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Tyrosinase inhibitor from black rice bran.
The inhibitor of tyrosinase activity in black rice bran was investigated. The methanol extract from black rice bran was re-extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, or water. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibition against tyrosinase activity by 80.5% at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. Inhibitory compound in the ethyl acetate fraction was isolated by silica gel column chromatography, and identified as protocatechuic acid methyl ester (compound 1) by GC, GC-MS, IR, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compound 1 inhibited 75.4% of tyrosinase activity at a concentration of 0.50 micromol/mL. ID(50) (50% inhibition dose) value of compound 1 was 0.28 micromol/mL. To study the structure-activity relationship, protocatechuic acid (2), vanillic acid (3), vanillic acid methyl ester (4), isovanillic acid (5), isovanillic acid methyl ester (6), veratric acid (7), and veratric acid methyl ester (8) were also assayed.
Inhibitory effects of soy and rye diets on the development of Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma in rats.
METHODS: Dunning R3327 PAP prostate tumors were transplanted in 125 rats, the rats were divided into five groups, and tumor development was examined for 24 weeks during treatment with diets containing 33% of soy flour (SD), rye bran (RB), heat-treated rye bran (HRB), or rye endosperm (RE). RESULTS: In the SD, RB, and HRB groups, significantly fewer palpable tumors and lower tumor volume were detected 14 and 16 weeks after transplantation when compared with the control, fiber-free dietary (FF) group. The body weight was lower 16 weeks after tumor transplantation in the RB and HRB groups when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Rats in the RB and the HRB groups had a significant lower energy intake than the FF group during the first metabolic observation period, 3-6 weeks after tumor transplantation (P < 0.05), whereas the energy intake was the same in all groups during the second metabolic observation period, 13-16 weeks after tumor transplantation. However, when the tumor volume was adjusted for the body weight of the animals, there were still significant lower tumor volumes in the SD, RB, and HRB groups compared with the FF group (P < 0.05). A significant increase in daily urinary excretion of the isoflavonoids, daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, and Genistein, was observed in the rats fed SD, and of the ligands enterolactone and enterodiol in the rats fed RB and HRB during both metabolic periods. There were no differences in testosterone levels between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that SD inhibits implanted prostate cancer growth. Although RB and HRB had a protective effect, further studies are needed to exclude the possibility that a low energy intake played a role in this respect. The results suggest that phytoestrogens (isoflavonoids and ligands), may be responsible for the delayed prostate tumor growth.
Effects of reducing the starch content in oat-based diets with cellulose on jejunal flow and absorption of glucose over an isolated loop of jejunum in pigs.
Four pigs fitted with two sets of re-entrant cannulas in the upper jejunum were used to study the effect of two oat-flour (F)- and oat-bran (B)-based diets without or with (FC and BC respectively) addition of 148 g wood cellulose/kg on jejunal flow and absorption of glucose over an isolated loop of jejunum. Mean transit time (MTT) of flow from the proximal re-entrant cannula increased from approximately 1.5 h with diet F to 2 h when feeding diet BC. Both the replacement of oat flour by oat bran and the supplementation of the diets with cellulose led to a significantly longer MTT for dry matter and the carbohydrates, except that cellulose did not have a significant effect on the mTT for the total non-starch polysaccharides. Only the addition of cellulose significantly delayed gastric emptying of the added liquid-phase (Polyethylene glycol 4000) and solid-phase (Cr2O3) markers, whereas no effect of the oat source used was seen. Feeding diets with a higher level of dietary fibre (DF) and lower content of starch, obtained by substitution with cellulose or by feeding oat bran instead of oat flour, reduced the recovery of starch from an isolated loop of jejunum. Consequently, the quantitative absorption of starch was not significantly different between diets when starch was related to the recovery of external markers. However, when related to the recovery of arabinoxylan (AX) there was a significantly lower absorption of starch from the bran-based diets in comparison with the flour-based diets. The capacity to digest and absorb the large quantities of starch entering the duodenum after a carbohydrate-rich meal appears to be the limiting factor for absorption in the upper jejunum. Therefore, any effect of DF on the rate of absorption of glucose is presumably an effect on gastric emptying rather than displacement of the site of starch absorption in the small intestine.
Wheat bran as an etiologic factor in certain diseases. Some second thoughts.
The author questions "the bran hypothesis" that a deficiency of natural fiber--wheat bran in particular--is responsible for a number of prevalent diseases in Western societies, namely diverticular disease, cancer of the colon, gallstones, and myocardial disease. In re-examining the hypothesis, he cites reports which fail to support the theory. For instance, the incidence of diverticular disease in women has increased since 1925, yet there is no evidence that their diets have changed or are different from those of men. Also, it is a mistake to equate wheat bran with fiber in general, and it cannot be shown that dietary fiber in general has declined. In addition, clinical studies have failed to show beneficial results in treating diverticular disease and irritable colon by adding bran to the diet. Similar problems arise in testing the hypothesis that natural fiber can prevent cancer of the colon and lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Recent interest in dietary fiber is welcome, for it has been grossly neglected, but much research is still needed to place it in proper perspective.
Utilization of fodder yeast and agro-industrial by-products in production of spores and biologically - active endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis.
A number of newly-devised fermentation media were evaluated with respect to their ability to support sporulation and biosynthesis of endotoxins by strains of Bacillus thuringiensis that are biologically active against Spodoptera littoralis, Heliothis armigera, and Spodoptera exigua. Fodder yeast from dried cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be used as a complete mono-component medium for production of highly active spore-delta-endotoxin complexes from B. thur., vars. entomocidus, kurstaki and galleriae. Highest sporulation titers were obtained at 2% fodder yeast concentration with endotoxin yields ranging between 7 to 9 grams per liter of medium. Ground horse beans and kidney bean seeds could also be used successfully as complete media for sporulation and endotoxin production. Extracts of potato tubers and sweet potato roots were efficient media for active endotoxin production from B. thur. var. kurstaki, although the obtained yields were much lower than those produced in fodder yeast media. The utilization of fish meal, cotton seed meal, and residues of chicken from the slaughter-house as media for the production of endotoxins active against Spodoptera littoralis, was not successful. On the other hand, minced citrus peels, ground seeds of dates, and wheat bran could be successfully used in combination with fodder yeast as media for production of endotoxins, active against Heliothis armigera and Spodoptera exigua. Re-utilization of culture supernatants in a second fermentation cycle after supplementation with some nutrients gave promising results with some of the strains tested. The data obtained are discussed in view of their feasibility of application.
Effects of wheat-flour and oat mill fractions on jejunal flow, starch degradation and absorption of glucose over an isolated loop of jejunum in pigs.
The effect of cereal-based diets varying in dietary fibre (DF) on gastric emptying and glucose absorption over an isolated loop of jejunum was studied in four pigs fitted with two sets of re-entrant cannulas. The pigs were fed on either a wheat-flour diet or three diets based on oat flour (endosperm), rolled oats or oat bran containing different amounts of soluble DF. Mean transit time (MTT) of liquid estimated from the output from the first jejunal cannula was significantly higher with the two diets having the highest DF content, but MTT of dry matter (DM), starch, xylose and neutral non-starch polysaccharides (nNSP) was not correlated directly to the DF content of the diet. DF had a stimulatory effect on secretion of gastrointestinal juices, but the effect was not linearly correlated with the DF content of the diet. Starch was significantly degraded in digesta collected within 30 min after feeding with malto-oligosaccharides accounting for 140-147 g/kg total starch. The degradation was more extensive with higher DF and lower starch content of the diet. However, taking into account the differences in jejunal flow, the amount of malto-oligosaccharides available for absorption in the first 0.5 h decreased with higher levels of DF in the oat-based diets. The absorption of glucose from the isolated loop was 18-34 g/m intestine over an 8 h period with no significant differences between diets. This corresponded to a non-significant decrease in recovery of starch from 0.91 to 0.82 with increasing levels of DF and decreasing levels of starch in the diet. This suggests that the capacity for absorption of large doses of starch entering the proximal small intestine after ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich cereal-based diet has a major influence on the absorption at this site. Consequently any effect of DF on glucose absorption may be exerted either through the rate of gastric emptying or by impaired rate of absorption more distal in the small intestine and not by displacement of the site for starch absorption.
[Medical therapy of chronic idiopathic constipation].
The medical care of the idiopathic constipation requires the correct patient identification based on precise classification items and on physiopathological considerations. The laxative abuse is often the most difficult problem to be solved and it has to be dealt with the consideration of different clinical aspects (wrong diet, psychological profile, concomitant diseases, drug therapy, etc.). The first step exactly consists in the identification and correction of the wrong convictions, of the behavioural attitudes and of the unbalanced dietary habits. Adding bran is the second widely accepted therapeutic step based on both physiopathological and epidemiological considerations. Even if the mechanism of action is still not completely understood, the fibre addition per se leads to an improvement of the constipation in quite a relevant percentage of patients, although it is often poorly tolerated. Nevertheless there are peculiar conditions not responsive to the bran addition such as the so-called "anismus". For these situations different therapeutic approaches have been proposed with variable results. Among these we can mention the re-educational programmes of the modalities of the defecation using biofeedback techniques. The chronic idiopathic constipation not respondent to the conventional medical therapy appears anyway a problematic and very difficult condition both from the investigational viewpoint and the therapeutic options. Finally it can be stated that the laxatives have a certain role in those clinical conditions most probably leading to the constipation. For each therapeutic drug class it is, of course, of great importance to know its mode of action as well as its adverse event profile.
Your most valuable asset. Increasing the value of your hospital through its brand.
The authors argue that hospitals could achieve the same brand name recognition as such popular consumer product names as Coke, Nike, and GE. In fact, they say, a brand identity strategy could bring hospitals the advantage they need in a growing marketplace. Increasingly, brand recognition is becoming important in the health care world, as hospitals battle for customers. The majority of patients now choose their health plan and hospital, and they're seeking brands that provide them with the same convenience, access, and value they demand from other consumer products companies. Hospitals can create a viable brand identity strategy by defining their brand's image, maximizing their bran's positioning and patients' brand experience, communicating their brand and measuring the brand's performance.
[Effect of protoporphyrin on digestive tract absorption of dioxins in rats].
This paper presents the fecal excretion of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) congeners, and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners in male rats fed a diet containing 0.5% disodiumprotoporphyrin (PPNa) or 0.5% hemin. The animals were administered 4 g of 0.5% PPNa or 0.5% hemin diet containing 0.5 ml of the causal rice-bran oil of Yusho that had occurred in the Southwest part of Japan in 1968 and kept on the same diet for five days. The fecal excretion of 2,3,7,8-T4CDD and 2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF in the group fed with 0.5% PPNa were 2.1 and 1.9 times higher, respectively, than that in the group fed with a control diet. Hemin did not show any significant effect on the inhibition of absorption of dioxins. Next, the rats were given a diet containing 0.5% PPNa or 0.5% Hemin for four weeks after a week interval from the day of the causal rice-bran oil administration. The fecal excretion of 2,3,7,8-T4CDD and 2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF in the group fed with 0.5% PPNa were stimulated 2.1 times higher, respectively, than that in the group fed with a control diet. Hemin did not show any significant effect on the inhibition of re-absorption of dioxins.
Effect of microbial phytase on energy availability, and lipid and protein deposition in growing swine.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phytase on energy availability in pigs. In Exp. 1, barrows (initial and final BW of 26 and 52 kg) were allotted to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diets were fed at two energy levels (2.9 and 3.2 x maintenance [M]) with and without the addition of 500 phytase units/kg of diet. The diets contained 115% of the requirement for Ca, available P (aP), and total lysine, and Ca and aP were decreased by 0.10% in diets with added phytase. Pigs were penned individually and fed daily at 0600 and 1700, and water was available constantly. Eight pigs were killed and ground to determine initial body composition. At the end of Exp. 1, all 48 pigs were killed for determination of carcass traits and protein and fat content by total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) analysis. Six pigs per treatment were ground for chemical composition. In Exp. 2, 64 barrows and gilts (initial and final BW of 23 and 47 kg) were allotted to two treatments (C-SBM with 10% defatted rice bran or that diet with reduced Ca and aP and 500 phytase units/kg of diet), with five replicate pens of barrows and three replicate pens of gilts (four pigs per pen). In Exp. 1, ADG was increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed at 3.2 x M. Based on chemical analyses, fat deposition, kilograms of fat, retained energy (RE) in the carcass and in the carcass + viscera, fat deposition in the organs, and kilograms of protein in the carcass were increased (P < 0.10) in pigs fed the diets at 3.2 vs. 2.9 x M. Based on TOBEC analysis, fat deposition, percentage of fat increase, and RE were increased (P < 0.09) in pigs fed at 3.2 x M. Plasma urea N concentrations were increased in pigs fed at 3.2 x M with no added phytase but were not affected when phytase was added to the diet (phytase x energy, P < 0.06). Fasting plasma glucose measured on d 28, ultrasound longissimus muscle area (LMA), and 10th-rib fat depth were increased (P < 0.08) in pigs fed phytase, but many other response variables were numerically affected by phytase addition. In Exp. 2, phytase had no effect (P > 0.10) on ADG, ADFI, gain:feed, LMA, or 10th-rib fat depth. These results suggest that phytase had small, mostly nonsignificant effects on energy availability in diets for growing pigs; however, given that phytase increased most of the response variables measured, further research on its possible effects on energy availability seems warranted.
[Intestinal myiasis in Macao].
Six cases of intestinal myiasis were diagnosed in Macao from January 1987 to August 1989, during a survey of intestinal parasites in inhabitants and on stool routine examination in hospitalized patients. The species of flies identified were Stomoxys calcitrans in 4 cases and Megalesia (Megalesia) insulana in 2 cases, M. insulana being a new record in mainland of China. During the survey of intestinal parasites 1889 human fecal samples were collected from Chinese inhabitants. 45 samples were collected on September 2 and 15 samples on September 11, 1987 in an aged home. Among them 4 samples were found to have some moving larvae, which were later identified morphologically as S. calcitrans. All these four cases were old ladies living in the aged home and they complained of mild diarrhea and abdominal pain. The fifth case was a patient with dermatosis, who had an eosinophil count of 18%. On stool examination, eggs of Clonorchis sinensis and larvae of flies were found. These larvae were cultured in food stuff containing wheat bran (100g), milk powder (18g) and water (200ml) at 30 degrees C. Within a week these larvae became pupa from which hatched adult flies identified as M. insulana which were known to be distributed in the Philippines and Hawaii but not found in the mainland of China before. 3 months later the stool from the patient was re-examined, about 200 larvae were counted in 5 ml of feces, the fly species being the same. The sixth patient was a pediatric case, again in his stool sample larvae of flies were found which were identified as M. insulana after culture. M. insulana is distributed in the Philippines, Hawaii, etc. Since a great amount of fruits was constantly imported from the Philippines and Hawaii, it remains to be confirmed whether M. insulana is imported into Macao through fruits.
Effect of esterified 4-desmethylsterols and -stanols or 4,4'-dimethylsterols on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in hamsters.
4-Desmethylsterols and -stanols reduce plasma total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol by inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption, while the cholesterol-lowering potential of 4,4'-dimethylsterols is less well defined. The present study aimed to compare the effects of 4-desmethylsterols, -stanols, and 4,4'-dimethylsterols on plasma and hepatic cholesterol, sterol excretion and bile acid metabolism. Male golden Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing 13 g/100 g fat, 008 g/100 g cholesterol and 0 (control), 0.24 or 0.48% (w/w) esterified 4-desmethylsterols (sterols) and esterified hydrogenated 4-desmethylsterols (stanols) from common vegetable oils or esterified 4,4'-dimethylsterols from rice bran oil for 5 weeks. Sterol and stanol esters at the dose of 0.24% were equally effective and significantly (P<0.05) lowered TC by 15%, while 0.24% 4,4-dimethylsterols reduced TC by 10%. Liver total and esterified cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) lowered by 40, 22, 43 and 31% in hamsters fed 0.48% sterols, 0.24% stanols, 0.48% stanols or 0.48% dimethylsterols, respectively. Daily faecal bile acid excretion and hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity were not altered, indicating that sterols, stanols and dimethylsterols had no effect on the intestinal re-absorption of bile acids or on hepatic bile acid synthesis. Daily excretion of cholesterol was significantly higher in hamsters fed esterified sterols and stanols, but was only slightly increased in those fed dimethylsterols. The results indicate that esterified sterols and stanols were equally effective in lowering plasma TC and LDL cholesterol, while dimethylsterol esters caused a weaker cholesterol-lowering effect. Sterols and stanols achieve their cholesterol-lowering effect by stimulating faecal cholesterol excretion through inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption, but do not affect bile acid excretion. Other mechanisms need to be considered to explain the effect on plasma and hepatic cholesterol of dimethylsterols.
The kinetic properties of the carboxy terminal domain of the Bacillus licheniformis 749/I BlaR penicillin-receptor shed a new light on the derepression of beta-lactamase synthesis.
To study the properties of the BlaR penicillin-receptor involved in the induction of the Bacillus licheniformisbeta-lactamase, the water-soluble carboxy terminal domain of the protein (BlaR-CTD) was overproduced in the periplasm of Escherichia coli JM105 and purified to protein homogeneity. Its interactions with various beta-lactam antibiotics were studied. The second-order acylation rate constants k2/K' ranged from 0.0017 to more than 1 micro M-1s-1 and the deacylation rate constants were lower than 4 x 10-5 s-1. These values imply a rapid to very rapid formation of a stable acylated adduct. BlaR-CTD is thus one of the most sensitive penicillin-binding proteins presently described. In the light of these results, the kinetics of beta-lactamase induction in Bacillus licheniformis were re-examined. When starting with a rather high cell density, a good beta-lactamase substrate such as benzylpenicillin is too sensitive to beta-lactamase-mediated hydrolysis to allow full induction. By contrast, a poor beta-lactamase substrate (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) can fully derepress beta-lactamase expression under conditions where interference of the antibiotic with cell growth is observed. These results suggest that acylation of the penicillin receptor is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for full induction.
[Concentration profile of PCBs in the digestive tract of rat fed with cholestyramine and rice bran fiber diet].
The aim of this study is to examine the inhibitory effect of rice bran fiber (RBF) and cholestyramine for intestinal absorption of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Sixteen rats were orally given at the dose of 100 mg of PCBs per kg of the animal, and were divided into four groups (A-D): Rats in each group were housed with the normal diet for the first 7 days, and subsequently, were given with the same diet as control for group A, with the diet containing 10% RBF for group B, with the diet containing 5% cholestyramine for group C and with the combined diet containing 10% RBF and 5% cholestyramine for group D for the next 10 days. All rats were sacrificed on the 17th day after PCBs administration, and PCBs in contents of the digestive tracts were determined: small and large intestine resected was divided into two parts each of the same length, and the contents were chemically analyzed to determine PCBs. PCBs concentration in rats of group A decreased in order of upper portions (1.0 microgram/g) and then lower (0.6 microgram/g) of small intestine, and upper (0.5 microgram/g) and then lower (0.4 microgram/g) of large intestine. Decreasing the PCBs concentration might be due to re-absorption in the intestine. In the case of groups B-D, PCBs concentration was in order of upper and then lower of small intestine, and large intestine. It was indicated that PCBs re-absorption in intestine is inhibited by the intake of RBF, cholestyramine, and RBF and cholestyramine.