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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Immersion foot. A problem of the homeless in the 1990s.

The syndrome of immersion foot is being seen with increasing frequency among the homeless population. It represents the effects of injury by water absorption in the stratum corneum of the skin of the feet. The taxonomy of this disorder is confusing and the many colorful pseudonyms should probably be dropped in favor of a simple classification based on the temperature of the water and the duration of exposure. When uncomplicated by infection or ischemic injury, immersion foot will quickly resolve with conservative measures only. More complicated cases may require antibiotics and surgical treatment. This syndrome may be exacerbated by disturbances of cognition, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, or the use of tobacco or vasoconstrictor drugs such as cocaine. A major contributing factor seems to be lack of shelter in the homeless population. Attention to foot care problems among the homeless and education concerning preventive measures are incumbent on physicians who care for the indigent.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effect of a local cold stress on peripheral temperatures of Inuit, Oriental, and Caucasian subjects.

Male subjects comprised of six Inuit from Igloolik, N.W.T., and five Orientals and six Caucasians from Toronto, Ont., volunteered for tests to determine the effect of localized cold stress on peripheral temperatures. In each subject, skin temperatures of the right index finger, the arm, and the cheek, as well as blood pressure and heart rate, were measured before, during, and after foot immersion in water of 10 degrees C temperature for 10 min. There was an immediate decrease in finger temperature on foot immersion in all three subject groups; however, the Inuit finger temperatures recovered very quickly to control values, the Caucasian finger temperatures began to increase after decreasing for 7.5 min, and the Oriental finger temperatures decreased continuously during the foot immersion and remained cool even 10 min after the removal of the cold stimulus. The cold stimulus did not affect the cheek or arm temperatures of any of the groups. In all subjects, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates increased on foot immersion, gradually returning towards normal values. No intergroup differences were seen in these parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The cold pressor test: vascular and myocardial response patterns and their stability.

The purposes of the present study were to compare the cardiovascular response patterns evoked by three versions of the cold pressor test (either forehead stimulation or hand or foot immersion) and to determine the reproducibility of the responses over a 2-week interval. Blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and systolic time intervals were obtained during rest and during the cold pressor test in 42 young men. Across conditions, the pressor response was supported by peripheral resistance increases with concomitant stroke volume decreases. Although the response patterns were generally similar across sites, exceptions were apparent for heart rate. Forehead stimulation was characterized by no significant change in heart rate, whereas limb (hand or foot) immersion was associated with significant heart rate acceleration. The responses elicited by the three cold pressor test conditions were reliable and showed little evidence of attenuation over the test-retest interval.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Reflex cardiovascular responses to cold exposure of the face or foot.

Six subjects performed a breathholding maneuver during facial cooling and immersed their foot in cold water, without drugs and after the intravenous administration of propranolol plus atropine (P + A). Cardiac interval (INT), mean interval for longest consecutive 5 cycles (L5INT/5); systolic time intervals including electromechanical systole (EMS), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), pre-ejection period (PEP), and PEP/LVET; and systolic (SP) and diastolic pressures (DP) were monitored during supine rest, during apnea with a plastic bag of ice water on the face, and from 16-30th and 46-60th sec of 1-min periods of foot immersion in 4 degrees C water. P+A administration induced reduction in INT, L5INT/5, and LVET and increase in PEP, PEP/LVET, and DP. INT, L5INT/5, PEP, SP, and DP increased during facial cooling without drugs. Only the increases in INT and L5INT/5 were abolished by P+A and thus considered to result from reflexes mediated by vagal or sympathetic outflow to the heart. Reductions in INT, L5INT/5, EMS, PEP, and PEP/LVET at 16-30 sec of foot immersion without drugs were not observed after P+A; 46-60 sec responses neared resting values, however, with and without P+A. These results indicate an initial cardiac reflex response to foot immersion may be overpowered by the ventricular afterload and the foot immersion may be overpowered by the ventricular afterload and the baroreceptor response due to the increased arterial pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effects of cold exposure on blood pressure, heart rate and forearm blood flow in normotensives during selective and non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade.

Haemodynamic effects of a cold pressor test (foot immersion for 6 min in water at 5 degrees C) without medication and after the non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker propranolol and the selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker metoprolol were studied in 17 volunteers. In the control study as well as in the study with the beta-adrenoceptor blockers cold exposure caused comparable changes, namely a blood pressure rise and a reduction of forearm blood flow. The increase in heart rate during cold exposure was clearly and equally reduced by both beta-adrenoceptor blockers. Plasma noradrenaline rose significantly by 47%, plasma adrenaline did not change. It is concluded, that as to this kind of stress, beta 1-selective-adrenoceptor blockade confers no important advantage over non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade.

Adolescent↗