Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: rotavirus and cholera immunization.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Bangladesh↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Immunization--beneficial effects”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Integrated management of childhood illness: a summary of first experiences.
The strategy of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) aims to reduce child mortality and morbidity in developing countries by combining improved management of common childhood illnesses with proper nutrition and immunization. The strategy includes interventions to improve the skills of health workers, the health system, and family and community practices. This article describes the experience of the first countries to adopt and implement the IMCI interventions, the clinical guidelines dealing with the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children, and the training package on these guidelines for health workers in first-level health facilities. The most relevant lessons learned and how these lessons have served as a basis for developing a broader IMCI strategy are described.
Child↗
Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae as an addition to chemotherapy for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis under difficult conditions in Africa.
A study to assess the impact of immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae on the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted under existing conditions in Kano, a large city in Northern Nigeria. Whilst it did not quite meet all the criteria of a well-controlled randomized or double-blind trial, the study produced results suggestive of a successful intervention. Immunotherapy with M. vaccae had a beneficial influence on clinical recovery and survival, whether given after 1, 2 or 3 weeks of chemotherapy, according to an assessment made 10-14 months after treatment. Approximately 3 weeks (19.8 days) after the onset of chemotherapy (SHRZ), 73% of the patients who received immunotherapy and 19% of those who received placebo (chemotherapy alone) had become sputum negative by microscopy for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Similarly, a mean fall in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 25.4 +/- 2.50 mm and 4.0 +/- 2.29 mm was observed in the immunotherapy and placebo recipients respectively, at the same time of assessment. When weight was assessed in the two groups, it was observed that 3 weeks after starting chemotherapy, the recipients of immunotherapy had a mean weight gain of 2.90 +/- 0.24 kg whilst placebo recipients had a mean weight gain of only 0.55 +/- 0.17 kg. These parameters were re-evaluated, 10-14 months later. They showed that 11% of the recipients of the active intervention and 84.6% of placebo recipients still had demonstrable AFB in their sputum. The mean weight gain had increased to 7.91 +/- 1.03 kg and 2.04 +/- 0.94 kg in the immunotherapy and placebo recipients respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Complications of diphtheria seen during the 1978 outbreak in Khartoum.
Twenty-nine cases of complicated diphtheria infection occurring during an epidemic in Khartoum are reviewed. The organism was a Corynebacterium diphtheriae subsp. gravis with an unusual property of fermenting sucrose. Eighteen patients were detected during prospective follow-up, where as 11 presented initially with a complication. Complications were mostly seen among pre-school children (65.5%). A routine immunization course had been completed in only two of the patients. Neurological complications were the commonest, lasting for more than two weeks, and five of the six deaths were due to cardiovascular complications.
Child↗
Benefits and risks of childhood immunisations in developing countries.
The ratio of benefit to harm from an imaginary, modest immunisation programme in a developing country and the numbers of lives likely to be saved and severe handicaps prevented have been estimated. Immunisation is much more likely to benefit children than to harm them, and health workers can be confidently encouraged not to withhold the benefits of immunisation from most children.
Child↗
Immunization coverage and infant mortality rate in developing countries.
We examined whether immunization coverage (IMC) is one of the predictors of infant mortality rate (IMR), as a single indicator representing the availability of primary health care (PHC) services in developing countries. Multiple regression analysis showed that partial correlation coefficients for IMR with immunization coverage (-0.224), logarithm of per capita GNP (-0.294), total fertility rate (0.269), and adult literacy rate (-0.325) were all statistically significant (p < 0.001) in 97 developing countries which make up more than 97% of the population in all the developing countries of the world. Multiple correlation coefficients of IMR with these four variables in 97 countries was 0.921. Thus, more than 80% of variation of IMR in developing countries were explained by the variation of the four variables. The study also showed that IMC was well correlated (simple correlation) with the four indicators of the availability of primary health care services; access to local care (0.730), care of pregnant women (0.603), delivery care (0.666), and infant care (0.553), all of which were statistically significant (p < 0.001) in the 48 developing countries which make up 42% of the population of all developing countries. Multiple correlation coefficients of these four variables was 0.787. About 60% of the variation of IMC will be explained by the variation of the four variables. Thus we conclude that immunization coverage is one of the main predictors of the infant mortality rate. It represents one of the health intervention components which can be used as a proxy indicator of the availability of PHC service in developing countries.
Adult↗
Measles mortality in India: a review of community based studies.
This paper reviews the measles Case Fatality Ratios (CFRs) reported in the community based studies from India. Measles mortality varied considerably in outbreaks, prospective and retrospective studies. A median CFR of 2.5 per cent (0.2-3.7), 0.1 per cent (0-2.2) and 3.7 per cent (0-23.9) was recorded in prospective, retrospective and outbreak studies respectively. The retrospective studies seem to underestimate the measles mortality in Indian setting. Most of the outbreaks recording CFRs equal to or less than the median, 3.7 per cent, occurred in the areas where health care facilities were available for treatment of measles associated complications. Virtually in all studies, the age specific CFRs wherever recorded, were found to be the highest among infants and thereafter the ratios declined progressively. Although suggestive of, the studies did not provide sufficient data to establish an association between malnourishment and the risk of dying from measles. Measles mortality was not consistently high in any particular sex. The study makes a strong case for measles immunization at the earliest recommended age and the provision of better health services as the important public health measures for reducing the measles CFRs.
Age Factors↗