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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Insights into specific and nonspecific butyrate-producing pathways during the in vitro fecal fermentation of butyrylated starch.

Butyrylated starch is a special type-4 resistant starch with butyrate-carrying attribute. In this study, the unique butyrate-producing capability of butyrylated starch was deeply investigated by focusing on its specific and nonspecific butyrate-producing pathways, respectively, using specially designed substrates as controls. In vitro fermentation studies revealed that butyrylated and isobutyrylated starches generated high levels of butyrate and isobutyrate, respectively, highlighting the role of butyryl group metabolism in the specificity of butyrate production. Carboxylesterase assays have demonstrated that butyryl group metabolism is primarily facilitated by carbohydrate esterases expressed in the gut microbiota. Combined with 16S rRNA sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, it was found that butyrylated starch fermentation did not significantly enhance traditional butyrate synthesis pathways but modified the balance between the butyryl-CoA:acetyl-CoA transferase and butyrate kinase pathways by altering the gut microbiota composition, specifically by upregulating the relative abundance of indicator species such as Bacteroides, the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Parabacteroides. These insights offer theoretical guidance for designing butyrylated starch structures and regulating intestinal health.

Starch↗
PubMed2026

A streamlined workflow for high throughput metaproteomic analysis of the rumen microbiome.

Metaproteomics can provide direct functional insights into complex microbial communities, yet its application in rumen research remains limited due to labor-intensive and low-throughput sample preparation workflows before the MS analysis. This work aimed to develop and characterize a streamlined, high throughput metaproteomic workflow optimized for rumen samples. Key steps, including microbial cell extraction, cell lysis, protein digestion, and LC-MS/MS acquisition, were systematically assessed and optimized to reduce hands-on time while maintaining deep proteome coverage. The optimized workflow integrates a minimized cell extraction protocol using 0.5 g starting material and in-solution tryptic digestion. Application of the final workflow to 72 samples from in vitro fermentation revealed that biological variability between inocula dominated technical variability, which remained moderate (median CV of 21-24% across batches). Overall, the optimized workflow supports robust taxonomic and functional characterization of the rumen microbiome with improved scalability. These advances provide a foundation for applying metaproteomics to larger experimental designs, including nutritional trials and cohort studies, thereby enabling broader functional interrogation of rumen microbial ecosystems. SIGNIFICANCE: This study addresses current limitations in the application of metaproteomics to rumen microbiome research by developing a streamlined and scalable sample preparation workflow. By optimizing key steps and reducing sample input while maintaining reproducibility and proteome coverage, this work enables more efficient processing of larger sample sets. These advances support the broader use of metaproteomics in rumen studies and facilitate functional investigations relevant to animal nutrition and sustainable livestock production.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physiological effects of sucrose substitutes and artificial sweeteners on growth pattern and acid production of glucose-grown Streptococcus mutans strains in vitro.

The synergistic effects of four sucrose substitutes, polysorbate and five artificial sweeteners were studied in vitro on growth pattern and acid production of seven glucose-grown Streptococcus mutans strains, representing the five serological groups after Bratthall. Four distinct growth patterns during glucose fermentation were observed: high rate of growth with low acid production, moderate growth rate with moderate acid production, moderate growth rate with high acid production, and slow rate of growth with moderate acid production. Depending on the strain used, the final OD at 546 nm ranged from 0.55 to 0.99 and the final pH of the medium varied between 4.65 and 4.15. While added sucrose substitutes, with exceptions, usually enhanced growth rate, most artificial sweeteners suppressed or, at higher concentrations, even inhibited growth of S. mutans; addition of polysorbate to the medium always increased growth rate of S. mutans significantly. The presence of sucrose substitutes during glucose fermentation had no effect on final pH of the medium, but addition of artificial sweeteners, especially sodium saccharin, elevated final pH up to 1.8 units. The observed physiological patterns and differences within the several strains of S. mutans during glucose fermentation in vitro do not necessarily relate to the five serological groups of the species.

Fructose↗
PubMed2026

Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) cake fermentation: A new, sustainable technology for advanced skin and scalp care ingredients.

OBJECTIVE: Simmondsia chinensis is a well-known commercially popular plant from which jojoba oil is extracted. Jojoba cake is a sustainably produced, intractable by-product of the jojoba seed oil extraction currently used principally as a fertilizer or burned as fuel. Fermentation work conducted with various microorganisms, including Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Streptococcus thermophilus, sustainably grown on aqueous jojoba cake fermented the cake, liberating jojoba-based amino acids, peptides and proteins. The ferments have been examined chemically and via in vitro cell and tissue studies to develop new skin and scalp care targeted ingredients. METHODS: The jojoba cake contained nutrients (proteins, sugars and lipids) that self-sustain aqueous bacterial fermentation. The ferments were examined on 3D tissue models in vitro via human genomic microarrays. A ferment produced by Lactobacillus plantarum was further tested in vitro using ELISA protein assays on skin cell cultures. A 56-day clinical study on 46 individuals examined the influence of 1.0% of the Lactobacillus ferment on collagen expression using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). RESULTS: Gene responses were measured on 244+ genes known to have skin functions. It was found that the Lactobacillus ferment showed the greatest upregulation of skin-associated genes, and three highly upregulated proteins were examined more closely in vitro using ELISA protein assays: collagen-1A1, protocadherin-18 and opioid growth factor receptor. Each protein was upregulated in a dose-dependent fashion. The collagen analysis by DRS demonstrated a statistically significant increase in collagen fluorescence on Day 28 and Day 56 compared to baseline and placebo cream. Further mapping of the collagen fluorescence was done on the individuals using the active formulation at Days 0, 28 and 56. CONCLUSION: Jojoba cake presents a new source of sustainably grown biomass, but the cake is not suitable for topical applications. Fermentation produces components more suitable for topical care. In vitro studies demonstrated upregulation of three skin proteins associated with healing skin. Further studies also employed a newly emerging spectroscopic technique to measure collagen fluorescence in the skin in vivo, the results supporting in vitro work indicating the ferment made with Lactobacillus was able to stimulate collagen synthesis in the skin.

Lactobacillus↗
PubMed2026

Biocontrol effect of a solid-state fermentation-derived extract mixture of Trichoderma asperellum on sunflower Sclerotinia rot and associated host defense responses.

Sclerotinia disease is a destructive fungal disease of sunflowers, soybeans, and other economically important crops, causing substantial yield loss and quality deterioration. Long-term reliance on dose-dependent broad-spectrum fungicides is constrained by resistance risks and potential environmental burdens, creating tension with the sustainability goal of "reducing pesticide use while improving efficacy." Here, we explore a Trichoderma spp.-based microbial disease management strategy. Whole-genome sequencing of Trichoderma asperellum TCS007 isolated from Antarctic marine sediments, coupled with genome mining, predicted diverse biosynthetic gene clusters putatively associated with siderophores, polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and terpenoids; the corresponding metabolites are not chemically confirmed and require further validation. Using a solid-state fermentation workflow, we prepared a fermentation-derived extract mixture (TCS007-SSF-Ex). In vitro assays showed dose-dependent inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by TCS007-SSF-Ex (EC50 = 1.252 mg/L), and microscopy revealed cellular damage-consistent changes, including organelle disruption and plasmolysis. Pathogen transcriptomic and metabolism-related analyses indicated broad perturbations in organelle biogenesis and metabolic processes, with significant alterations in pathways associated with succinate, D-glucose, and phenylacetate; these results are consistent with growth inhibition and reduced pathogenicity, but specific molecular targets and causal links remain to be validated. In vivo, under certain application conditions, triple applications increased APX activity (+492.5%) and β-1,3-glucanase activity (+419.6%). Collectively, this work supports a "pathogen suppression-host defense induction" framework and facilitates subsequent identification of active components and mechanistic validation.IMPORTANCESclerotinia diseases cause recurrent and economically important losses in oilseed crops, while long-term fungicide use is constrained by resistance risks and environmental burdens. Trichoderma-based biocontrol is a promising complementary strategy, yet evidence supporting metabolite-containing Trichoderma-derived preparations as immune elicitors remains less consolidated than that for living inoculants, and scalable production routes are still needed. Here, we examine an Antarctic marine sediment-derived strain, Trichoderma asperellum TCS007, and a solid-state fermentation (SSF)-derived extract mixture (TCS007-SSF-Ex) produced via solid-state fermentation. We combine in vitro antifungal assays, pathogen ultrastructural observations, and correlative omics analyses with in vivo measurements of sunflower defense enzymes (APX and β-1,3-glucanase) to evaluate a "pathogen suppression-host defense induction" framework. Our findings support the potential of SSF-derived Trichoderma metabolite mixtures for greener management of Sclerotinia disease and provide a foundation for future chemical identification of active components and mechanistic validation.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1977

The carbohydrate metabolism of Brugia pahangi microfilariae.

Evidence is presented that the microfilariae of Litomosoides carinii, Dipetalonema viteae and Brugia pahangi have an aerobic requirement for motility, but possibly not for survival. In addition, the data suggest that in an in vitro anaerobic environment, B. pahangi microfilariae ferment glucose only as far as lactate. In an aerobic environment, however, the data are consistent with a portion of glucose being dissimilated via a one step oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate formed from glycolysis to acetate and CO2. In addition, a low level of complete oxidation, possibly via a tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway, may be occurring. Finally, if B. pahangi microfilariae are immobilized with levamisole in an aerobic atmosphere, the drug appears to alter the aerobic glucose metabolism of the parasite both qualitatively and quantitatively. A decreased glucose utilization occurs, together with a shift to a more nearly homolactate fermentation. It is suggested that the effects of levamisole on the metabolism of the microfilariid are secondary to the observed paralysis.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1978

Isolation of ekatetrone, a new metabolite of producing variants of Streptomyces aureofaciens.

From a mixture of substances formed by producing strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens under conditions of submerged fermentation a new metabolite, ekatetrone, was isolated. Its isolation and basic physical and chemical data are described. Ekatetrone is a quinone derivative with a carboxamide group. In tests in vitro with cells of Ehrlich's ascites tumour evidence was provided that ekatetrone inhibits proteo- and nucleosynthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Functional and flavour-enhancing properties of Staphylococcus sp. from Napham.

Napham, traditional fermented food of the Bodo community in Assam, is produced from tender shoots of Colocasia esculenta and dried fish, and was recently granted Geographical Indication (GI) status. Despite its cultural and nutritional significance, its beneficial microbiota remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to identify multifunctional bacterial isolates with both functional and flavor-enhancing properties for use as starter cultures. Forty-eight isolates were screened for Gram reaction, enzymatic activities (protease, lipase, carbohydrate fermentation), and biosafety traits. Four isolates (NAP/1, NAP/2, NAP/3, NAP/4) exhibiting a preliminary phenotypic safety profile based on in vitro screening were evaluated for gastrointestinal stress tolerance traits, including tolerance to acid (pH 2.0), phenol (0.4%), salt (8% NaCl), as well as auto-aggregation capacity and adhesion to chicken crop epithelial cells. Among them, isolate NAP/4 exhibited comparatively higher tolerance, strong adhesion, and high auto-aggregation, and demonstrated a favorable in vitro safety profile, including γ-hemolysis and broad antibiotic susceptibility. In curd and rice beverage models, NAP/4 enhanced sensory qualities and produced diverse flavor volatiles, supporting its candidacy as a multifunctional food-fermenting isolate prior to genomic validation. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed NAP/4 as Staphylococcus sp. (GenBank accession: PQ471484.1). Collectively, these findings highlight NAP/4 as a promising candidate for further genomic evaluation toward potential application in controlled fermentation systems and clean-label formulations. However, whole-genome sequencing and in vivo validation remain essential next steps to confirm safety and functional efficacy at the molecular level.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

CC-1065 (NSC-298223), a new antitumor antibiotic. Production, in vitro biological activity, microbiological assays and taxonomy of the producing microorganism.

A new antitumor antibiotic is produced in fermentation liquors of Streptomyces zelensis sp.n. The antibiotic is biologically active at extremely low concentrations. At 40 pg/ml, it inhibited 90% of the growth of L1210 cells in culture in tube dilution assays. The minimal inhibitory concentrations against Gram-positive bacteria is between 1 approximately 10 ng/ml, while these values for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi are mostly under 1 microgram/ml. A microbiological assay with Bacillus subtilis can detect concentrations of 1 approximately 2 ng/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. III. Physicochemical and biological in vitro properties.

Antibiotic 26a, a weakly basic (pK1 3.85 and pK2 7.1) polypeptide compound, has been recovered from the fermentation fluids of bacillus subtilis cultures as hydrochloride salt easily soluble in water and dimethylsulphoxide, sparingly soluble in lower alcohols and insoluble in several organic solvents. At low concentrations 26a was effective against gram-positive bacteria, mainly micrococci and corynebacteria, moderately active against mycobacteria, and inactive against gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds even at 300 microgram/ml concentration. From the viewpoint of elemental analysis, electrometric titration, optical rotation, UV, IR and NMR spectra, amino acid composition, molecular weight and biological observations, 26a can be considered as an antibiotic, if not identical, then closely related to bacitracin family polypeptides.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2026

Design, expression, purification, and application of novel recombinant miR-491 molecules to define the biogenesis and function of miR-491-3p versus -5p in posttranscriptional regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1.

Interindividual variations in drug metabolism involve various factors, including posttranscriptional gene regulation mechanisms controlled by microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) derived from the genome. The aim of this study was to use RNA bioengineering technology to produce novel recombinant human miR-491-5p, miR-491-3p, and pre-miR-491 molecules, namely BioRNA/miR-491-5p, BioRNA/miR-491-3p, and BioRNA/pre-miR-491, respectively, and define their functional difference in regulating UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) expression and drug-metabolizing capacity. All 6 BioRNAs were heterologously overexpressed in Escherichia coli (>30% of total RNA) and isolated by fast protein liquid chromatography to high purity (>97%). As BioRNA/pre-miR-491 agents were processed to both 5p and 3p strands in Hep3B and HepG2 cells, BioRNA/miR-491-5p and -3p were selectively processed to 5p and 3p, respectively, and each accumulated to greater levels. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence studies demonstrated the efficacy of BioRNA/miR-491-3p to suppress UGT1A1 protein levels in Hep3B and HepG2 cells, localized on the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibiting monomeric (∼55 kDa) and oligomeric (∼150 kDa) bands under different conditions, whereas BioRNA/pre-miR-491 and miR-491-5p had no effects. Using a fluorescent substrate, N-butyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,8-naphthalimide, lower UGT1A1 drug-metabolizing capacities were found in cells treated with BioRNA/miR-491-3p. In addition, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed a 45% reduction of estradiol 3-glucuronidation activity by BioRNA/miR-491-3p in Hep3B cells, whereas formation of estradiol 17-glucuronidation mediated by other UGTs was unchanged. Together, these results underline the role of miR-491-3p in regulating UGT1A1 and its impact on cellular drug-metabolizing capacity while demonstrating the applications of recombinant miRNA agents to delineating the importance of posttranscriptional gene regulation in drug metabolism. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT: Research on posttranscriptional gene regulation mainly uses miRNA mimics chemically synthesized in vitro. This study successfully produced 6 novel recombinant miR-491 molecules through in vivo fermentation with transfer RNA scaffold and transfer RNA-fused pre-miRNA carrier-based technologies, which were further utilized to delineate the biogenesis and function of miR-491-3p versus -5p in modulating UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 protein levels and drug-metabolizing capacity. The findings demonstrate the role of miR-491-3p in regulating UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and value of recombinant miRNA agents for studying drug metabolism.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Effects of crp mutations on adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium.

Wild-type Salmonella typhimurium could not grow with exogenous cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (AMP) as the sole source of phosphate, but mutants capable of cyclic AMP utilization could be isolated provided the parental strain contained a functional cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.All cyclic AMP-utilizing mutants had the growth and fermentation properties of cyclic AMP receptor protein (crp) mutants, and some lacked cyclic AMP binding activity in vitro. The genetic defect in each such mutant was due to a single point mutation, which was co-transducible with cysG. crp mutants isolated by alternative procedures also exhibited the capacity to utilize cyclic AMP. crp mutants synthesized cyclic AMP at increased rates and contained enhanced cellular cyclic AMP levels relative to the parental strains, regardless of whether or not cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was active. Moreover, adenylate cyclase activity in vivo was less sensitive to regulation by glucose, possibly because the enzyme II complexes of the phosphotransferase system, responsible for glucose transport and phosphorylation, could not be induced to maximal levels. This possibility was strengthened by the observation that enzyme II activity (measured both in vitro by sugar phosphorylation and in vivo by sugar transport and chemotaxis) was inducible in the parental strain but not in crp mutants. The results suggest that the cyclic AMP receptor protein regulates cyclic AMP metabolism as well as catabolic enzyme synthesis.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1978

Effect of lactulose on ammonia production in a fecal incubation system.

An in vitro fecal incubation system was used to demonstrate how lactulose influences ammonia metabolism in the colon. Lactulose and other fermentable substrates (glucose, mannitol, and sorbitol), pH and organic acid were varied independently so that their different effects could be determined. Fermentable substrate caused a fall in ammonia concentration during the period of fermentation. Acidification to pH 5.0 or less, with hydrochloric acid or a lactic-acetic acid mixture, significantly reduced ammonia generation, but unlike fermentable substrates, did not lower the existing ammonia concentration. The lactic-acetic acid mixture did not reduce ammonia generation significantly below that found with acidification by hydrochloric acid. The effect of lactulose in reducing ammonia concentration is attributed to its role as a bacterial substrate in either increasing bacterial assimilation of ammonia or reducing deamination of nitrogenous compounds. The effect of low pH in reducing generation of ammonia appears to be part of a general reduction in bacterial metabolism.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1978

Cariogenicity and acidogenicity of food, confectionery and beverages.

The advantage of pH-telemetry of plaque and mixed saliva in the evaluation of the cariogenic potential is that, in contrast to in vitro measurements, in vivo telemetry discriminates among pH variations in plaque and saliva as a result of substrate fermentation and those due to dietary acids, acids formed by the oral mucosal microflora and adequately registers salivary buffers. This is illustrated with a summary of acido- hypo- and nonacidogenic products tested.

Acids↗
PubMed2026

Screening of Fermentative Strains for Reducing the Allergenicity of a Whey Protein-Soy Protein System and Genomic Characterization of the Selected Strain.

Dual-protein systems combining whey protein isolate (WPI) and soy protein isolate (SPI) offer complementary nutritional benefits but are limited by the presence of major allergens. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation provides a promising strategy to mitigate this limitation. In this study, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JM053, selected from 13 LAB strains based on phenotypic screening, significantly reduced the in vitro allergenicity of the dual-protein system, increasing the IgE-binding inhibition rate to 48.75%. Whole-genome sequencing and characterization of JM053 revealed a comprehensive proteolytic system, including the proline-specific peptidase genes pepX and pepQ, which may contribute to the degradation of allergenic peptide sequences. Combined with in silico bioinformatic analysis, potential cleavage sites within the linear epitopes of the dual-protein system were predicted based on the substrate specificity of the identified proteases, offering a testable hypothesis for the strain's mechanism of action. In addition, in vitro safety assessment and genomic analysis supported the safety potential, stress tolerance, and probiotic characteristics of JM053. Collectively, this study provides a valuable candidate strain for the development of hypoallergenic dual-protein products and offers preliminary genomic insights into LAB-mediated allergenicity reduction.

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei↗