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Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis treatment completion. Bloch re: Bayer et al.
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Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis treatment completion. Jereb et al. re: Bayer et al.
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Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis treatment completion. Novick and Lipsman re: Bayer et al.
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Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis treatment completion. Frieden re: Bayer et al.
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THE TOXICITY OF CARBAMATES TO ADULT ANOPHELES STEPHENSI.
Experiments to evaluate the residual contact toxicity of five carbamates to adult Anopheles stephensi have shown that four of the compounds (Hercules 7522, UC 10854, Bayer 39007 and RE-5305) were effective as contact insecticides for at least three months when applied as wettable powders on plywood at a dosage of 1 g/m(2). They were rapidly sorbed, however, on dried mud bricks stored at 25 degrees C and 50%-55% relative humidity, and were unstable on fresh limewash. The authors conclude that, although these compounds show promise as residual insecticides, their residual properties may be expected to vary according to the properties of the building materials to which they are applied. A fifth carbamate, Sevin, was much less effective as a contact insecticide.
Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia re-induction therapy using three different asparaginase preparations.
UNLABELLED: Recently we reported the influence of two different Escherichia coli asparaginase (ASP) preparations on fibrinolytic proteins in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) demonstrating a significant association between ASP activity and haemostatic alterations. The present study was designed for prospective evaluation of coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in leukaemic children receiving different ASP preparations during the course of re-induction. Forty leukaemic children receiving ASP (Medac: n = 13; Bayer: n = 10; Erwinia: n = 17) at 3-day intervals during re-induction were enrolled in this study. Blood samples for coagulation studies were obtained before each ASP administration together with serum samples for pharmacokinetic monitoring. Compared with Medac ASP 10,000 IU/m2, patients receiving Bayer ASP or Erwinia ASP showed significantly higher fibrinogen values. Antithrombin and plasminogen showed normal values in children after Erwinia ASP. Alpha2-antiplasmin and D-Dimer were no different in the groups studied. Neither side-effects, nor sustained asparagine depletion was observed in the majority of children treated with Erwinia ASP. CONCLUSION: Data of this study show a down-regulation of coagulation proteins in children treated with Medac ASP, less pronounced in patients after Bayer or Erwinia ASP. Since children treated with Erwinia ASP showed no adequate asparagine depletion during the course of ASP therapy, a dose adjustment should be discussed to guarantee asparagine depletion, the specific metabolic therapy for ALL.
Bonding of composite resin to contaminated human enamel and dentin.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strengths of a bonding agent and composite resin system to human enamel and dentin treated with five contaminants (saliva, plasma, zinc oxide-eugenol cement, noneugenol zinc oxide cement, and handpiece lubricant) using air, moisture, and water as controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A commercial bonding agent (Gluma 2000; Bayer AG, Dormagen, Germany) and its composite (Pekafill; Bayer AG) were applied to tooth structure under two conditions (contaminated and re-etched). Samples were debonded in tension after 24 hours using an inverted, truncated cone bond test. RESULTS: Among the controls, the highest bond strengths were obtained to enamel (20 MPa) and dentin (12 MPa) with air drying. Contaminants lowered the bond strength by 20% to 100%. Re-etching without additional mechanical preparation resulted in bond strengths similar to the air control. CONCLUSIONS: Bond strength of Gluma 2000/Pekafill to tooth structure is sensitive to common forms of contamination but can be improved by re-etching after contamination occurs.
Elevated results in a vitamin B12 assay when using serum separator blood collection tubes.
BACKGROUND: In the light of apparently spurious serum vitamin B(12) results in some patients, the effect of serum separator sample tubes on serum vitamin B(12) values, assayed by the Bayer Centaur analyser, was examined. METHOD: Results of parallel assays of serum vitamin B(12) in plain (non-gel) serum tubes and serum separator gel tubes were compared. Serum in previously centrifuged gel tubes was mixed in the tube and the effect of that mixing on assay results quantitated. A limited investigation of the effect of tube cap type was also carried out. RESULTS: Serum vitamin B(12) concentration was 54% higher in samples taken into serum separator tubes after re-mixing the serum in the original tube. This effect could be abolished by re-centrifugation. CONCLUSIONS: Use of serum separator tubes may be associated with spuriously elevated serum vitamin B(12) concentrations in the Bayer Centaur assay. Laboratories receiving samples for vitamin B(12) assay in serum separator tubes that have already been centrifuged should either re-centrifuge the tubes, or aliquot and re-centrifuge serum from the tubes prior to vitamin B(12) assay.
Serum levels of HER2 ECD can determine the response rate to low dose oral cyclophosphamide and methotrexate in patients with advanced stage breast carcinoma.
BACKGROUND: The proto-oncogene HER2/neu encodes for a transmembrane receptor protein whose overexpression in breast cancer may be associated with poor prognosis. Its extracellular domain (HER2 ECD) can be shed into the circulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of HER2 ECD in patients with advanced breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: HER2 ECD was determined in 39 patients with advanced breast cancer, treated with oral cyclophosphamide and methotrexate (CM) at low doses. HER2 ECD levels were determined with the Bayer Immuno 1 HER2/neu assay before and after 2 months of chemotherapy, when all the patients were re-evaluated. RESULTS: Based on the response to chemotherapy, the patients were divided into two groups: progressive disease (PD, 14 patients) and patients with clinical benefit (CB; i.e. patients with stable or responsive disease, 25 patients). The patients with PD had a mean baseline value of HER2 ECD of 38.3+/-69.2 ng/ml, while the group of CB showed lower levels (9.2+/-2.3 ng/ml, p<0.05). After 2 months, the mean value of HER2 ECD in the PD group increased to 71.6+/-146 ng/ml, while in the other group the levels did not change (9.7+/-2.4 ng/ml). At follow-up, significant differences were noted in both the time to progression and overall survival, with patients with increased levels of HER2 ECD at baseline (> or = 15 ng/ml) showing a worse clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Increased pretreatment levels of HER2 ECD identify a subset of patients with more aggressive tumors and less response to CM chemotherapy. During therapy, increasing levels of HER2 ECD are associated with disease progression.
Re: Clinical assessment of a radioimmunoassay for free thyroxine using a modified tracer.
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Evaluation of KO-Tab 1-2-3: a wash-resistant 'dip-it-yourself' insecticide formulation for long-lasting treatment of mosquito nets.
INTRODUCTION: Insecticide-treated nets (ITN) are an important method of preventing malaria. To remain effective, they need to be re-treated with pyrethroid insecticide at approximately yearly intervals. Systems for re-treating nets in Africa are limited, and the vast majority of nets in use have never been treated or were treated only once. Bayer Environmental Science (BES) has developed a long-lasting formulation 'KO-Tab 1-2-3' which can be applied to the net post-manufacture, under field conditions, and renders the insecticide wash-resistant. METHODS: The performance of polyester nets treated with three kinds of BES long-lasting formulations, a conventional ITN (treated with standard KO-Tab) and PermaNet 2.0 were evaluated after washing samples of treated netting up to 30 times using standard WHO procedures. Performance was measured using 'three-minute exposure' and 'median time to knockdown' bioassay tests and by measuring the levels of deltamethrin using high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The conventional ITN was largely stripped of deltamethrin within 5-10 washes and insecticidal efficacy in bioassay declined to suboptimal levels. With PermaNet and KO-Tab 1-2-3 the loss of deltamethrin was much slower: insecticide content halved within 20 washes and there was no loss of biological efficacy in three-minute exposure bioassays in WHO cylinders even after 30 washes. After 30 washes there remained on the netting 16% (4.4 mg/m2) of the loading dose of KO-Tab 1-2-3 and 28% (18.8 mg/m2) of the loading dose of PermaNet. CONCLUSION: KO-Tab 1-2-3 was confirmed to be a long-lasting insecticide formulation. This finding raises the prospect of conventional polyester nets being converted into long-lasting insecticidal nets through simple dipping in the community or at home. This single development, if widely adopted, could transform the malaria control landscape in Africa and have a major impact on malaria.
[ACTION OF SOME ANTIMITOTIC SUBSTANCES ON THE RE-EPITHELIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL CORNEAL WOUNDS. I].
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Reuse of a treated red mud bauxite waste: studies on environmental compatibility.
Red mud is the major solid waste produced in the process of alumina extraction from bauxite (Bayer process). Environmental "compatibility" of a treated red mud was studied in order to evaluate its possible recycling in environmental compartments. The leaching test requested by the Italian law on treated solid waste to be "re-introduced in the environment" was performed on this material. Moreover, in order to better evaluate the environmental compatibility, three different types of eco-toxicological tests were applied (Microtox test, ASTM microalgae toxicity test and sea urchin embryo toxicity test). These "chemical" and eco-toxicological tests gave encouraging results. The possibility to use this material for treating contaminated waters and soils was evaluated, again with particular attention to the Italian regulatory system, through experiments on the treated red mud metal trapping ability and on the subsequent release of trapped metals, at low pH conditions. The treated red mud showed a general high metal trapping capacity and the release at low pH was generally low.
The diagnosis and management of accidental haemorrhage with associated coagulopathy.
An approach to the diagnosis and management of accidental haemorrhage with associated coagulation failure is discussed and outlined. It is stressed that special investigations play a minor role in planning management. The main aim should be to achieve rapid delivery, preferably via the vaginal route. About 50% of these cases are associated with uterine atony and inertia. This is probably due to raised local and circulating levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). In such cases uterine activity can be restored by the administration of large intravenous doses of Trasylol (Bayer). Life-endangering complications such as acute respiratory and renal failure should be prevented by prophylactic management and by treatment aimed at rapid delivery. The indications for Caesarean section are outlined. The need for careful assessment prior to discharge of these patients and for re-assessment throughout the puerperium is stressed.
Differences in cytokine gene expression profile between acute and secondary injury in adult rat spinal cord.
It is likely that the environment within the injured spinal cord influences the capacity of fetal spinal cord transplants to support axonal growth. We have recently demonstrated that fetal spinal cord transplants and neurotrophin administration support axonal regeneration after spinal cord transection, and that the distance and amount of axonal growth is greater when these treatments are delayed by several weeks after injury. In this study, we sought to determine whether differences in inflammatory mediators exist between the acutely injured spinal cord and the spinal cord after a second injury and re-section, which could provide a more favorable environment for the axonal re-growth. The results of this study show a more rapid induction of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1 mRNA expression in the re-injured spinal cord than the acutely injured spinal cord and an attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. Furthermore, there was a rapid recruitment of activated microglia/macrophages in the degenerating white matter rostral and caudal to the injury but fewer within the lesion site itself. These findings suggest that the augmentation of TGFbeta-1 gene expression and the attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression combined with an altered distribution of activated microglia/macrophages in the re-injured spinal cord might create a more favorable milieu for transplants and axonal regrowth as compared to the acutely injured spinal cord.
Comparison of the ADVIA Centaur and Abbott AxSYM immunoassay systems for a routine diagnostic virology laboratory.
BACKGROUND: Routine diagnostic laboratories are confronted with an ever-increasing workload with limited resources. Automation has provided some solutions to these challenges particularly high through put analysers such as the Abbott AxSYM. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to compare the performance of two automated immunoassay systems in a diagnostic virology laboratory. Samples previously tested using the Abbott AxSYM were tested with a recently introduced immunoassay analyser, the Bayer ADVIA Centaur, for six virology analytes: HBsAg, anti-HBc total, anti-HBc IgM, anti-HBs, anti-HCV and anti-HIV1/O/2. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a retrospective analysis of stored serum samples previously tested on the Abbott AxSYM. Samples giving discrepant results were tested by other alternative immunoassays and re-tested on the Abbott AxSYM in the same freeze-thaw cycle. RESULTS: Although the sensitivities of the two automated immunoassays were similar there was improved specificity demonstrated for anti-HIV and anti-HCV when using the ADVIA Centaur assays. The low background signals allowed resolution of samples previously shown to have indeterminate results for anti-HIV antibody in the AxSYM assay. In addition, samples shown to have Abbott AxSYM anti-HCV results that could not be confirmed by RIBA and HCV molecular methods were shown to be negative by the ADVIA Centaur assay.