variable in type and in containing abundant iron-containing macrophages, which were negligible in these human tumours.Although the total number of patients who have received intramuscular injections of iron compounds is not known, the present findings, in contrast to experimental work, do not support the view that such treatment carries a strong risk of tumour development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

In situ characterization and mapping of iron compounds in Alzheimer's disease tissue.

There is a well-established link between iron overload in the brain and pathology associated with neurodegeneration in a variety of disorders such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's (HD) diseases [1]. This association was first discovered in AD by Goodman in 1953 [2], where, in addition to abnormally high concentrations of iron in autopsy brain tissue, iron has also been shown to accumulate at sites of brain pathology such as senile plaques [3]. However, since this discovery, progress in understanding the origin, role and nature of iron compounds associated with neurodegeneration has been slow. Here we report, for the first time, the location and characterisation of iron compounds in human AD brain tissue sections. Iron fluorescence was mapped over a frontal-lobe tissue section from an Alzheimer's patient, and anomalous iron concentrations were identified using synchrotron X-ray absorption techniques at 5 mum spatial resolution. Concentrations of ferritin and magnetite, a magnetic iron oxide potentially indicating disrupted brain-iron metabolism, were evident. These results demonstrate a practical means of correlating iron compounds and disease pathology in-situ and have clear implications for disease pathogenesis and potential therapies.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of iron compounds in tumour tissue from temporal lobe epilepsy patients using low temperature magnetic methods.

Excess iron accumulation in the brain has been shown to be related to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. However, identification and characterization of iron compounds in human tissue is difficult because concentrations are very low. For the first time, a combination of low temperature magnetic methods was used to characterize iron compounds in tumour tissue from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Induced magnetization as a function of temperature was measured between 2 and 140 K after cooling in zero-field and after cooling in a 50 mT field. These curves reveal an average blocking temperature for ferritin of 10 K and an anomaly due to magnetite at 48 K. Hysteresis measurements at 5 K show a high coercivity phase that is unsaturated at 7 T, which is typical for ferritin. Magnetite concentration was determined from the saturation remanent magnetization at 77 K. Hysteresis measurements at various temperatures were used to examine the magnetic blocking of magnetite and ferritin. Our results demonstrate that low temperature magnetic measurements provide a useful and sensitive tool for the characterisation of magnetic iron compounds in human tissue.

Astrocytoma↗
PubMed2006

Mapping and characterization of iron compounds in Alzheimer's tissue.

Understanding the management of iron in the brain is of great importance in the study of neurodegeneration, where regional iron overload is frequently evident. A variety of approaches have been employed, from quantifying iron in various anatomical structures, to identifying genetic risk factors related to iron metabolism, and exploring chelation approaches to tackle iron overload in neurodegenerative disease. However, the ease with which iron can change valence state ensures that it is present in vivo in a wide variety of forms, both soluble and insoluble. Here, we review recent developments in approaches to locate and identify iron compounds in neurodegenerative tissue. In addition to complementary techniques that allow us to quantify and identify iron compounds using magnetometry, extraction, and electron microscopy, we are utilizing a powerful combined mapping/characterization approach with synchrotron X-rays. This has enabled the location and characterization of iron accumulations containing magnetite and ferritin in human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissue sections in situ at micron-resolution. It is hoped that such approaches will contribute to our understanding of the role of unusual iron accumulations in disease pathogenesis, and optimise the potential to use brain iron as a clinical biomarker for early detection and diagnosis.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1981

Ability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and commensal Neisseria species to obtain iron from transferrin and iron compounds.

The ability of Neisseria species to use iron compounds and to compete with iron-binding proteins was examined with deferrated defined medium and the iron chelator deferoxamine. All Neisseria species were able to assimilate a variety of ferric and ferrous iron salts. They were not able to efficiently solubilize an inorganic iron salt such as ferric nitrate, but were able to use iron chelated by citrate, oxalacetate, pyrophosphate, or nitrilotriacetate. Each of the 95 Neisseria isolates examined was able to use hemin as a sole source of iron, and most, but not all, of the isolates were able to obtain iron from hemoglobin. Heated human serum stimulated growth of all gonococci, meningococci, and some commensal Neisseria species in iron-deficient medium. All gonococci and meningococci were able to scavenge iron from 25% saturated transferrin, whereas most commensal organisms were inhibited by this iron-binding protein. The ability to compete with transferrin was specific, since partially saturated conalbumin was bacteriostatic for all Neisseria species. Although the pathogenic Neisseria species were able to compete more efficiently with transferrin for iron than were the nonpathogenic Neisseria species, no correlation was observed between the virulence of different strains or colony types of gonococci and the ability to scavenge iron in vitro from transferrin or other chelators.

Blood↗
PubMed1981

Polynuclear iron compounds in human transferrin preparations.

During commonly used saturation procedures of transferrin with iron compounds, both as ferri and ferrous, polynuclear iron compounds are easily formed, even when nitrilotriacetate (NTA) is used as a strong iron ligand. The presence of these nonspecific bound irons is demonstrated with Mossbauer spectroscopy and with electronic optical spectroscopy. But no evidence, however, has been found of two different iron binding sites. Because dialysis is not able to remove all polynuclear iron, an easy method with gel filtration has been developed that does remove the polynuclear iron. Some notes are made about the often used method, in transferrin biochemistry, of saturation determination, i.e. the quotient of the absorbances of 470 and 280 nm.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of iron deficiency anemia: are monomeric iron compounds suitable for parenteral administration?

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional problem worldwide, especially in the developing countries. Oral iron supplementation programs have failed because of noncompliance and gastrointestinal toxicity, thereby necessitating parenteral administration of iron. For parenteral administration, only iron-carbohydrate complexes are currently used, because monomeric iron salts release free iron, thereby causing oxidant injury. However, iron-carbohydrate complexes also have significant toxicity, and they are expensive. We have proposed the hypothesis that monomeric iron salts can be safely administered by the parenteral route if iron is tightly complexed to the ligand, thereby causing clinically insignificant release of free iron, and the kinetic properties of the compound allow rapid transfer of iron to plasma transferrin. A detailed analysis of the physicochemical and kinetic properties reveals that ferric iron complexed to pyrophosphate or acetohydroxamate anions may be suitable for parenteral administration. We have demonstrated that infusion of ferric pyrophosphate into the circulation via the dialysate is safe and effective in maintaining iron balance in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Parenteral administration of monomeric iron compounds is a promising approach to the treatment of iron deficiency in the general population and merits further investigation.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of iron compounds on the treatment of fat-containing wastewaters].

Effects of iron compounds on methanogenic fermentation the water polluted with fatty acids were studied. A natural readily available source of iron applicable to biological treatment of liquid wastes was searched for. A positive effect of iron on the methanogenic fermentation of fats and their degradation products--long-chain fatty acids--in aqueous media was demonstrated. It is recommended to add iron-containing clay, as an inexpensive and easily available iron source, in amounts providing the binding of the long-chain fatty acids present in wastewaters.

Aluminum Silicates↗