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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1977

[Incidence statistics of malignant stomach neoplasms in the Estonian SSR during 1963-1972].

Crude and age-adjusted (UICC world standard) morbidity rates of gastric cancer have been presented. The linear-regression analysis of age-ajusted rates for 1963--1972 shows a significant mean annual decrease of 2.9% for males and 4.9% for females. In 1968--1971 the ratio of Russian to Estonian age-ajusted rates was 1.9--2.0 for urban and 1.7 for rural population. 46.1 +/- 2.7% of Russian migrants (gastric cancer patients) have migrated to Estonia from high risk areas. 38.3--61.3% of males and 27.1--47.7% of females have a microscopic verification of the diagnosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Endoscopic surveillance of patients following a curative resection for colorectal cancer.

From 1974 to 1985, 161 patients were followed by at least one colonoscopy following a polypectomy for an adenomatous polyp. These patients had had a previous curative resection performed for colorectal carcinoma. The median follow-up time after surgery was 54 months. A polyp within 65 cm from the anal verge or from a permanent colostomy was considered detectable by the flexible sigmoidoscope. Seventy-one patients (44%) were found to have adenomatous polyp(s) within 65 cm during the follow-up period. This incidence was influenced by the type of colorectal resection performed. In 36 of 41 patients (88%) undergoing a right hemicolectomy, the adenomatous polyp(s) was found within 65 cm from the anal verge. This was an incidence statistically and significantly higher than the incidence in patients undergoing other types of surgical resections. There were no differences in age, sex, or Dukes' stages according to the type of surgical resection performed. In summary, the present study demonstrates that there is a role for postoperative surveillance by the 65 cm flexible sigmoidoscope. This surveillance can be performed with great safety especially in patients following a right hemicolectomy; significantly more of these patients have adenomatous polyps within reach of the 65 cm flexible sigmoidoscope.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Relative value of incidence and mortality data in cancer research.

Cancer surveillance has played an important role in programmes of cancer control, ranging from aiding formulation of current hypotheses regarding the nature of the causes of cancer to assessing the effectiveness of cancer treatment regimes and cancer prevention programmes. Central to this has been the contribution from routine data collection schemes, particularly cancer mortality data and cancer registration schemes, the latter providing cancer incidence statistics for a variety of international populations. Criticisms have been made of the quality of cancer incidence data and there have been suggestions that cancer surveillance may be better achieved by use of mortality data. From examination of the reliability and quality of mortality data, it would appear that international variation in the quality of death certification and in the application of internationally agreed rules for selecting the underlying cause of death may in themselves be enough to vitiate the argument that there is significant international variation in cancer levels or to indicate variation where none in reality may exist. Good cancer incidence data are vitally important to descriptive epidemiology as are good cancer mortality data. It is important to recognize that there are limitations to both types of data which vary both temporarily and internationally. Cancer surveillance and the assessment of the impact of cancer control programmes depend on the reliability of descriptive epidemiology and would best be achieved by maintaining current, population-based cancer registration schemes and, if and where possible, extending such schemes to other populations or population groups. Maximum benefit would be achieved by simultaneous improvement in the quality of mortality data.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1992

The role of the cancer registry in cancer control.

It has been accepted generally that the cancer registry has more of a 'back room' than a 'front line' role in cancer control, its particular responsibilities lying in description of cancer patterns, care, and outcome, in monitoring these variables in relation to control activities, and in providing a research database--often, for others to utilize. While readily justifiable, this prevailing concept of the cancer registry's role may not be sustainable in times of economic restraint. A survey of members of the International Association of Cancer Registries showed that most registries fit the accepted mold. Some, however, extend beyond it, particularly in the direct conduct of epidemiologic research and in the implementation of control programs, particularly screening. Sixteen percent appeared only to be collecting incidence statistics and may be at risk of economic rationalization. It would be consonant with their basic role and skills, and promote more rational cancer control, if cancer registries were to take on an expanded role, including direct participation in epidemiologic research, evaluation of interventions against cancer at the population level, situation analysis and cancer control planning, and implementation of aspects of cancer control--particularly coordination of screening--and monitoring the performance of cancer control programs. This expanded role could become the responsibility of specialized cancer control units of which cancer registration would be the central function.

Cancer Care Facilities↗

PubMed1990

Incidence of cancer of the lung, stomach, breast, and cervix in the USSR: pattern and trends.

The most frequent fatal malignant tumors in the Soviet Union are cancers of the lung, stomach, breast, and cervix uteri. From incidence statistics and population estimates provided by the Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Health, age-adjusted incidence rates for the period 1971-87, using the World standard population, have been computed for the USSR as a whole and for each of the 15 Soviet republics. For six republics believed to have the highest quality of data and relatively homogeneous populations, time-trends are examined over the period. There is important geographical variation in the incidence of malignant tumors in the Soviet Union. The differences between high and low incidence areas are four-fold for cancer of the lung and stomach, three-fold for cancer of the breast and two-fold for cancer of the cervix. Overall in the six republics for which time-trends are examined, cancers of the lung and breast have increased, cancers of the stomach and cervix have decreased. There are some variations in specific age groups in some republics.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Porphyria cutanea tarda and HLA-linked hemochromatosis. Evidence against a systematic association.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a hemochromatosis allele is implicated in the expression of porphyria cutanea tarda. HLA phenotypes were determined in 69 porphyria cutanea tarda patients, 42 of which had the sporadic type (normal erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity) and 27 unrelated patients who had the familial type (diminished erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity). The incidence of HLA antigen A3, a marker of the hemochromatosis allele, was identical in the sporadic patients (23.8%), in the familial patients (22.2%), and in the controls (24.5%). Furthermore, no clinical difference could be found between A3 and non-A3 patients. These results demonstrate no systematic association between hemochromatosis and porphyria cutanea tarda in the population studied. Another HLA-linked gene, however, could be implicated in the expression of the disease as HLA antigen DR7 presented an incidence statistically different (p less than 0.05) between sporadic (16.6%) and familial patients (43%).

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Spirosolane-containing Solanum species and induction of congenital craniofacial malformations.

Comparison by GC analysis of purified alkaloid extracts of Solanum species revealed no measurable free solasodine, other spirosolanes, or any non-spirosolane steroidal alkaloid aglycones in unhydrolyzed total alkaloid fractions of fruit of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum sarrachoides (S. villosum Lam.--hairy nightshade), Solanum dulcamara L. (European bittersweet nightshade) or Solanum melongena L. (eggplant). All alkaloidal material was apparently present as glycoside. Conversely, sprouts of Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) contained 67% of its alkaloids as glycosides, which was freed only upon hydrolysis with the remaining 33% present as free solanidine. GC/MS analysis of hydrolysates of purified extracts of the test Solanum species revealed that solasodine was a principal or sole aglycone of the alkaloid glycosides in each of the test species except Solanum tuberosum. In the latter, solanidine was the sole aglycone. Among the test species, exclusive of S. tuberosum, only S. dulcamara contained aglycones other than solasodine. In addition to solasodine, S. dulcamara contained appreciable amounts of an unknown spirosolane, an aglycone provisionally identified as soladulcidine. The induction of congenital craniofacial malformations in hamsters by high oral doses of the four Solanum species that contained mainly solasodine glycosides--S. elaeagnifolium, S. dulcamara, S. sarrachoides and S. melongena was compared to inductions of malformations by Solanum tuberosum, that contained mainly solanidane glycosides. Compared to controls, Solanum elaeagnifolium and Solanum dulcamara fruit both induced a high percentage incidence of deformed litters (20.4 and 16.3, respectively) that was statistically significant (P less than 0.001 level) while percentage incidence of deformed litters induced by Solanum sarrachoides and Solanum melongena fruit (9.5 and 7.6 respectively) were both higher than controls (3.4%), in neither case was the incidence statistically significant (P less than .05). Deformed litter incidence induced by sprouts of Solanum tuberosum was 24.0%, (P less than 0.001).

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Silicosis and risk of lung cancer or lung tuberculosis: a cohort study.

This is a study of cancer mortality, cancer incidence, and incidence of lung tuberculosis among cases of silicosis reported to the National Swedish Pneumoconiosis Register during 1959-1977. Two occupational categories were extracted--"mining, tunneling, and quarrying" (n = 284) and "iron and steel foundries" (n = 428), respectively. Control groups were drawn from a national register of persons undergoing periodic health examinations with regard to silicosis risk. The controls were matched for occupation, age, and time of first exposure. The follow-up was performed through record-linkage operations to computerized information in Swedish Death Statistics, Swedish Cancer Register, and the Swedish Tuberculosis Index. End of follow-up was set at December 31, 1980. In cases drawn from mining, quarrying, and tunneling workers seven deaths in lung cancer were observed and two among the controls. Among iron and steel foundry workers the corresponding numbers were 10 and 6. The values for expected numbers, based on general population statistics, were 1.3 and 2.6, respectively, for these two occupational groups. When cancer incidence statistics were used, the case/control ratio for lung cancer was 2.1 for "mining, quarrying, and tunneling" and 0.6 for "iron and steel foundries." There were 29 cases of lung tuberculosis registered among the silicosis cases during the follow-up period. Only one tuberculosis case was observed among the controls. The results demonstrate that persons with silicosis contracted in the mining, quarrying, and tunneling occupations are subject to an increased risk of lung cancer. The risk is observed when both the general population and a closely matched control population from the same occupations are used for values of reference. The results also demonstrate the high risk of persons with silicosis to contract lung tuberculosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Stability of fecapentaene-12 and its carcinogenicity in F-344 rats.

Carcinogenicity studies of the fecal mutagen fecapentaene-12 (FP-12) have been hampered because of its apparent instability. We report here that: (i) contrary to the popular belief, FP-12 is quite stable, particularly at micromolar to nanomolar concentration; and (ii) its characteristic spectrophotometric absorbance spectrum is a function of the solvent or vehicle. Using synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry (SFS), we have determined that at delta lambda 36.5 nm FP-12 gives a characteristic single emission peak between 413 and 423 nm, allowing us to identify FP-12 in DNA when reacted in vitro. We also report an increased incidence (statistically not significant) of fibrosarcomas and mammary carcinomas in male F-344 rats following intrarectal instillation of FP-12. In the in vitro human colon explant model, direct addition of FP-12 results in alteration in mucin histochemical changes typical of precancer and cancer. Our results support the contention that FP-12 is a naturally occurring carcinogen and may be responsible for human cancer(s).

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Fluoridated drinking water and the occurrence of cancer.

A recent report by the National Health Federation, a private agency, related cancer mortality patterns in the United States to fluoridation of water supplies, triggering much public health concern and some political response. To clarify the issues raised, we studied cancer mortality and incidence statistics for U.S. counties, 1950-69. No trends could be ascribed to the consumption of water that is artificially or naturally fluoridated.

Epidemiologic Methods↗

PubMed1977

Nasopharyngeal cancer among young people in the United States: racial variations by cell type.

U. S. mortality and incidence statistics for nasopharyngeal cancer showed a fourfold excess risk of sarcomas in white children under age 10, and a fourfold to sevenfold excess of carcinomas in teen-age blacks. Mortality from nasopharyngeal carcinomas in young people was greater in the South than in the North, with the excess mortality in blacks linked to rural residence and low socioeconomic status. These and other characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in young persons suggested that environmental (perhaps infectious) agents are involved in this age group. These patterns contrasted with nasopharyngeal carcinomas developing after age 25, when the rates predominated in Chinese Americans. Nasopharyngeal cancer in the United States had three age peaks, with racial and epidemiologic distinctions that seemed to reflect different etiologies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Gastric cancer in Scotland: changing epidemiology, unchanging workload.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in incidence of and mortality from gastric cancer in Scotland between 1978 and 1987 and in the operative workload in Lothian between 1979 and 1988. DESIGN: Analysis of national incidence statistics for gastric cancer derived from the Scottish national cancer registry, deaths from gastric cancer recorded by the registrar general for Scotland, and Lothian surgical audit data. SETTING: Scotland and Lothian Health Board area. PATIENTS: Patients in Scotland with gastric cancer during 1978 to 1987 inclusive; patients in Scotland with gastric cancer recorded on their death certificate as cause of death during 1978 to 1987; patients who had an operation in Lothian for gastric cancer during 1979 to 1988. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in incidence of and mortality from gastric cancer in Scotland from 1978 to 1987 and in the number of operations performed for gastric cancer in Lothian from 1979 to 1988. RESULTS: Mortality from gastric cancer in Scotland fell by about 25% over the 10 years. The incidence and standardised incidence of gastric cancer showed a marginal decline of about 9%. The differences in trends between incidence and mortality were significant (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the surgical workload associated with gastric cancer is not declining. This is because the incidence has remained almost static, which may be due to the relative increase in the numbers of older people in the population, who are at greater risk of developing gastric cancer. Gastric cancer should not be regarded as a disease in decline. Incidence and workload should determine resources allocated to this disease rather than mortality statistics.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Incidence of malignant tumors in Russia and their prevention].

Cancer incidence statistics in the Russian Federation and the evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that the priority in primary prevention of cancer should be given to smoking control. Discontinuation of smoking may prevent in Russia annually about 80,000 cases of cancer, or about 25% of all newly diagnosed cases of cancer in 1989 (excluding skin squamous and basal cell carcinoma). Another very important direction of cancer prevention in Russia is modification of diet in favour of increased consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables. The elimination of occupational carcinogens or a decrease in exposure to them would result in an important decrease in the incidence of certain cancers in highly industrialized areas. A decrease in the exposure to carcinogens in ambient air and the protection from exposure to ionizing radiation are of some, although limited, importance in cancer prevention.

Female↗

PubMed1989

Relative incidence of intraoral pemphigus vulgaris, mucus membrane pemphigoid and lichen planus.

A retrospective analysis of patients was conducted in order to determine the relative incidence of oral pemphigus vulgaris, mucus membrane pemphigoid and lichen planus. The analysis yielded a relative incidence of 1:2:15 of pemphigus vulgaris, mucus membrane pemphigoid and lichen planus patients. The dangers of comparing and relating incidence statistics from one study to other studies were demonstrated.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1986

[Proposal for radio-oncologic needs planning].

The demand planning for radio-oncologic treatment considers the population density and structure of the region served by the hospital, the geographic conditions of this region, the medical prescriptions of the hospital institution, the incidence of cancer, the part of radiotherapy in the treatment of the tumor, hospital-specific factors and, finally, the minimum requirements for technical equipment and staff of a radiotherapeutic functional unit. The most important factors are certainly the incidence of cancer and the number of tumor patients actually receiving a radiotherapy. For the Federal Republic of Germany, an incidence of annually 300 to 320 new cancers per 100,000 inhabitants is determined, based on the mortality statistics of the Federal Republic of Germany, England, Wales and Norway as well as the cancer incidence statistics of Hamburg, Baden-Württemberg, Saarland and the very reliable registers of Scandinavia and the German Democratic Republic. The part of radiotherapy is probably between 32 and 35% of primary treatments, repeated treatments must be added. With respect to technical equipment and staff, some minimum requirements have to be fulfilled by a radiotherapeutic functional unit if its work shall be satisfactory in the medical and economical domain. A concentration of radiotherapeutic resources is recommended. The number of beds required for a radio-oncologic hospital applying modern techniques and combined methods is 40 to 45% of the number of patients irradiated per day. A three-category system for radio-oncologic treatment is presented. Future planning, however, should only be based on two categories.

Germany, West↗

PubMed1979

[Colon carcinoma pathogenesis. An epidemiological study (author's transl)].

The mean incidence age for rectal carcinoma in women rose significantly in the township of Karlsruhe between 1971-1975 from 61,5 to 70,9 years, while the incidence age for colon carcinoma in men decreased significantly from 67,5 to 65,0 years. In the world incidence statistics of colon carcinoma in males, Karlsruhe ranks 16th (13,2 cases per 100 000 inhabitants), whereas the city ranks second for rectal carcinoma in males (18,5 cases/100 000). Prevalence patterns of gastric, colonic, and rectal carcinoma differ between individual districts of Karlsruhe. Time-related pathogenetic influence factors are discussed in extenso.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

[Myocardial infarction: comparative study of principal risk factors in the two sexes].

A study of the distribution of the various risk factors for coronary artery disease as a function of the age and sex of a homogenous population of 316 patients has brought to light the following findings: -- These was found to be a greater incidence (statistically significant) of hypertension disorders of glucose metabolism obesity and hypercholesterolaemia in the females, and of tobacco consumption (cigarettes) and, to a lesser extent, of hypertriglyceridaemia and of gout in the males; -- The females who 'tot up' risk factors have their myocardial infarction at a greater age than the males -- The risk factor which separates the two sexes in the consumption of cigarette tobacco. These findings agree with those already in the literature.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Escherichia coli associated with acute measles and diarrhoea at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya.

Three hundred and three children under 5 years old with acute measles and diarrhoea (cases) and 300 other age-matched children with diarrhoea (controls) were examined for enteroadherent E. coli (EAEC) and other agents including rotavirus and Cryptosporidium. EAEC was determined by tissue culture of HEP-2 cells. Other agents were determined by conventional methods. EAEC was identified from both cases and control accounting for 10.3% (31/303) and 15.2% (46/300) respectively. Other bacterial agents were: 10.3% (31/303) from cases and 12.8% (39/300) from controls. A higher detection rate of enteroparasites was found among cases 15% (45/300) than controls 8.9% (27/300) whereas rotavirus was the reverse, 3% (9/303) in cases and 30.3% (92/300) in controls. To our knowledge characterization of EAEC has not been done before and therefore might be attributing factor to some of our unexplained diarrhoeal cases.

Child, Preschool↗