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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Molecular biology and Pauling's immunochemistry: a neglected dimension.

This paper argues that there is a substantial overlap between the history of immunology and the history of molecular biology, an overlap manifested in the researches on antibodies during the 1930s and 1940s. This common ground is a product of intellectual developments, as well as institutional trends. Viewed from an intellectual vantage point of the 1930s and 1940s, molecular biology was essentially the study of the biological specificities of the so-called 'giant protein molecules'. Within the conceptual framework of early molecular biology, which was rooted in the protein view of life, the concepts of protein template, autocatalysis, and heterocatalysis were central in explaining the protein syntheses of genes, viruses, enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. Immunochemistry and serological genetics were at the heart of that research agenda. This paper also shows that the immunochemistry program of Linus Pauling, which focused on molecular mechanisms of antibody structure and function, and the projects in serological genetics at Caltech's biology division were supported by the Rockefeller Foundation under the aegis of its molecular biology program. Based on the close examination of intellectual and institutional factors, the histories of molecular biology and immunology in the pre-DNA era are seen as closely linked.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1989

Immunochemistry of DNA.

Since the first reports of anti-DNA antibodies in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 1957, studies of nucleic acid immunochemistry have grown in two directions. One has been the analysis of the specificity, the nature and the origins of these autoantibodies. The second has been exploration of anti-nucleic acid antibodies that can be induced experimentally, their specificities, and their application as biochemical reagents. Although the properties of autoantibodies and experimentally induced antibodies differ in certain respects, these two lines of research are complementary and provide important information for each other. For example, the production of autoantibodies by adjuvant-stimulated B cells yields a background that has to be considered in evaluating the specificity of weak responses to experimental nucleic acid immunogens: in turn, the possibilities and limitations of experimental immunization should be considered in evaluating possible stimuli for autoantibody production. Several aspects of nucleic acid immunochemistry have been described and evaluated in previous reviews. Following some general statements of historical perspective, this review will emphasize questions addressed and findings of about the last five years.

Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
PubMed1990

Recent progress in mite allergen immunochemistry.

The successful purification of several mite allergens within the last few years has considerably enhanced our understanding of mite allergen immunochemistry. The role of these glycoproteins in stimulating human IgE ab and their role as immunogens in mice and rabbits has been studied extensively in a number of laboratories worldwide. In particular, purified allergens have facilitated the production of murine IgG Mabs that have been used to purify mite allergens by affinity chromatography; to investigate the diversity of antigenic sites on purified allergens; and to develop Mab based immunoassays for measuring allergen concentrations in dust samples and extracts. Full amino acid sequencing of several mite allergens is now in progress together with efforts to identify antigenically important peptide fragments. Such investigations are aimed to further increase our knowledge of humoral and cellular immune responses at the molecular level. For years, pollen counts have been used to judge airborne pollen allergen levels and to predict, in turn, the severity of symptom days for patients with hay fever. In contrast, simple methods for measuring dust allergens (e.g., mite allergen) have not been available. The development of Mab immunoassays, which can be converted from radiolabeled to enzyme labeled or fluorescence labeled assays, should provide rapid and quantitative measurements of specific mite allergen levels in house dust. Not only can such measurements provide useful clinical information in judging the exposure of patients to mite allergen, but the effectiveness of allergen avoidance regimes can be monitored objectively. By measuring the concentration of specific allergens in extracts, these assays could significantly improve efforts to standardize extracts used for diagnosis and treatment.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The immunochemistry of sandwich ELISAs--V. The capture antibody performance of polyclonal antibody-enriched fractions prepared by various methods.

Studies compare the performance of antibody-enriched serum fractions prepared by various methods, when adsorbed on polystyrene microtiter wells as capture antibodies (CAbs) and tested against multivalent antigens. The criteria of performance in the RIA used included antigen capture capacity (AgCC) and the nmol of functional capture sites per microtiter well (CAbt). Affinity purified polyclonal (pAb) and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were employed as reference CAbs. AgCC was highest for enriched fractions prepared using caprylic acid and a high-pressure SpG affinity column. The performance of capture antibodies is expressed by an equation which was empirically derived and experimentally tested; CAbt x AgCC/ng adsorbed IgG. In terms of this parameter, CAb-enriched fractions prepared with caprylic acid performed best. The data reported also provide insight into solid-phase ligand immunochemistry. Adsorbed polyclonal CAb performed with remarkable homogeneity in percent bound and in Scatchard plots. Values obtained for CAbt from Steward-Petty plots were directly correlated with the length of the LBR of log-log percent bound plots but indicated that less than 10% of the potential capture sites of polyclonal CAbs remained functional after adsorption; mAb showed a more serious loss of activity. The loss of CAbt was a general phenomenon for all preparations tested although relative to their antibody content, certain antibody-enriched fractions retained a higher proportion of CAbt than their affinity-purified counterparts. Comparative studies in which the activity of adsorbed mAb and pAb was compared to the same antibodies immobilized by a non-adsorptive procedure, indicated that adsorbed CAbs also express lower affinity. The studies we report offer a single parameter criterium for comparatively evaluating CAb performance while simultaneously revealing the need to develop immobilization procedures that can preserve CAbt and antibody affinity so that immunoassays with wide dynamic ranges and high AgCC can be developed without waste of antibody.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1984

Circulating immune complexes: their immunochemistry, biology, and detection in selected dermatologic and systemic diseases.

Circulating immune complexes (CICs) are a heterogeneous group of immunoreactants formed by the noncovalent union of antigen and antibody. Many factors influence the formation, immunochemistry, biology, and clearance of these soluble reactants. The recent development of sensitive assays for the detection of CICs and the capability to assess immune complex (IC) clearance mechanisms in humans in vivo have expanded our understanding of these mediators. CICs influence both the afferent and efferent limbs of the immune response and can mediate tissue damage in certain pathologic states. ICs probably play an important role in the pathogenesis of serum sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis. Recent investigations have raised the possibility that CICs may be of significance in other types of vasculitis as well. In other instances, ICs may form in response to tissue injury and subsequently modify the immune response of the host. A review of this material with special emphasis on diseases of relevance to dermatologists is presented.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The chemistry and immunochemistry of blood group A, B, H, and Lewis antigens: past, present and future.

This article traces reseach on the chemistry and immunochemistry of blood group A, B, H, and Lewis antigens from early work on the identification of soluble sources of these antigens, through the elucidation of the structures of the carbohydrate epitopes responsible for these specificities, to recent work on exploring their possible use as cancer vaccines. The various approaches used in the isolation of oligosaccharides from mucins for use in structural studies are discussed, as are recent efforts in the chemical systhesis of blood group-active oligosaccharides.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1988

Immunochemistry of the outer retina.

The immunochemistry of the outer retina is discussed with particular reference to photoreceptor cells, the retinal pigment epithelium and the interphotoreceptor space. The antigens identified and the techniques utilised are summarised.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods as tools for a polyvalent approach to standardization in the immunochemistry of Candida albicans.

Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis allows a polyvalent approach to immuno-chemical problems, i.e., identification, quantitation, and thereby standardization of antigens and antibodies in complex mixtures, for example as in crude extracts of microorganisms and their corresponding antisera. This approach is a short cut to conventional standardization of single purified substances, since the polyvalent approach gives a precise quantitative impression as described in this investigation and therefore enables the immunochemist to precisely select the right substance(s) to be purified for further standardization and characterization. To secure the precision of the results, in complex systems it is a sine qua non to select a complex antibody standard, a complex antigen standard, and to describe the complex standard precipitate pattern which again allows a quantitative study of the reproducibility of methods and procedures. The present article describes how such a standardization was approached in this laboratory within the field of Candida albicans immunochemistry. By means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis, 78 water-soluble antigens were demonstrated and enumerated in an antigen standard prepared from one strain of C. albicans A (B 311 Hasenclever). The antibody standard consisted of purified and concentrated rabbit antibodies. The migration velocity of each antigen was indicated in relation to purified human albumin. Not all precipitates could be seen in one immunoplate; therefore a standardized procedure was worked out showing reproducibly 54 precipitates. The reproducibility of quantitation by the crossed-immunoelectrophoresis procedure was determined for each of 30 antigens by repeated measurements; the relative standard deviations ranged from 2.4 to 15.4% and were below 10% for 24 antigens. A simple standardized antigen production procedure was described in great detail, and by quantitative determinations on 30 antigens the procedure was found to be satisfactorily reproducible. By means of crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis in the modification called absorption of antibodies in situ, it was found that strain B 311 contained no specific antigens in comparison to eight other strains of C. albicans. Thirty antigens were quantitated in antigen preparations made by the standardized procedure from the eight strains, and each antigen concentration was expressed as a percentage of the antigen standard. For each antigen a significant inter-strain variation was observed. Of 30 antigens, fifteen were satisfactorily stable after storage at -20 C for 1(1/2) years. The laboratory methods and procedures described in this article thus work with high precision and allow a rapid collection of quantitative data concerning many individual antigens and their corresponding antibodies without purification of antigens. A new complex antigen standard can be made with satisfactory precision from strain B 311. The production of a similar complex antibody standard is a major problem; therefore the main problem in the intra-laboratory standardization seems to be the change from one complex standard to another. In inter-laboratory standardization on the complex level, there seems to be a minimum demand that the first laboratory distributes the antibody standard and that other laboratories use the methods and procedures of the first laboratory.

Animals↗
PubMed1961

Immunochemistry of pneumococcal types II, V, and VI. II. Inhibition tests in the type VI precipitating system.

Rebers, Paul A. (Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J.), Esther Hurwitz, and Michael Heidelberger. Immunochemistry of pneumococcal types II, V, and VI. II. Inhibition tests in the type VI precipitating system. J. Bacteriol. 82:920-926. 1961.-As in other immune systems involving polysaccharides, rabbit antibodies but not those engendered in the horse were found sensitive to degradation of type VI pneumococcal (Pn) polysaccharide (SVI), and were readily inhibited by fragments of SVI. Large amounts, 30 to 111 mumoles, of most sugars gave up to 15% inhibition, while sugar and polyol phosphates inhibited as much as 25%, with little relation to their presence or absence in SVI. The phosphate-free repeating unit of SVI was a good inhibitor, its phosphate monoester was better, and the "trimer" still better. The "trimer" precipitated most of the antibodies from horse anti-Pn VI.Although inhibition of precipitation of SVI anti-Pn horse sera could not be demonstrated with fragments of SVI, cross-reactions of antibodies in the horse sera could be inhibited. Precipitation of SII was inhibited by low concentrations of l-rhamnose, while even high concentrations of the other sugar components of SII and SVI were ineffective. Precipitation by guar gum was inhibited by galactose and alpha- and beta-methyl-galactopyranosides, also by rhamnose, although guar gum does not contain this sugar, while SVI, the antigenic determinant, does.

Animals↗
PubMed1962

Immunochemistry of the pneumococcal types II, V, and VI. III. Tests with derivatives of the specific polysaccharides of types II and VI.

Rebers, P. A. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N. J.), E. Hurwitz, M. Heidelberger, and S. Estrada-Parra. Immunochemistry of the pneumococcal types II, V, and VI. III. Tests with derivatives of the specific polysaccharides of types II and VI. J. Bacteriol. 83:335-342. 1962.-The type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharides, S II and S VI, were oxidized with periodate, and the capacity of the derivatives for precipitation by antibodies and adsorption by erythrocytes was studied. The derivatives were further modified by reduction, oxidation, and condensation with urea. Oxidation of S VI with periodate reduced its precipitation of homologous antibodies much less than did similar treatment of S II. About one-half of the components are attacked in both cases, but in S II, glucuronic acid end groups, the chief determinants of specificity, are destroyed by periodate, whereas in S VI, the structures responsible for specificity are either less affected or yield derivatives with almost as much affinity for antibody as the original polysaccharide. S II and S VI are not adsorbed by washed rabbit or human erythrocytes, but their periodate-oxidized derivatives are readily taken up, presumably owing to their newly formed reactive aldehyde groups, giving high titers in passive hemagglutination. The method should be applicable to other polysaccharides which do not adsorb readily on red cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Application of the membrane filter technique to bromodeoxyuridine immunochemistry for exfoliative cytology.

The membrane filter technique for smear specimens of tumors in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunochemistry is described. The staining results of Raji cells processed using the filter technique was compared with that obtained by the conventional cytospin method. Although the BrdU mean labeling index (LI) for in cytospin specimens was almost the same as the LI in membrane filter specimens, filter specimens showed excellent staining and less cell destruction compared with those processed by cytospin. Small amounts of tumor specimens such as squamous cell carcinoma and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma also were processed using the membrane filter appliance. For squamous cell carcinoma, the LI for the filter specimens was 5.36+/-0.38 and that of the paraffin sections was 5.56+/-0.38. The membrane filter technique provided relatively undamaged specimens for exfoliative cytology and will be useful for immunohistochemical evaluation of tumor cells and for routine, noninvasive cytological screening.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

[Chemistry and immunochemistry analysis of the soluble antigens of newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis].

The soluble antigens of newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis were characterized in terms of molecular weight of protein, glycoprotein and lipoprotein contents, and immunochemistry. After the antigens were separated with SDS-PAGE and then followed by ultrasensitive silver staining, at least 40 bands of proteins were noted. Correspondingly, 28 bands of glycoproteins and 9 bands of lipoproteins were revealed as the similar gels were stained by the hypersensitive periodic acid silver and Nile's blue staining respectively. Six specific bands were recognized using polyclonal antibodies in the serum of rabbits immunized with antigens of newborn larvae by immunoblotting. All of them are glycoproteins. The components of the antigens with molecular weight (MW) 41.5 kd, 40 kd, 29.5 kd, 25 kd, 11 kd and 18 kd were found to be species specific and newborn larva stage-specific target antigen relevantly.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The measurement of p30 level in the normal human seminal plasma by the Beckman immunochemistry system using anti-30 serum].

This paper is the first report about the measurement of p30 level in the normal human seminal plasma by the Beckman immunochemistry system (ICS) using anti-p30 serum. The p30 levels of 108 samples of normal human seminal plasma were measured. The range of p30 level was 0.2996-4.3913 mg/ml. The square root transformation statistical analysis indicated that the coefficient of skewness was 0.0237 the coefficient of kurtosis was -0.8854, the p30 level in normal human seminal plasma fitted the square root normal distribution, the mean was 1.6236 mg/ml and the standard deviation was 0.1641 mg/ml.

Humans↗