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Results for “Identification, Psychological”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

When the self represents the other: a new cognitive neuroscience view on psychological identification.

There is converging evidence from developmental and cognitive psychology, as well as from neuroscience, to suggest that the self is both special and social, and that self-other interaction is the driving force behind self-development. We review experimental findings which demonstrate that human infants are motivated for social interactions and suggest that the development of an awareness of other minds is rooted in the implicit notion that others are like the self. We then marshall evidence from functional neuroimaging explorations of the neurophysiological substrate of shared representations between the self and others, using various ecological paradigms such as mentally representing one's own actions versus others' actions, watching the actions executed by others, imitating the others' actions versus being imitated by others. We suggest that within this shared neural network the inferior parietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex in the right hemisphere play a special role in the essential ability to distinguish the self from others, and in the way the self represents the other. Interestingly, the right hemisphere develops its functions earlier than the left.

Awareness↗
PubMed1982

Psychological identification of breast cancer patients before biopsy.

Fifty-six women admitted consecutively for a breast biopsy were interviewed on the day prior to the operation. Interviewer ratings and blind ratings (audiotapes) allowed a [statistically significant (alpha = 5%)] differentiation of women in whom the biopsy revealed a cancer from those whose tumor was benign. The ratings took into account characteristics assumed to be typical of the women with cancer: (1) being inaccessible or overwhelmed when interviewed; (2) emotional suppression with sudden outbursts; (3) rationalization; (4) little or no anxiety before the operation; (5) demonstration of optimism; (6) superautonomous self-sufficiency; (7) altruistic behaviour; (8) harmonization and avoidance of conflicts. On the basis of the interviews the interviewer and a blind rater predicted the correct diagnosis in 83% and 94% of all cancer patients and in 71% and 68% of all benign cases. This result is also significant (alpha = 5%). The identified psychological syndrome was found in all breast cancer patients but also in a quarter to a third of the patients with benign nodes. We interpret it as a long-standing defensive pattern adopted in the face of extreme emotional stress. A possible etiological significance for the cancerous disease cannot be derived from this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The Role of Psychological Factors in Bariatric Surgery for Morbid Obesity: Identification of Psychological Predictors of Success.

This paper deals with two important questions in the Outcome of surgical treatment for morbid obesity. First, what is the impact of bariatric surgery on psychological functioning or quality of life? Second, and perhaps more important, can pre-surgical factors be identified that predict the outcome of surgery? These questions are answered by a systematic review of the current literature in this area. Throughout this paper the need for methodological rigor is stressed, and conclusions are based only on empirically sound findings. It is concluded that surgery is generally associated with improved psychological functioning and quality of life for most individuals. While a significant minority of morbidly obese individuals do not respond positively to surgery, there is no evidence to support the theory that obesity is a psychological defense mechanism, and therefore that bariatric surgery will produce widespread psychological problems. On a less positive note, while some studies identify pre-surgery psychological factors that predict weight loss following surgery, there has been no attempt to systematically replicate findings across studies, and no consistent findings have emerged from the literature. Due to the fact that the predictor variables examined have not been selected on theoretical grounds, the interpretation of isolated findings is difficult. On the basis of this review, however, distress over obesity appears to be a potentially important psychological predictor of the success of surgery. Unfortunately, there currently is no measure to specifically measure distress over obesity. What is needed at this time is a theoretically derived approach to the development of a scale to assess distress over obesity.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Grief-related facsimile illness.

One aspect of the grief process which is frequently mentioned in the literature on mourning but has not yet received adequate clinical attention is the tendency for the bereaved to assume symptoms and behavior of the deceased. This paper presents evidence that pathologic identificantion 1) is an important clinical syndrome that is frequently misdiagnosed and mistreated, 2) defines a population at high medical and surgical risk, 3) can be diagnosed by history alone, and 4) carries a good prognosis when identified and properly managed. Four of a series of ten clinical cases are presented and discussed. Analysis of the cases reveals a number of common features, including 1) an arrest of the normal grief process; 2) a presentation of symptoms identical or nearly identical to those experienced by the deceased; 3) previous ineffective and inappropriate treatment endeavors; 4) referral for reasons other than a recognition of an abnormal grief state; and 5) improvement or recovery during treatment aimed at facilitating the grief response. Based on a survey of the literature and the clinical material analyzed, the authors conclude that patients who present with psychologic identification with the deceased have a distinct clinical syndrome (grief-related facsimile illness) for which recognition is important to institute proper management. Contrary to the reports in the literature, it frequently presents as other than hypochondriasis. When identified, this syndrome carries a good prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Identification of psychological morbidity in older people in primary care by practice nurses.

Older people with psychological morbidity generally first present to health services in primary care, where they are increasingly seen by primary care nurses. In order to evaluate primary care nurses' identification of psychological morbidity, 190 older patients attending eight practice nurses completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the practice nurses made an assessment as to the presence or absence of psychological problems. The practice nurses identified only 26% of probable cases of psychological morbidity identified by the GHQ. Their threshold for identification was high, rating only 12% of patients as experiencing psychological problems compared to 29% probable cases identified by the GHQ, and their accuracy was low (kappa for agreement between GHQ and nurse ratings = 0.23). Likelihood of identification depended on length and type of visit. The findings suggest that it may be unrealistic to expect practice nurses, without additional training and reorganisation of their work, to identify more than a minority of older patients with psychological morbidity in the course of their routine work.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[Identification of psychologically impaired patients in cardiologic rehabilitation].

As psychological factors have a substantial influence on the further medical, psychological and occupational career of a patient with somatic disease, early identification of patients with psychological disturbances is of special importance in medical rehabilitation. The share of psychologically disturbed patients in a cardiac rehabilitation clinic has been screened. Different methods for identification of anxious and depressive patients (by medical and psychological staff as well as a screening instrument) are compared. Concluding, the benefit of introducing a screening instrument as a routine procedure is discussed under the aspect of effectivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Paediatrician identification of psychological factors associated with general paediatric consultations.

In a study of children 7-12 yr of age referred to general paediatric clinics, paediatricians reported psychological factors associated to somatic presentations in 47% of the children. These cases presented with a variety of somatic symptoms, but abdominal/chest/joint pains and soiling were particularly common. From research interviews with the parents we found increased rates of psychiatric disorder (abnormalities of emotions, behaviour or relationships) amongst them. The most common psychiatric symptoms were depressive mood changes and relationship problems. We also identified an excess of certain personality features in the children and of family health problems in this group. Paediatricians commonly identify psychosomatic issues in children attending general paediatric clinics and independent evidence supports the validity of their assessments.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1987

Identification of psychologic impairment in patients with mild-moderate thermal injury: small burn, big problem.

Sixty-eight patients hospitalized at a tertiary care burn center for more than 1 week, aged 18-32 years, with a mild or moderate burn, adequate social and economic support, and the absence of preexisting psychopathology, substance abuse, or medical illness were studied. From this group 16 patients were identified who had been unable to resume social or occupational functioning even after several months and were impaired by psychologic symptoms related to the burn. Utilizing a psycho-social data base of 250 items, these "Small Burn, Big Problem" (SBBP) patients were compared to those who did not have this problem (control). There were no differences between the two groups with respect to age, sex, race, hospital length of stay, agent of injury, circumstances of the accident, extent of burn, or amount of disfigurement. The SBBP patients did develop significantly more sleep disturbances, which continued into the posthospitalization period. There were significant differences in the use of the defense mechanisms of regression and displacement, the extent of experiencing the injury as a narcisistic injury and in the indication of sexual dysfunction in the SBBP patients as compared to the control group. There were no differences in the amount of psychiatric treatment performed while the patients were in the hospital, although 68% of the SBBP group were referred for psychiatric treatment upon discharge as compared to 14% of the control group. Two case vignettes are presented to demonstrate some of the psychodynamics involved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The relationship among ethnic identity, psychological well-being, and intergroup competence: an investigation of two biracial groups.

This study examined the ethnic identification, psychological well-being, and intergroup competence of biracial individuals. Using a self-identification measure, the authors explored whether biracial individuals would identify with one, both, or none of their ethnic heritages and the implications of these orientations on psychological well-being and intergroup competence. Sixty-six Black/White and Asian/White individuals were included. Not differing between the 2 biracial groups, results revealed that participants were most likely to be biculturally identified, followed by minority identified and then nonidentified. Furthermore, psychological well-being and intergroup anxiety varied as a function of identity. Suggestions for future research with biracial identity are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Menstrual discomfort, psychological defenses, and feminine identification.

Theorists have suggested that menstrual complaints occur more frequently in women who have a weaker sense of feminine identification. To test this hypothesis 50 women were administered the Body Symptom Questionnaire and the Defense Mechanisms Inventory (DMI). The DMI scales have been linked to differences in sexual identification. Results affirmed a relationship between personality dynamics and the degree of menstrual discomfort experienced by women relative to their other body problems. As predicted, the higher the percentage of menstrual symptoms, the more likely it was that a woman made use of "masculine mode" externalizing defenses and the less apt she was to use "feminine mode" non-externalizing defenses. A composite index of the tendency to externalize hostility when faced with conflict was highly correlated with the percentage of menstrual complaints. The defense pattern findings suggest that a woman who has a strong acceptance of herself as a female will experience fewer of her somatic symptoms as menstrual.

Adult↗
PubMed1959

The intersexed patient.

There are at present two opposing points of view on problems of dealing with the intersexed patient (not the typical homosexual or transvestite) who has clearcut anatomical or biochemical qualities of the opposite sex. The first is that in the growing child or adult coming for treatment, the sex the patient should adopt is the summation of somatic sex. The other is that the sex role should be assigned according to the predominant psychological identification already present.A case history of a middle-aged pseudohermaphrodite, castrated in youth but raised from birth as a female and living thus in "homosexual" relations with women until examined and interviewed at UCLA Medical Center is presented to illustrate the psychological problems in sexual identity with which the patient had to cope. Psychiatric investigation revealed how confused the patient's sex identity was until treatment by a team consisting of psychiatrist, psychologist and endocrinologist permitted the patient, even at so late a date, finally to establish what his gender is. The patient was able, despite early rearing as a female and a castrating operation, to swing to a more masculine identification. This was possible because of some uncertainty of sexual role from an early age.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Adverse effects of acculturation: psychological distress among Mexican American young adults.

We examined the relationship between acculturation and psychological distress in young (20-30), middle aged (31-50), and older adult (51-74) Mexican Americans (n = 3084). The data were from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). Acculturation was measured with items on spoken and written language and ethnic identification. Psychological distress was measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We found that as acculturation increased, distress significantly increased in young adults but tended to decrease in older adults. This general pattern held for males and females and was consistent for the CES-D total score and caseness rates. The effects of acculturation were independent of the effects of income and education. We discuss that alienation and discrimination may be two intervening events producing the psychological distress of the highly acculturated young adults. Further, our findings tentatively suggest a longitudinal process whereby acculturated younger Mexican Americans attempting to advance themselves economically and socially in the dominant society strip themselves of traditional resources and ethnically-based social support. Through the years, however, they may re-establish ties to their native culture which contributes to relatively positive mental health.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2004

Work values among the unemployed: changes over time and some gender differences.

Work involvement (psychological identification with work in general) has generally been considered as a stable, dispositional characteristic, although some studies of unemployment have contradicted this view. Using longitudinal data from a Swedish representative sample (n= 888), this study examines employment status change (e.g. from work to unemployment) and work values development in a 15-month time period. Furthermore, the relationship between employment status change and well-being is explored, with a special focus on the roles played by work values and gender differences. Results indicated that work values are fairly stable over 15 months. As expected, the long-term unemployed (mostly active job seekers) had higher measures of work involvement after 15 months. Further, no gender difference was found with regard to work involvement but females were more likely to agree that there is an entitlement to work. Becoming unemployed was associated with negative health effects, but only among unemployed men.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The female chaplain's contributions to breast cancer management.

Maintains that a female chaplain's ministry to women breast cancer patients holds unique qualities because of the chaplain's ease of achieving physical and psychological identification with the mastectomy patient. Notes particularly how a female chaplain can provide a relationship for affirmation of self-esteem, confession, and repentance. Illustrates with actual cases ways the female chaplain can share in the feminine identity crisis, participate in the struggle to claim God-given dignity and worth, and be genuinely present for healing the resentment and guilt often accompanying the mastectomy patient's loss.

Chaplaincy Service, Hospital↗
PubMed2004

[Selected aspects of diagnosis and treatment of transsexualism in Poland].

Transsexualism is a form of sexual identity disorder. In this disorder sexual identification psychological level is inadequate to biological level. One man out of 30000 and one woman out of 100000 ones is transsexual. The etiology of transsexualism has not been known yet. The treatment is complex and a cooperation of the specialist team is necessary. An operation is a second step after the diagnosis of transsexualism (psychological, psychiatric and sexological), hormonal therapy end Real Life Test. Follow-up therapy with the psychologist and supportive therapeutic group is extremely important after the operation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1994

Preventing jailhouse suicides.

Psychiatric consultants to city and county jails are confronted with the challenge of preventing jailhouse suicides, a problem of national scope. Suicide prevention programs in jails must emphasize screening and identification, psychological support, observation, disarmament, clarity and consistency, and diagnosis, treatment, and/or hospitalization. Exactly how these principles are formulated and implemented will depend on the unique circumstances of each jail. Finally information is presented as evidence that a program that embodies these principles can effectively reduce the number of suicides in a jail where the average daily census has increased from fewer than 400 to greater than 900 in the past six years.

Facility Design and Construction↗