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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Active immunization against tetanus in man. II. Combined active and passive prophylaxis with human tetanus immune globulin.

19 Persons were actively immunized with adsorbed tetanus toxoid and were simultaneously given tetanus immune globulin of human origin, TIG(H), in doses of 500-1500 IU. Their antitoxin titres were followed for 1 year. Seven persons were given only TIG(H), 500 IU and 1500 IU and their antitoxin titres were followed for 3 months to 1 year. For comparison, 30 military recruits were actively immunized with adsorbed tetanus toxiod according to common practice. Their antitoxin titres were followed for 1 year. The response to complete active immunization could not be demonstrated to be impaired by passive immunization, when 500 IU or 1500 IU OF TIG(H) were given simultaneously with toxoid. The titres were in accordance with those achieved by active immunization of the recruits.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Nature of "memory" in T-cell mediated antibacterial immunity: cellular parameters that distinguish between the active immune response and a state of "memory".

Immunizing infection in mice with Listeria monocytogenes resulted in the generation of two distinct states of immunological reactivity. There was generated (i) a short-lived state of active immunity that functioned to urgently eliminate the infection organism from the tissues and (ii) a long-lives state of increased immunological potential that enabled the host to respond to seconday infection in an accelerated manner. Short-lived active immunity was mediated by replicating T cells and expressed by activated macrophages, and it ended when these cell types disappeared from the tissue soon after complete elimination of the parasite. Long-lived immunological protential was associated with a persistent level of delayed sensitivity and with the presence of a small number of nonreplicating protective T cells. It is suggested that the state of delayed sensitivity represents a state of immunological T-cell memory of the cell-mediated type.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Immunity against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection by means of active immunization using homologous neuraminidase (author's transl)].

Neuraminidase may play a role as a pathogenic factor in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection. The protective effect of active immunization with purified neuraminidase was therefore tested in an infection experiment in white mice. Mice were immunized 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 times i.p. with Erysipelothrix neuraminidase. A control group received 10 injections with physiological saline. The infective dose varied between 7 and 7 x 10(7) cells. While all control animals infected with 7 x 10(1) germs died, the lethal effect could be reduced to 50% and 25% in animals immunized twice and 4 times, respectively. Only animals immunized 8 and 10 times were still partly protected against germ numbers of 10(3)-10(4). Germ numbers of 10(5) and more were almost always fatal even in highly immunized animals. Even a high immunization with neuraminidase could only lower the lethal by a maximum factor of 10(4) germs used.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effects of passive immunization with tumor-specific antiserum on the active immune response of mice to sublines of leukemia L1210.

In vivo, tumor cell killing was monitored with 131I-IUdR-labeled tumor cells and whole-body measurement of retained radioactivity. Treatment with antiserum in quantities that were not sufficient to kill the total leukemia cell inoculum (i.e., antigen excess) caused an immunopotentiation of the active immune responses; this was manifested by an accelerated rate of tumor cell killing beginning between days 10 and 11. The results obtained in vivo were confirmed by in vitro quantitation; both the cytotoxic antibody and cell-mediated immune responses were potentiated by the injection of antiserum. Immunosuppression was also observed in passively immunized mice. Whether potentiation or suppression occurred was dependent on the relative amounts of antiserum and leukemic cells injected and the innate immunogenicity (and/or antigenicity) of the leukemic cells; antibody excess and high immunogenicity favored suppression.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Immunity in syphilis. Studies in active immunity.

Support for the concept of the development of immunity during the course of syphilis is avaiable in the literature. In experimental syphilis in rabbits, some immunity is present approximately 3 weeks after infection with Treponema pallidum. Resistance to re-infection increases to a maximum at approximately 3 months after infection. Termination of this state by penicillin treatment within this 3-month period may enable re-infection to be accomplished. Attempts to reproduce this state of immunity experimentally by injection of T. pallidum itself, or protein derivatives, or ultrasonic disintegrates obtained from T. pallidum or non-pathogenic treponemes, have been unsuccessful. However, promising results in rabbits have resulted from injecting T. pallidum suspensions attenuated by storage at 4 degrees C, penicillin, or gamma irradiation, and also by suspensions preserved by glutaraldehyde. In the present study, partial resistance to intratesticular challenge in rabbits with T. pallidum has been obtained by immunization with a variety of non-pathogenic treponemes, as exemplified by the strains Nichols, Kazan 2, 4, 5, and 8, Treponema minutum, Treponema ambigua, Treponema refringens and Treponema microdentium. Success is attributed to the processing of immunizing antigens at 4 degrees C and storage until use at -20 degrees C. Attempts to attenuate T. pallidum by immunological means, namely, passage through a limited number of immunized rabbits, were unsuccessful.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Active immunization against tetanus in guinea-pigs. An attempt to evaluate "rapid immunization" with tetanus vaccine.

The effect of 3 schedules for tetanus vaccination on the immunity developed by guinea-pigs was investigated, using 1.5 Lf adsorbed tetanus toxoid injected subcutaneously. The following injection schedules were used: a) 5 injections: initially and after 3, 7, 10, and 13 days; b) 3 injections:: initially and after 2 and 4 weeks; c) 2 injections: initially and after 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks and the titres of tetanus antitoxin were recorded. No significant difference in the titres was observed within 2 weeks. Immunity was also tested by challenge with different amounts of tetanus toxin after 1 week, 10 days, 2, 3, and 8 weeks. A tendency to a higher immunity with schedule a) was observed after 10 days to 2 weeks; thereafter no acceleration of immunity could be shown. The results indicate that frequent injections over a short period of time do not establish rapid immunity against tetanus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Active immunization against the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in mice. The immunizing inoculum.

In the immunization procedure of Swiss and C3H/StZ mice against P. berghei the inoculum plays an important role. Only viable parasites are able to induce immunity when multiple inoculations (10(5) P.E. per mouse) or a single inoculation (1-4 X 10(7) P.E. per mouse) are administered. The inoculated parasitized erythrocytes should enter the vascular system. The subcutaneous route is inappropriate, since subsequent immune reactions are notably absent. In combination with a given suppressive regimen successful immunization depends on an optimum number of viable P.E. in the inoculum. All conditions that affect the proportion of viable parasites in the inoculum (route, storage, medium, temperature, donor) should be recognized and controlled. The actual immunizing capacity of the inoculum also depends on the magnitude and time of initiation of sulfathiazole treatment after inoculation. Suppressive treatment (300 mg/L) starting 2 days after inoculation was found optimal in order to render the procedure less sensitive to small differences in the number of P.E. inoculated. Conditions which lead to antimalarial immunity are apparently strain-specific.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Hog cholera: active immunity conferred by the Chinese strain vaccine to young pigs born to immune sows].

This paper deals with the comparative development of active immunity in young pigs which were born from unvaccinated sows and from recently vaccinated sows. The development of immunity is expressed by the neutralizing serum antibody titer and protection against a pathogenic virus. The results show that: --the post-vaccinal increase in antibodies is inversely proportional to the titer of passive antibodies at the time of vaccination, --protection at the end of economic life depends on the antibody titer at the time of the challenge, --young pigs born from a mother which is not immune can be vaccinated starting at the age of 7 days, --the percentage of protection at the end of economic life of vaccinated baby pigs with colostral antibodies ranges from 50% when the vaccination was carried out at the age of 7 days to 100% when the vaccination occurs at the age of 2 months.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2026

Maternal immune activation perturbs the brain epitranscriptome.

Maternal immune activation (MIA) results in abnormal fetal neurodevelopment and an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Altered RNA translation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of MIA-associated neurodevelopmental deficits, but more precise mechanisms underlying disruption in RNA metabolism are lacking. Here, we characterize key components of the RNA epitranscriptomic machinery, which refers to the set of reversible chemical modifications on RNA molecules that influence RNA function, including translation, stability, splicing, and localization. Using spatial transcriptomics, we define cell type- and brain region-specific distribution of epitranscriptome regulators in the developing mouse brain. We also use direct RNA sequencing to define how MIA changes the brain epitranscriptome landscape. We identify the demethylase FTO as being notably perturbed in the context of MIA. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we target FTO to ameliorate behavioral phenotypes in MIA offspring. In total, this work expands upon mechanisms of translational misregulation in MIA and identifies new targets for therapeutic manipulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effects of passive antibodies to egg albumin on active immunity in lambs to Brucella abortus and egg albumin.

The long-term effects of colostrum on active immunity to two unrelated antigens are described. Lambs were fed with pooled colostrum--to equalise passive immunity--with or without added antibodies to egg albumin (Ea). There were significant breed differences in the response both to Brucella abortus measured at one month of age, and to Ea, measured at three months of age, although there was no significant correlation between the responses to the two antigens, either within or between breeds. Surprisingly, whereas antibodies to Ea caused a four-fold reduction in antibody production to B abortus, they did not affect the overall mean response to Ea. But the timing of the response to Ea was significantly affected, suggesting that the low persisting concentrations of antibody had caused qualitative changes in the response.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Passive and active immunization against feline enteritis and rhinotracheitis in experimental cats (author's transl)].

The results of passive and active immunization against feline rhinotracheitis with regard to mortality and morbidity were studied in 335 cats. Passive immunization reduced mortality from pneumonia from 5 per cent to 1 per cent. Vaccination against rhinotracheitis also reduced mortality from pneumonia from 5.3 per cent to 0 per cent and markedly reduced morbidity of these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Passive-active immunity from hepatitis B immune globulin. Reanalysis of a Veterans Administration cooperative study of needle-stick hepatitis. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group.

The mechanism of action of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and immune serum globulin was sought in a reanalysis of a Veterans Administration cooperative study on needle-stick exposure to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood. Sera from 296 exposed persons were tested for HBsAg, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by radioimmunoassay. Type B hepatitis developed in three HBIG (2%) and in 12 ISG (8%) recipients. In contrast, subclinical infection (development of HBsAg or anti-HBs and anti-HBc without symptoms or jaundice) developed in 16 HBIG (10%) but only six immune serum globulin (4%) recipients. Thus, infection occurred equally in both groups but was more likely to be subclinical in HBIG recipients, indicating that HBIG permitted development of passive-active immunity to type B hepatitis. An additional 53 immune serum globulin recipients (36%) but only one HBIG recipient developed anti-HBs alone, without hepatitis, HBsAg, or anti-HBc. This response was more compatible with immunization by HBsAg than with infection. Ultracentrifugation analysis revealed occult HBsAg in the immune serum globulin but not the HBIG, indicating that some immune serum globulin preparations contain HBsAg and can induce active immunity to type B hepatitis.

Hepatitis B↗
PubMed1976

The effect of active immunity against placental proteins on pregnancy in monkeys.

Squirrel monkeys were actively immunized against human placental lactogen (HPL) and/or an extract of human placental tissue, or squirrel monkey placenta. Only half of the monkeys immunized with HPL developed a detectable antibody titer to HPL prior to the subsequent mating season. During the subsequent breeding season, the pregnancy rate was cut in half. The titer developed against HPL did not seem to be related to their ability to become pregnant. When the group of animals which had previously been immunized with HPL were challenged with extracts of human placenta, all animals developed detectable circulating antibody. There was no increase in the effectiveness of this immunization as compared to HPL in pregnancy prevention, however. A third group of monkeys were immunized with extracts from their own placental extracts, and all developed some degree of antibody. The titer obtained did not seem to be related to whether or not they became pregnant. In this group, however, the pregnancy rate was decreased to one fourth of what it had been before immunization.

Animals↗