[New markers in lung scanning. (Iodine-13- albumin microspheres, Technetium-99m albumin microspheres, Indium-113m microspheres, Indium-113 iron hydroxide)].
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Humans↗
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Effect of admixed indium on properties of a dispersed-phase high-copper dental amalgam.
A new dental amalgam alloy containing admixed indium is available for clinical use. The purpose of this study was to conduct a full range of laboratory tests on two alloys containing differing amounts of admixed indium and on a similar alloy that did not contain indium. Results showed that less mercury was required to mix the alloys containing indium since admixed indium promotes wetting of the alloy. Back-scattered electron images showed the Ag-Hg matrix to be in good apposition to the Ag-Sn particles and to the Ag-Cu eutectic spheres, and there was no evidence of unreacted indium. The alloys containing admixed indium demonstrated improved resistance to creep and very little dimensional change upon setting. The early compressive strength was low for the alloys containing indium, but compressive strengths were significantly higher than those of the alloy without indium at 24 h and 7 d. Some improvement in resistance to marginal leakage and to corrosion was shown for the alloys containing indium.
American Dental Association↗
Effect of admixed indium on the clinical success of amalgam restorations.
The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate two formulations of a dispersed-phase, high-copper dental amalgam alloy (Indisperse), which contained admixed indium. One alloy tested contained 5% indium, and the second alloy contained 10% indium. A similar alloy without indium, Dispersalloy, was also placed for comparison. Over the course of the five-year study, there were no differences clinically or statistically regarding texture and luster. The margins of the restorations containing indium incurred slightly less fracture than the non-indium-containing restorations; however, these differences were not clinically significant. It can be concluded that the admixture of 5-10% indium as well as the increased ratio of eutectic spheres to lathe-cut particles found in the indium alloys enhance the clinical performance of amalgam restorations.
Dental Amalgam↗
[Aging properties of indium added gold alloys for metal-ceramic system (author's transl)].
Aging properties is studied on Au-10 wt% Pt and Au-10 wt% Pt-0.5 wt% Fe alloys containing 0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 wt% Indium. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In added Au-Pt alloys. From the electrical resistances in the isochronal aging curves, 0.2 and 0.4 wt% Indium added alloys are age-hardenable between 350 degrees and 640 degrees C. Heterogeneous phase in founded in 2.0 wt% Indium added alloy by meanes optical microstructures. This phase is identified fcc Pt3In by meanes X-ray diffraction. 2) In added Au-Pt-Fe alloys 0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 wt% Indium added alloys are age-hardenable between 250 degrees and 620 degrees C. Grain boundary reaction accelerated in 2.0 wt% Indium added alloy, and hardness decreased by overaging. Precipitation of nodule is inhibited in 0.2 wt% Indium added alloy, and aging properties also increase.
Ceramics↗
Studies of the kinetics of indium-111-labeled granulocytes.
Studies of the in vivo kinetics of granulocytes labeled in vitro with indium-111 were carried out in 10 normal subjects. The granulocyte suspension was prepared with a Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient and labeled with indium-111-oxine. No elution or reutilization of the radioisotope was demonstrable in vitro. The average intravascular recovery of indium-labeled granulocytes was 30% +/- 6, and the t 1/2 was 5.0 +/- 1.6 hr. Normal in vitro function of these cells was demonstrated by bacterial killing and chemotaxis assays. Because indium-111 decays by gamma emission, the fate of in vivo labeled granulocytes can be followed with scintigraphic techniques. Images obtained indicated normal uptake of activity in the liver and spleen. Effective in vivo function of indium-labeled granulocytes was demonstrated in four patients by the localization of radioactivity at sites of inflammation or abscess. Although the intravascular recovery with this method is lower than that reported for some other radioisotope methods, the comparison of abnormal findings with normal values by this technique is probably valid. Indium-labeled granulocytes should prove useful in the study of granulocyte collection, transfusion, histocompatibility, and storage.
Biological Transport↗
Indium and iron as tracers for erythroid precursors.
External visualization and delineation of functional bone marrow is important for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Because of difficulties in using the isotopes of iron for bone-marrow imaging, indium-111 chloride has been used extensively for this purpose. In this investigation we attempted to solve the problem of cellular localization of indium chloride by employing a rat model with erythropoietic precursors selectively damaged by lethal intracellular radiation from the Auger electrons of Fe-55. In the rat, we have shown that the absolute marrow uptakes of indium and iron are different, whereas the absolute uptakes of indium and sulfur colloid are the same. However, in animals whose erythroid activity was partially destroyed with Fe-55, the fractional depressions of iron and indium uptakes were the same and corresponded to the extent of the remaining erythroid activity. In addition, following an in vitro separation of the cellular elements of marrow with iron carbonyl, both iron and indium were found in the erythroid-rich supernatant, whereas sulfur colloid was in the precipitate. These results indicate that, in the rat, In-111 chloride is an effective in vivo marker for the early phases of iron uptake by the bone marrow.
Animals↗
Indium chloride scintigraphy: an index of severity in patients with aplastic anaemia.
[111In]Indium chloride scans of the bone marrow were performed in 22 patients with idiopathic aplastic anaemia before therapeutic intervention. In 20 patients there was a marked reduction in the uptake of indium chloride by the marrow, and in two patients the uptake of indium chloride was normal. Nineteen of the 20 patients with reduced marrow uptake of indium chloride, who underwent bone marrow transplantation, died or failed to improve. One of the two patients with normal scans improved and the other has remained stable. Four patients studied both pre and post successful bone marrow transplantation had minimal marrow uptake before transplantation and normal scans after transplantation. Failure of indium-111 choride marrow uptake correlates with poor prognosis in idiopathic aplastic anaemia.
Adult↗
Indium-111-labeled leukocytes for the localization of abscesses: preparation, analysis, tissue distribution, and comparison with gallium-67 citrate in dogs.
Leukocytes have been labeled with indium-111-8-hydroxyquinoline complex. Seventy-five to 85 per cent of the initial activity has been obtained in the complex form of which 75 to 95 per cent is incorportaed with leukocytes. The polymophonuclear leukocytes are predominantly labeled, and the label has been found stable for at least 27 hours after invivo administration. The radioactivity clears from the circulating blood with a half time of 8 to 9-hours and accumulates in normal liver and spleen and in experimentally induced abscesses. The cells which have been labeled and damaged by heat concentrate mainly in the lungs. The in vivo distribution of the indium-111 labeled cells has been compared with the gallium-67 administered as citrate. The abscess to blood ratios of the indium-111 activity varied between 35 to 117, compared to 1.2 to 8 of the gallium-67. The abscess to liver, spleen, and kidney ratios are several fold higher with indium-111 leukocytes than with gallium=67 citrate. These results plus the suitable physical characteristics of indium-111 make the labeled leukocytes a better agent for the localization of abscesses.
Abscess↗
Imaging experimental myocardial infarction with indium-111-labeled autologous leukocytes: effects of infarct age and residual regional myocardial blood flow.
The external imaging patterns and the kinetics of infiltration of indium-111 labeled polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) occurring in the course of the inflammatory response associated with myocardial infarction were studied in dogs subjected to closed-chest anterior wall infarction. The effects of infarct age and regional residual myocardial blood flow upon PMN infiltration were investigated and quantified, and the capacity of indium-111 PMNs to image the experimental infarction was evaluated qualitatively. The epicardial accumulation of indium-111 PMNs occurred primarily in infarct zones with residual blood flow of 0.6 times normal and was maximal (14.8 +/- 3.8 times normal) in the lowest blood flow zone (less than 0.1 times normal). PMN accumulation in the endocardial infarct zones occurred in the regions with blood flow less than 0.6 times normal and was maximal (26.8 +/- 4.9 times normal) in the lowest blood flow zone. However, contrary to the maximal epicardial infiltration period, which occurred within the first 24 hours after infarction, the maximal endocardial infiltration occurred at 72 hours after infarction. In both endocardium and epicardium, PMN uptake was minimal at 120 hours after infarction. In vivo cardiac images were abnormal and revealed discrete, anatomically distinct areas of increased myocardial radioactivity uptake in the anterior wall of all dogs studied within 24--96 hours after infarction. All images obtained 120 hours after infarction were negative. Thus, indium-111 PMNs provide a noninvasive means of in vivo imaging of the inflammatory response to myocardial infarction and allow quantification of this response at a tissue level.
Animals↗
Indium-113m perfusion study and the nonfunctioning thyroid nodule.
Indium-113m eluate has been used to study the perfusion of 12 patients with solitary thyroid nodules that appeared "cold" in the 131I and 99mTc image studies. Seven patients with colloid nodules showed no perfusion and the remaining five (three adenomas and two carcinomas) showed good perfusion with indium. Histologic confirmation was obtained in all cases. Indium-113m perfusion study may be useful in differentiating colloid nodules from either adenomas or carcinomas.
Adenoma↗
[Study of proteins binding radioactive indium in vivo].
After in vivo infusion, radio-active indium is fixed by liver and bone marrow, but more slowly and less completely than iron. It does not incorporate to haem. It is found as labelled ferritin in the liver, after the fifth day. In the bone marrow, indium is almost exclusively found as labelled transferrin; several arguments suggest the intra-cellular site of the labelled protein. Using indium may enable a better knowledge of the intermediary iron pools.
Animals↗
Indium 111 autologous tagged leukocytes in the diagnosis of intraperitoneal sepsis.
We report the results of a new test, indium oxine in 111 scanning, in the diagnosis of postoperative infection. Indium 111 was used to label autologous polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which when reinjected migrate to sites of infection, inflammation, or both. Standard scintigraphy localizes the labeled inflammatory cells at these sites. Sixty-six scans were performed in 43 surgical patients. Thirty-seven scans were categorized as true-positive; 19 scans were categorized as true-negative. Therefore, the accuracy rate was 85%. Two scans (3%) in one patient represented false-positive results. Two scans (3%) were positive for inflammation but there was no infection present; this group was denoted as equivocal. Six scans (9%) were false-negative; false-negative scans are more likely in old lesions with poor blood supply and in areas that overlap regions of normal uptake. The noninvasive nature of the test, high accuracy rate, and ease of administration make it a potentially useful tool in the diagnosis of postoperative infection.
Abscess↗
Indium-111 bleomycin tumor scanning in lymphoma.
A new radiopharmaceutical, indium-111 labeled bleomycin (IB), was evaluated as a tumor-imaging agent in 55 patients with lymphoma. Overall disease activity was correctly identified in 79% of 75 whole-body scan obtained 48 hours after intravenous administration of IB. Serial scans in 19 patients accurately reflected changes in their disease status. Lymphatic and soft tissues sites of involvement both above and below the diaphragm were most readily identified by scanning. Bone marrow and hepatic involvements were more difficult to detect because of normal tissue background in the considered organs. Five patients manifested diffuse pulmonary uptake of IB and only in one case was it explained. To determine the accuracy of scanning with IB, we evaluated 731 individual sites of potential tumor involvement with these results: true positives 90%, false negatives 10%, false positives 4%, and true negatives 96%. Thus, tumor scanning with indium-111 bleomycin is an important new technique for the initial staging and serial evaluation of patients with lymphoma.
Adult↗
Kinetics of indium-III labelled lymphocytes in normal subjects and patients with Hodgkin's disease.
The distribution in the body and the circulation in the blood of autologous lymphocytes labelled with indium-III were studied in two normal subjects and two patients with Hodgkin's disease. Four hours after injection radioactivity was identified in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Radioactivity, followed by imaging and whole body scanning, began to appear in the lymph nodes four to 18 hours after injection, and some, though not all, lymph node groups in the body could be readily visualised. There were no differences between the normal subjects and the patients with Hodgkin's disease. The pattern of clearance of radioactivity from the blood was consistent with a normal circulation between blood and lymphoid tissues of the labelled lymphocytes. Since indium-111 stays firmly attached to the cell, it seems an ideal label for studying lymphocyte kinetics, and the use of this technique may have further clinical application.
Hodgkin Disease↗
Indium-111-labeled human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bacterial capacity, and ultrastructure.
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were labeled with indium-111 oxine in ethanol, and the effects of the labeling procedure, radioactivity, and concentrations of oxine and ethanol on PMN function and structure were studied in vitro. The standard labeling procedure did not alter the viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bactericidal capacity, or the ultrastructure of PMNs. Exposure to higher doses of radioactivity, or to higher concentrations of ethanol, had no appreciable effects on random migration and chemotaxis of PMNs. A dose-dependent reduction in their random migration and chemotaxis was observed when higher concentrations of oxine were used. These results indicate that In-111-labeled PMNs are structurally intact and have normal in vitro locomotion and bactericidal activity. Indium-111-labeled PMNs should be suitable for studying the kinetics and distribution of these cells in health and disease.
Blood Bactericidal Activity↗
A clinical evaluation of indium-111 bleomycin as a tumor-imaging agent.
In an evaluation of indium-111-bleomycin as a tumor-imaging agent, 357 whole-body tumor scans were performed in 293 patients. Of 246 studies performed in patients with a variety of active solid tumors, 218 (89%) were true-positive studies and 28 (11%) were false-negative. Of 69 scans in patients thought to be free of tumor after therapy, 32 (46%) were false-positive studies and 37 (54%) were true-negative. The true-positive rates by major tumor type were: adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal tract origin (95%), lymphoma (88%), melanoma (87%), sarcomas (82%), lung (77%), breast (77%), childhood tumors (71%), gynecologic tumors (70%), and genitourinary tumors (68%). Soft tissue and lymphatic sites of tumor, both above and below the diaphragm, were easily visualized, whereas hepatic and bone marrow sites of involvement were less easily discerned. False-positive uptake with 111In-bleomycin was noted in lungs (6%), gut (3%), mediastinum (2%), normal breast tissue (0.8%), and in occasional inflammatory lesions. In 19 patients with multiple myeloma or leukemia, a pattern of diminished bone marrow uptake associated with abnormal accumulation of 111In-bleomycin in extramedullary sites of involvement was the rule. In another 23 patients in whom scans were performed because an occult tumor was suspected, scanning did not lead to specific diagnosis of tumor in a single instance. We conclude that 111In-bleomycin is a safe, effective, and useful new tumor-imaging agent in the initial staging and followup of patients with a variety of solid tumors. Significant advantages of this agent over other currently available radiopharmaceuticals include: A) a broader spectrum of tumors taking up the radio-pharmaceutical, and B) generally better delineation of abdominal and pelvic disease due to lack of interference from gut uptake.
Adenocarcinoma↗
In vitro and in vivo effects of diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid on the distribution of indium-111 monoclonal antibody metabolism.
The effects of diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) on indium-111 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) metabolism were examined. Sequential analysis of 111In-MoAb incubated in serum at 37 degrees C by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrophoresis revealed that the radioactivity gradually moved from the MoAb to a 70-90 kDa molecular weight fraction. DTPA inhibited the transchelation of 111In to this fraction. It also decreased 111In uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes but did not remove 111In incorporated in hepatocytes. The daily in vivo administration of DTPA (0.5-2.0 mg/mouse daily) to athymic mice after 111In-MoAb injection significantly reduced the 111In uptake in the liver and kidney. The tumour uptake was decreased somewhat but not significantly. The serum radioactivity in the 70-90 kDa fraction was also decreased. Scintigraphic examination demonstrated a decreased liver uptake in the DTPA-treated group of mice. Our results show that 111In released from the DTPA-MoAb conjugate in serum binds to molecules of 70-90 kDa and that DTPA decreases the 111In uptake in this fraction, which induces a decrease of 111In accumulation in normal tissues.
Animals↗
Oral colon transit scintigraphy using indium-111 DTPA: variability in healthy subjects.
Oral colon transit scintigraphy using indium-111 diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid was performed in 41 healthy subjects (22 females, 19 males) to determine variability with age and sex and to define normal ranges. Repeat studies were performed in 10 females and 9 males to assess intra-subject variability. Females showed slightly but significantly slower colonic transit than men and slightly greater intra-subject variability. There was no correlation between age and colonic transit. The results have implications for the definition of normal ranges.
Adult↗