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Complexities in ETS-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the TCF (ternary complex factor) subfamily. The Colworth Medal Lecture.
The ETS-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. Elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. By focusing on the TCF subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ETS-domain transcription factors. This article focuses on Elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other TCFs. The key themes covered include the domain structure of the TCFs, the mechanisms of complex formation with serum response factor, regulation of TCFs by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and transcriptional regulatory properties of the TCFs. Finally, the emerging role of the TCFs in vivo is discussed. A picture is developing indicating that, while these proteins exhibit significant sequence and functional conservation, key differences in their structure and regulation are being identified which may relate to unique functions of these proteins in vivo.
Those new tests they're doing.
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LacZ-expressing olfactory ensheathing cells do not associate with myelinated axons after implantation into the compressed spinal cord.
Studies have shown that implanting olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) may be a promising therapeutic strategy to promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Several fundamental questions remain, however, regarding their in vivo interactions in the damaged spinal cord. We have induced a clip compression injury at the T10 level of the spinal cord in adult rats. After a delay of 1 week, OECs isolated from embryonic day 18 rats were implanted into the cystic cavity that had formed at the site of injury. Before implantation, OECs were infected with a LacZ-expressing retrovirus. At 3 weeks after implantation, LacZ-expressing OECs survived the implantation procedure and remained localized to the cystic cavity. At the electron microscopic level, the cystic cavity had clusters of LacZ-expressing OECs and numerous Schwann cells lacking LacZ expression. Although labeled OECs made no direct contact with axons, unlabeled Schwann cells were associated with either a single myelinated axon or multiple unmyelinated axons. Positively labeled OEC processes often enveloped multiple Schwann cell-axon units. These observations suggest that the role of OECs as the primary mediators of the beneficial effects on axon growth, myelination, and functional recovery after spinal cord injury may require re-evaluation.
Distal biceps tendon rupture operated on with the Boyd-Anderson technique: follow-up of 9 patients with isokinetic examination after 1 year.
We operated on 9 patients for distal biceps tendon rupture using the Boyd-Anderson technique. All patients were re-examined after at least 1 year using a questionnaire, radiographs, motion measurements and isokinetic testing. 2 patients had temporary radial nerve dysfunction and 7 patients had diminished forearm rotation. Elbow flexion strength was reduced by median 13% and supination strength by 19%. We think the Boyd-Anderson technique can be recommended, but slightly reduced strength and forearm rotation must be expected.
You're the flight surgeon. Renal colic.
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Periodic branched structures in a phase-separated magnetic colloid.
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Re: Ankylosis, root resorption, and loss of attachment.
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The "Honest Broker" method of integrating interdisciplinary research data.
Multiple clinical informatics systems have been developed within separate departments of the University of Michigan Medical School. We are in the process of creating an "Honest Broker" method of safely and securely linking together data from different clinical systems for a research project studying the co-morbidity of depression and cardiovascular disease. The Michigan Clinical Research Collaboratory (MCRC) is an NIH/NHLBI Roadmap initiative funded to re-engineer the clinical research enterprise.
Questions/answers re university hospitals. Interview by John W. Colloton.
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Combining confocal and BSE SEM imaging for bone block surfaces.
The present report presents a method for the correlation of qualitative and quantitative BSE SEM imaging with confocal scanning light microscopy (CSLM) imaging modes applied to bone samples embedded in PMMA. The SEM has a proper digital scan generator: we leave the BSE image unchanged, and match the CSLM image to it, because the CSLM scan mechanism is not digital, though the signal is digitised. Our overlapping program uses a linear transformation matrix which projects one system to the other, calculated by finding three corresponding points in BSE and CSLM pictures. BSE images are empty where cells and osteoid are present. Fluorescence mode CSLM fills in these gaps. The combination images enhance our understanding of what is going on - and re-establish the need for good cellular preservation.
Two-body disintegration of the deuteron with 0.8-1.8 GeV photons.
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Skin currents and compound sawteeth in tokamaks.
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Studies on the low toxicity of reduced iron, B.P. 1932.
Reduced iron, B.P. 1932, an old form of medicinal metallic iron powder, was given by mouth to albino rats. Measurable toxic effects were not produced until the dose reached 10 g./kg. body weight, which is 10 times the LD(50) of iron similarly given as ferrous sulfate. Death occurred at three days and after from doses of 60 to 100 g./kg. and was due to hemoconcentration and vascular congestion of the liver and kidneys resulting from absorption of iron through an inflamed gastrointestinal mucosa. Larger doses produced death in one to three days from bowel obstruction due to impaction of iron in the stomach and intestines. The results suggest that reduced iron is the least toxic of all iron medicinal preparations and that re-investigation of its therapeutic value is warranted.
Organochlorine residues in roof timbers and possible implications for bats.
In Britain, many species of bat regularly use buildings as roosts. DDT, DDE, dieldrin (HEOD) and gamma-HCH (lindane) have been detected in carcasses of bats that had died a short while before they were found. Roof timbers may be a source of this contamination. This study reports concentrations of organochlorines in (i) roof timbers known to have been treated in the past (spot samples; n - 17) and (ii) timbers before and after treatment with commercial permethrin formulations (pre-treatment and post-treatment samples, n = 11). Gamma-HCH was detected in 13 spot samples and HEOD in 6. Where present, mean (+/-1 SE) concentrations in wood were 15.6+/-6.5 microg g-1 WW (n = 13) and 25.0+/-11.8 microg g-1 WW (n = 6), respectively. DDT was not detected in any spot samples, but permethrin was detected in four (1264+/-567 microg g(-1) WW) samples, but not in the corresponding pre-treatment samples; in one other pair of samples, concentrations of gamma-HCH increased from 74 to 2468 microg g-1 WW after treatment. Both DDT and HEOD occurred in low (<2 microg g-1 WW) concentrations in five post-treatment samples and in one and zero pre-treatment samples, respectively; the highest dieldrin concentration measured was 30.9 microg g-1 WW. Permethrin was not detectable in any pre-treatment samples but was present in ten post-treatment samples in concentrations ranging from 93 to 2995 microg g-1 WW. The spot results suggest that low concentrations of organochlorines can persist in treated roof timbers for at least 13 years post-treatment. Occasionally, these pesticide residues in timber may be of sufficient magnitude to result in bats absorbing a substantial proportion of a lethal dose. Results also suggest that there is organochlorine contamination of permethrin formulations and that the solvents used in new applications of pesticide may re-mobilise organochlorines already present in wood.
Natural history of insect sting allergy: the Rhode Island experience.
The frequency of insect sting allergy in a given population varies depending on the age group of the population and the type of criteria used (history, skin test or RAST). In a pediatric population with a mean age of 13 years (boy scouts), the frequency is 0.8% using history as the only criteria. With this same criteria in an adult population, other authors found the frequency to be higher, 3.3%. The difference is probably due to the prolonged exposure rate to insect stings in adults. Using skin test or RAST as the criteria, the frequency of sting allergy is much higher because of many false-positive reactions. With history alone, the frequency of sting reaction is similar in atopic and nonatopic populations. Sting-sensitive asthmatic patients usually have a severe reaction to a sting with the added symptom of acute bronchospasm. Our RAST studies to venoms revealed that false-positive reactions do occur; a higher frequency of positive reactions occurs within five years of the sting and cross-reactivity among Hymenoptera insects is common except for honey bee. Negative RAST may have more clinical validity than a positive RAST. Our past and present re-sting data reveal that a large percentage of initially sting-sensitive patients have no reaction on being re-stung. Our new study on untreated sting-sensitive patients revealed that 37% (7/19) had an improved response and 42% (8/19) had the same response on re-sting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
[Effectiveness of oblique recession with and without resection of horizontal recti in A and V patterns (author's transl)].
Report on 50 patients (17 V-esotropia, 6 V-exotropia, 17 A-esotropia, 10 A-exotropia) who were re-examined between six weeks and six months after oblique recession without/with resection of horizontal recti (procedure of Bietti, Boyd, Lavat et al.). The reduction in A and V patterns achieved varied considerably and nd was unpredictable. In 45% of the patients there was no change at all, or at most a slight change of less than 3%. Thus, the procedure appears to be less effective than oblique muscle surgery or vertical transposition of horizontal recti. Nevertheless, the oblique recession-resection procedure might be of limited use of torsional effects induced by transposition of horizontal recti are undesirable for functional reasons. A curious finding was the reduction in A and V patterns in three out of five patients who were treated with oblique recessions without/with resection in the opposite direction.
Intramedullary fixation for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia.
Eighteen consecutively seen patients who had a congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia were treated operatively. The mean age when the patients were first seen was four years. Seventeen previous procedures had failed: six patients had had one previous procedure; three, two previous procedures; and one, five previous procedures. At an average follow-up interval of ten years (range, three to nineteen years), healing with re-formation of the medullary canal was seen in thirteen of the eighteen tibiae, including one tibia that had united after a Boyd amputation. Five patients did not have healing of the tibia: four of them had a below-the-knee amputation, and one declined additional treatment. The average residual angulation was 12 degrees in the sagittal plane and 5 degrees in the coronal plane. Union occurred in ten of the thirteen patients who had been managed with intramedullary fixation. Of these thirteen, eight had been managed with intramedullary fixation, bone-grafting, and implantation of an electrical stimulator, and seven of them had union. Five of the thirteen patients had been managed with intramedullary fixation and bone-grafting, and three of them had union. Union occurred in one of two patients who had been managed with vascularized free fibular transfer, one who had been managed with delayed bone-grafting, and one who had been managed with a Boyd amputation. Four of the five patients who did not have union were subsequently managed with a below-the-knee amputation, and one patient refused additional treatment.