How to apply an ice bag, ice collar, or ice glove.
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Cold Temperature↗
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The contuation of the phase-boundary between ice I and liquid into the region of ice III and II and its relation to freeze-pressing of biological material.
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Chemical Phenomena↗
Ice cream headache--site, duration, and relationship to migraine.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of cold-induced headaches in a group of migraine patients, to compare these with their usual migraine headaches and with cold-induced headaches in a control population. DESIGN: Subjects completed a structured questionnaire recording previous headache history along with the characteristics of any headache produced during supervised palatal and pharyngeal application of ice cream. SUBJECTS: 70 consecutive patients attending the City of London Migraine Clinic, and 50 pre-clinical medical and dental student volunteers from Queen Mary and Westfield College. RESULTS: 27% of the migraine patients and 40% of the students reported previous ice cream headaches. 17% of the migraine patients and 46% of the students developed headache following palatal application or a swallow of ice cream. Typically the headache was of early onset (x = 12.5s) and short duration (x = 21s), with a tendency for anterior headache on the same side as a palatal stimulus, and bilateral headache following an ice cream swallow. However, a significant minority experienced a previously unreported headache of late onset (x = 102s) and long duration (x = 236s) which tended to occur particularly after swallowing ice cream and to be less well localised to the side of the cold stimulus. Ice cream appeared not to be a common trigger for migraine, and there was no significant correlation between site of ice cream headache and usual site of migraine. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm that cold stimulation of the palate or pharynx commonly produces a headache. In contrast to previous studies, our results suggest that the 'ice cream headache' is less common in migraine patients than the general population. A similar pattern of headache was produced in both migraine patients and controls, and apart from the few for whom an ice cream headache may trigger a migraine, the ice cream headache seems not to have any special significance for migraine patients.
Adolescent↗
Biochemical modification of plasma ice nucleating activity in a freeze-tolerant frog.
Recently, we reported the presence of ice nucleating activity, apparently proteinaceous, in the plasma of a freeze-tolerant frog, Rana sylvatica, collected in autumn and spring. Although this protein has not been purified, its ice nucleating behavior can act as an internal reference for tests that attempt to modify its ability to nucleate ice formation. If the addition of a chemical reagent alters the temperature of ice crystallization compared with the control, it can be assumed that protein modification may have occurred. The ice nucleating protein in R. sylvatica showed resistance to proteolysis with four different proteases although there was a significant reduction in the temperatures of nucleation with these treatments (ANOVA P less than 0.001). However, ice nucleating activity was lost when plasma was treated with the addition of urea or N-bromosuccinimide. Modification of protein sulphydryl groups with iodoacetamide did not affect the crystallization temperature (Tc) but treatment with iodoacetic acid resulted in a significant increase in Tc of plasma. An abrupt loss of ice nucleating ability was observed in plasma samples after heating above 87 degrees C. Anomalous potentiation of ice nucleating activity occurred when the plasma was heated to and held at temperatures between 67-75 degrees C.
Acclimatization↗
Antifreeze protein modulates cell survival during cryopreservation: mediation through influence on ice crystal growth.
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are extremely efficient at inhibiting ice recrystallization in frozen solutions. Knight and Duman [Knight, C. A. & Duman, J. G. (1986) Cryobiology 23, 256-263] have proposed that this may be an important function of the proteins in freeze-tolerant organisms. We have tested this proposal in vitro by characterizing the influence of AFP on the recovery of cryopreserved cells, which often can survive cooling and yet subsequently be damaged by ice crystal growth during warming. Relatively low concentrations (e.g., 5-150 micrograms/ml) of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) AFP enhance survival of red blood cells cryopreserved in hydroxyethyl starch solutions. This effect is most apparent in samples warmed at suboptimal rates, i.e., where ice recrystallization would be exaggerated. Cryomicroscopy demonstrates that AFP inhibits ice recrystallization in the extracellular regions during the latter stages of the warming cycle. AFP concentrations that enhance survival of red cells confer partial inhibition of recrystallization. Relatively high concentrations of AFP (e.g., 1.54 mg/ml) are much more effective at inhibiting extracellular recrystallization. However, extensive growth of ice around the cell, and concomitant cell damage, is noted. The mechanism for this AFP-induced ice growth is unknown. We propose that there is a delicate balance between AFP-induced enhancement of cell preservation and AFP-induced enhancement of cell preservation and AFP-induced enhancement of cell damage and that this balance hinges on the degrees of inhibition of ice recrystallization and of preferential growth of ice around the cells. We conclude that, under appropriate conditions, one of the proposed functions of AFPs in nature can be emulated, and perhaps have application, in cryopreservation of materials of biomedical interest.
Animals↗
Ice friction during speed skating.
During speed skating, the external power output delivered by the athlete is predominantly used to overcome the air and ice frictional forces. Special skates were developed and used to measure the ice frictional forces during actual speed skating. The mean coefficients of friction for the straights and curves were, respectively, 0.0046 and 0.0059. The minimum value of the coefficient of ice friction was measured at an ice surface temperature of about -7 degrees C. It was found that the coefficient of friction increases with increasing speed. In the literature, it is suggested that the relatively low friction in skating results from a thin film of liquid water on the ice surface. Theories about the presence of water between the rubbing surfaces are focused on the formation of water by pressure-melting, melting due to frictional heating and on the 'liquid-like' properties of the ice surface. From our measurements and calculations, it is concluded that the liquid-like surface properties of ice seem to be a reasonable explanation for the low friction during speed skating.
Biomechanical Phenomena↗
Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in ice cream for use as a probiotic food.
Probiotic ice cream was made by fermenting a standard ice cream mix with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum cultures and then freezing the mix in a batch freezer. Survival of the L. acidophilus and B. bifidum, as well as beta-galactosidase activity, was monitored during 17 wk of frozen storage at -29 degrees C. After freezing of the fermented mix, bacterial counts were 1.5 x 10(8) cfu/ml for L. acidophilus and 2.5 x 10(8) cfu/ml for B. bifidum. Seventeen weeks after freezing, these counts had decreased to 4 x 10(6) and 1 x 10(7) cfu/ml, respectively. During the same period, beta-galactosidase activity decreased from 1800 to 1300 units/ml. Probiotic ice cream was prepared at pH 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 to determine consumer preferences and was compared with standard Utah State University "Aggie" ice cream. All samples were strawberry-flavored and were evaluated by 88 judges. The preferred pH of probiotic ice cream, based on overall acceptance, was pH 5.5. We demonstrated that probiotic ice cream is a suitable vehicle for delivering beneficial microorganisms such as L. acidophilus and B. bifidum to consumers. The bacteria can be grown to high numbers in ice cream mix and remain viable during frozen storage.
Animals↗
Protein interaction with ice.
Many organisms have evolved novel mechanisms to minimize freezing injury due to extracellular ice formation. This article reviews our present knowledge on the structure and mode of action of two types of proteins capable of ice interaction. The antifreeze proteins inhibit ice crystal formation and alter ice growth habits. The ice nucleation proteins, on the other hand, provide a proper template to stimulate ice growth. The potential applications of these proteins in different industries are discussed.
Antifreeze Proteins↗
[Isolation and cold resistance of enterococci in ice cream].
Studies were a total of 85 samples of ice-cream assortments. It was found that the presence of enterococci was reduced--up to 21 per cent of the samples only had from 101 to 2000 microbial cells per cu. cm of the ice-cream mass. Enterococci of the fecal group predominated--81 per cent. The regime of thermal treatment applied to the ice-cream melange produced bactericidal effect on the Enterococcus microflora. After pasteurization, however, the product became contaminated with a secondary Enterococcus infection due to the improperly cleaned glassware and equipment. In freezing the ice-cream melange the amount of Enterococcus microflora dropped from 3.2 to 3.3 times. No changes in the microbial count were established after the deep-freezing storage of ice-cream for 24 months at -18 to -25 degrees C. The Enterococcus titer is suggested as an index in the hygiene evaluation of ice-cream.
Cold Temperature↗
Global diversity of integrating conjugative elements (ICEs) in Helicobacter pylori and their influence on genome architecture.
Integrating conjugative elements (ICEs) are mobile genetic elements conferring a wide range of beneficial functions upon their bacterial hosts. Generally, they can be activated from their integrated states to undergo horizontal gene transfer via conjugation. In the case of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, a paradigm for extensive genetic diversity, highly efficient natural transformation and recombination processes may superimpose canonical transfer of its two ICEs termed ICEHptfs3 and ICEHptfs4, and thus shape their composition substantially. Here, as a part of the Helicobacter pylori Genome Project (HpGP) initiative, we have analyzed high-quality genome sequences from 1011 clinical strains with respect to their ICE content and variability. We show that both elements are highly prevalent in all H. pylori populations, but have a strong tendency for gene erosion. ICE sequence variations reflect the population structure and show a clear signature of increased horizontal transfer. A detailed map of ICE integration sites revealed local preferences, but also how recombination processes result in hybrid elements or genome rearrangements. Population-specific differences in ICE cargo genes might reflect distinct requirements in the biological functions provided by these mobile elements.
Journal Article↗
A model for binding of an antifreeze polypeptide to ice.
A model is proposed, based on recent peptide analog and ice crystal etching studies, whereby an alanine-rich, alpha-helical antifreeze polypeptide (AFP) from the winter flounder inhibits the growth of ice crystals by hydrogen bonding of Thr, Asn, and Asp side chains in a specific pattern to the [2021] hexagonal bipyramidal planes of ice. It is further suggested that this mode of binding is unidirectional, maximizing opportunities for packing of AFPs on the ice surface, and that ice crystal growth inhibition occurs by a two-step mechanism involving hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interpeptide interactions.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
The effect of ice packs upon nasal mucosal blood flow.
The effect on nasal mucosal blood flow of ice packs on the forehead and ice packs within the mouth was investigated in 16 healthy subjects. The laser Doppler flowmeter was used to record changes in blood flow to the inferior turbinate, as measured by change in the flux. Ice packs within the mouth produced a significant decrease in nasal mucosal blood flow (p less than 0.05). The average fall was 23% (SEM 5.9) compared with the control measurements. No significant change was recorded following the application of ice packs to the forehead. The results of this study question the scientific rationale behind the use of forehead ice packs in clinical practice.
Adult↗
Ice cube test in children with cold urticaria.
The ice cube test performed in 24 children (6 cold urticaria, 6 healthy, 6 allergic and 6 chronic urticaria) showed that a 3 and 5-minute ice cube test was the appropriate time for the diagnosis of cold urticaria without false positive results. If the test was prolonged to 10 and 20 minutes, 17% and 33% respectively showed false positive results in chronic urticaria other than cold urticaria patients. After four weeks of cyproheptadine therapy, the ice cube test showed only 17% positive at 3 minutes and 33% at 5 minutes. When the ice cube test was performed for 10 and 20 minutes, 67% showed positive results. In conclusion, the ice cube test should be performed for 3 to 5 minutes to diagnose cold urticaria in children. The time should be increased to 10 or 20 minutes if the test shows negative results at 3 to 5 minutes after antihistamine therapy.
Child↗
Quantitative energy-filtered electron microscopy of biological molecules in ice.
The theoretical and experimental bases for quantitative electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated specimens are described, with special considerations of energy filtration to improve the images. The elastic and inelastic scattering from molecules in vacuum and in ice are calculated, and simple methods to approximate scattering are introduced. Multiple scattering calculations are used to describe the scattering from vitreous ice and to predict the characteristics of images of frozen-hydrated molecules as a function of ice thickness and accelerating voltage. Energy filtration is predicted to improve image contrast and signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental values for the inelastic scattering of ice, the energy spectrum of thick ice, and the contrast of biological specimens are determined. The principles of compensation for the contrast transfer function are presented. Tobacco mosaic virus is used to quantify the accuracy of interpreting image intensities to derive the absolute mass, mass per unit length, and internal mass densities of biological molecules. It is shown that compensation for the contrast transfer function is necessary and sufficient to convert the images into accurate representations of molecular density. At a resolution of 2 nm, the radial density reconstructions of tobacco mosaic virus are in quantitative agreement with the atomic model derived from X-ray results.
Cryopreservation↗
Cryopreservation of isolated hepatocytes: intracellular ice formation under various chemical and physical conditions.
Kinetics of intracellular ice formation (IIF) for isolated rat hepatocytes was studied using a cryomicroscopy system. The effect of the cooling rate on IIF was investigated between 20 and 400 degrees C/min in isotonic solution. At 50 degrees C/min and below, none of the hepatocytes underwent IIF; whereas at 150 degrees C/min and above, IIF was observed throughout the entire hepatocyte population. The temperature at which 50% of hepatocytes showed IIF (50TIIF) was almost constant with an average value of -7.7 degrees C. Different behavior was seen in isothermal subzero holding temperatures in the presence of extracellular ice. 50TIIF from isothermal temperature experiments was approximately -5 degrees C as opposed to -7.7 degrees C for constant cooling rate experiments. These experiments clearly demonstrated both the time and temperature dependence of IIF. On the other hand, in cooling experiments in the absence of extracellular ice, IIF was not observed until approximately -20 degrees C (at which temperature the whole suspension was frozen spontaneously) suggesting the involvement of the external ice in the initiation of IIF. The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) on IIF was also quantified. 50TIIF decreased from -7.7 degrees C in the absence of Me2SO to -16.8 degrees C in 2.0 M Me2SO for a cooling rate of 400 degrees C/min. However, the cooling rate (between 75 and 400 degrees C/min) did not significantly affect 50TIIF (-8.7 degrees C) in 0.5 M Me2SO. These results suggest that multistep protocols will be required for the cryopreservation of hepatocytes.
Animals↗
Pagophagia, or compulsive ice consumption: a historical perspective.
Pagophagia, or the excessive consumption of ice or iced drinks, is popularly regarded as a novel manifestation of pica, which has emerged, predominantly in the USA, over the last 30 years. However, a sampling of historical sources reveals that not only are there warnings in the writings of both Hippocrates and Aristotle concerning the dangers of excessive intake of cold or iced water, but a series of medical works, from the sixteenth century on, incorporate discussion and illustrative case histories about the detrimental effect of immoderate usage of cold water, ice and snow, frequently in the context of disordered eating.
Adolescent↗
A multistate outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with consumption of commercial ice.
Between 19 and 27 September 1987, a cluster of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness occurred among persons who had attended a museum fund-raiser in Wilmington, Delaware and an intercollegiate football game in Philadelphia. A survey of four groups attending these events showed that 31% (191/614) became ill. Altogether, those who consumed ice were 12 times more likely to experience either vomiting or diarrhea than those who did not (attack rate, 55% vs. 4%, P less than .001). Ice consumed at the events was traced to a manufacturer in southeastern Pennsylvania whose wells had been contaminated when flooded by a nearby creek after a torrential rainfall on 8 September. Of 19 affected persons tested within 1 week of exposure, 13 (68%) had at least a fourfold rise in antibody titer to the Norwalk virus. This report, the first to document an association of contaminated commercial ice with Norwalk gastroenteritis should prompt reassessment of government regulation of the production and distribution of ice.
Antibodies, Viral↗
The cooling, analgesic, and rewarming effects of ice massage on localized skin.
The study was designed to produce objective data on the rate of local cooling following the ice massage technique of cold application and the rate of rewarming following termination of the ice application. More importantly, the onset of skin analgesia and its duration were evaluated. Sixteen normal subjects participated in four testing sessions, two of which were control session. A thermistor unit with probes monitored skin temperature and a standardized pain-evoking stimulus was used to verify analgesia. Analgesia was elicited by the ice massage only after the localized region had been cooled to, and maintained below, 13.6 degrees Celsius. The rate of cooling for the localized skin was more rapid than the rate of rewarming. The ten-minute ice massage was an effective procedure in achieving analgesia and, thus, may be sufficient to permit therapeutic exercise of selective painful conditions during, and for approximately three minutes immediately following, application.
Adolescent↗