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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Relationship between one individual and another - relationship between the individual and society: limitations in the formation of psychotic disturbances.

The relations of the individual to others and family are understood through 'intersubjective' and/or 'interfamiliar' concepts. This 'inter' is always the origin of the relations between subjects; it is a reality which is of an atmospheric pneumatic nature. Its creative power and the uniqueness of the word are clarified by a selection of examples from oriental and occidental cultures. In contrast to it, the relations of the individual are also determined by norms, in which the 'objektive Geist' (Hegel) of a particular time is manifested. The individual is, in this relation, first of all a carrier of roles. A conditional analysis of psychotic disturbances must be based on the concept that the individual's psyche, in both spheres, is not a 'tabula rasa' (Locke), but always conveys a selection of that which has been offered in the situation (Leibniz). Out of this come constellations of a conditional nature conductive to the development of endogenous psychoses which exhibit themselves in the inter-sphere and role-sphere. These can only develop where a coherence of specific personality-structures with specific situations occurs. What makes various situations pathogenic for a particular, predisposed type, is a specific inference of meaning from peristatic precipitations.

Depression↗
PubMed2026

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Individualized Physical Therapy on Pain and Function in Individuals With Chronic Knee Pain: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Noninvasive brain stimulation is a promising neuromodulatory intervention for chronic pain. This study aimed to determine the impact that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in combination with individualized physical therapy (PT) has on pain and function in individuals with chronic knee pain. METHODS: This study was a preliminary pragmatic, triple-blinded, randomized, and sham-controlled clinical trial performed in an outpatient orthopedic physical therapy clinic. Participants participated in 5 sessions of active or sham tDCS followed by individualized PT intervention. Pain outcomes included the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Movement-Evoked Pain, pressure pain thresholds (PPT), and the Central Sensitization Inventory. Functional outcomes included the 2-minute walk test, 5-time sit-to-stand test, quadriceps strength, knee range of motion, Patient Specific Functional Scale, and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale. RESULTS: Thirty participants with chronic knee pain completed the study. There were no significant differences observed for primary patient-centered pain and functional outcomes. For secondary outcomes, the active tDCS group had a significant effect (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) on percent change in lateral joint line PPT and a significant multivariate effect of group on PPT change scores for 3-site and 5-site clusters (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). Exploratory responder analyses demonstrated that the active tDCS group was 12.8 times more likely to achieve the minimum detectable change in quadriceps strength improvement compared with the sham tDCS group (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). DISCUSSION: There were no significant between-group differences for primary pain and functional outcomes. However, the active tDCS group showed improvements in pain sensitivity, as measured by PPT, and quadriceps strength, which were superior to those seen in the sham tDCS group. These preliminary findings provide insight into possible mechanisms of tDCS in addressing pain as opposed to efficacy. Given that there were no clear between-group differences in patient-centered outcomes, there is insufficient evidence for routine tDCS use for chronic knee pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT06132412.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Can we describe an individual's personality? agreement of stereotype versus individual attributes.

Group members described other members of their group (known for at least a year) by four different procedures (free-descriptive phrases, free-descriptive adjectives, an adjective checklist, and a rating scale) at weekly intervals. As expected, the agreement between pairs of observers, as measured by overlap of content, increased from the free to the structured tasks. However, observers, agreement by chance and on group stereotypes, assessed by counting overlap between their descriptions of two separate persons, also increased. When chance and stereotype-associated aggreement were subtracted from overall agreement, the remaining, "person-specific" agreement averaged about 5%. Agreement measured separately by a matching procedure averaged 14%. No significant increase in person-specific agreement was foud between the free-descriptive and standard tasks. The findings indicate that agreement on individuating features of a person is very low and is not appreciably improved by providing observers with standard descriptive tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Short-term memory scan in normal individuals and individuals with aphasia.

Ten matched pairs of normal adults and adults with aphasia participated in a short-term memory, visual recognition paradigm wherein each determined whether or not a probe digit appeared in a subset of digits previously presented. Reaction times, measured in milliseconds from onset of probe digits until completion of visual-motor responses, were analyzed as a function of increasing subset size (two, four, and six digits) and the positive versus the negative response condition. Reaction times were significantly slower for the subjects with aphasia. Both groups of subjects demonstrated linear increases in reaction time across levels of subset size. For both groups, increases in reaction time were similar in the positive vs the negative-response conditions. Resulting parallel slopes suggested that both groups of subjects used a serial exhaustive scan of short-time memory. Results from this study did not support results obtained by others in previous studies which may have been confounded by group differences in visual retention spans.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Individual variation in the frequency of chromosome aberrations under the influence of chemical mutagens. I. Inter-cultural and inter-individual variations in the effect of mutagens on human lymphocytes].

The study of the distribution law of human peripheral blood cultures for the sensitivity to thiophosphamide was performed. In the first experiment the blood from one person was used, in the second one the blood was used from different persons. "The percent of aberrant cells" and "the number of chromosome breaks per 100 cells" were scored. The distribution law of the cultures in all the experiments was found to be normal. Analysis of the variances on the percent of aberrant cells showed that the distribution law of the cultures received from one donor corresponded to the binomial one, and that of the cultures received from different donors--to the Poisson's one.

Alkylating Agents↗
PubMed1978

[Individual variations of individual location of hepatic arteries in the lower part of the hepatoduodenal ligament].

The topography of the hepatic arteries in the lower half of the hepatoduodenal ligament was studied on 230 human cadavers. In 64.8% of cases the common hepatic artery was, as usual, in the left margin of the hepatoduodenal ligament, in 0.87% it was between the common bile duct and the portal vein i.e. to the right from the latter. The location of the right hepatic artery to the right or to the right and backwards from the common bile duct constitutes a supplementary risk of an accidental lesion of this artery in choledochotomy and drainage of the duct.

Duodenum↗
PubMed1977

[Individual psychotherapy. Institutional psychotherapy. Individual approach].

In the psychiatric management of patients where the author works the following factors are given careful consideration: a) source of referral, b) previous information about the illness, c) the content of the first session, d) obstacles for further treatment and e) theoretical basis for the psychotherapy sessions. Bellak and Small outlines are followed to structure brief and emergency psychotherapy at the author's institution.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Weathering the storm: Most maternal and environmental drivers of individual reproductive success do not scale up to population recruitment in a large herbivore.

Population growth depends upon individual survival and reproduction, but do drivers of individual reproductive success scale up to population recruitment? Factors affecting individuals may have little effect on population dynamics if individuals within a population experience different conditions. When seasonal resource availability is unpredictable and breeding season long, average conditions over a breeding cycle may poorly reflect the environment experienced by many individuals. We compared the drivers of individual reproductive success and population recruitment in an asynchronously breeding large herbivore, the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). We analysed 18&#x2009;years of individual-based data using multivariate hierarchical Bayesian models to first identify the causal mechanisms relating population density, environmental conditions and maternal traits to individual success. We then assessed whether the drivers of individual reproductive success scaled up to determine population recruitment. Most maternal and environmental covariates strongly influenced individual reproductive success, with distinct effects on juvenile survival before and after pouch exit. Maternal traits had a greater influence in the pouch, whereas environmental conditions became increasingly important once young exited the pouch. Most drivers of individual reproductive success did not affect population recruitment. Recruitment increased with population density and mean body condition of adult females. Weather harshness had a weak positive effect on recruitment, which appeared independent of female age structure, previous recruitment or forage. Most drivers of individual reproductive success did not scale up to population recruitment. Birth asynchrony could buffer population recruitment against environmental variation such that variables affecting individual reproduction have little impact at the population level. Large herbivores that reproduce asynchronously may therefore be more resilient to environmental variability than synchronous breeders.

Bayesian modelling↗
PubMed2026

Is There a Fly in My Soup? To What Extent Do Metabarcoding and Individual Barcoding Tell the Same Story?

Metabarcoding has become the method of choice for characterizing complex arthropod communities. The extent to which metabarcoded bulk samples will recover the same community composition as individual sequencing of all individuals in the sample remains poorly quantified. Biases such as unequal extraction of DNA from different taxa, primer mismatches and non-random PCR may cause the selective drop-out of species from metabarcoding data. At the same time, DNA metabarcoding may reveal arthropod taxa present not as individuals, but as DNA residues on the surface or in the gut of insects. To quantify the consistency in sample contents established by different means, we metabarcoded 45 bulk insect samples, then extracted all arthropods and sequenced them individually. Metabarcoding targeted 418&#x2009;bp at the 3' end of the Folmer barcoding region, while individual barcodes captured the entire 658&#x2009;bp Folmer region. The metabarcoding workflow, including PCR amplification, sequencing and bioinformatics, was performed in three replicates from three separate lysate aliquots per sample. For the main analyses, sequences were assigned to Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) as identical taxonomic categories across data types, thereby allowing the detection of even rare but biologically true taxa. Since such reference-based validation will be unavailable to any researcher dealing with metabarcoding data alone, we validated our key findings through an alternative workflow, i.e., de novo clustering of sequences. We found that metabarcoding is replicable, as different replicates of the same sample recover similar species richness and composition. Individual barcoding and metabarcoding provide similar impressions of relative differences in community structure: species-rich vs. species-poor samples rank similarly among data types (Spearman's &#x2374;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.88-0.99) as do differences in relative dissimilarity between sample pairs (Spearman's &#x2374;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.55-0.90). Dissimilarity between data types varies with BIN richness in the sample, but this relationship reflects nestedness rather than turnover: metabarcoding recovers the same set of core species as individual barcoding but adds hundreds of species on top. Any BIN recovered as an individual occurred with high probability in the metabarcoding data, and any BIN found in high read abundances by metabarcoding was likely found as an individual (p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.8). In terms of abundances, the number of individual insects per BIN was well predicted by the number of metabarcoding reads (R2&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.68 for a model including taxonomy as a random effect). Our analysis suggests that metabarcoding data will be informative of the sample contents in terms of arthropod species richness, composition and taxon-specific abundances. Taxa recovered in low copy numbers in metabarcoding sequence data will likely represent DNA left as residues from past biotic interactions. Barring sequencing errors, both types of data yield biologically relevant insights into the taxa present in the source community.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The fundamental characteristics of individual development.

Individual development in the course of a generation has an unidirectional, irreversible, "closed", predominantly structly-determined, predominantly autoprogrammed, autoreproducible character. The characteristics of individual development differ in terms of its processes, stages, types and orders. Ontogenesis and ageing of the organism represent the principal processes of individual development. Individual development has three main stages (progressive stage, "plateau" stage and regressive stage). The types of individual development may be grouped into two categories: elementary and complex. The complex types result from the combining in different ways of the elementary types. Similarly, orders of the generations of individual development and hierarchical orders of individual development may be differentiated. Between the processes, stages, types and orders of individual development certain "combining" relationships may appear. The processes, stages and types of individual development as well as their mutual relationships serve both development and stability.

Aging↗
PubMed2026

Comparison of phylogenetic metrics of transmission between symptomatic and asymptomatic tuberculosis in individuals who were incarcerated in Brazil in 2008-24: a retrospective genomic epidemiology study.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis control efforts have traditionally targeted symptomatic individuals; however, the role of asymptomatic cases in sustaining transmission is increasingly recognised. We aimed to quantify the contribution of asymptomatic tuberculosis to recent transmission using genomic and epidemiological data from a high-transmission setting. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective genomic epidemiology study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates collected in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, between Aug 25, 2008, and March 19, 2024. Available isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. Demographic, clinical, incarceration history, and laboratory metadata were obtained from surveillance records. From Jan 1, 2017, to March 19, 2024, active case finding was conducted in the state's three largest prisons (all male-only facilities), during which sputum samples were collected from individuals irrespective of symptoms and tested using GeneXpert and culture. Comparisons of transmission between individuals with and without symptoms were restricted to individuals who were incarcerated and were identified through active case finding and for whom high-quality, M tuberculosis lineage 4 genomes were available. Metrics of recent transmission included phylogenetic clustering, time-scaled haplotype density (THD), local branching index (LBI), and transmission probabilities inferred using Bayesian Reconstruction and Evolutionary Analysis of Transmission Histories. FINDINGS: 4448 tuberculosis cases were notified in Mato Grosso do Sul in 2008-24. After excluding cases for which M tuberculosis isolates were not available or had low sequencing quality, who had contaminated cultures or mixed infection, or who were infected with non-lineage 4 M tuberculosis, we included 2362 lineage 4 M tuberculosis isolates with high-quality genome sequences. 1849 (78&#xb7;3%) of 2362 isolates were part of a genomic cluster. Among 2362 individuals with tuberculosis, 1137 (48&#xb7;1%) were incarcerated at diagnosis. Of these individuals, 505 were identified through active case finding in three male-only prisons. The median age was 30 years (IQR 25-37); 304 (60&#xb7;2%) had mixed ethnicity, 90 (17&#xb7;8%) were White, 56 (11&#xb7;1%) were Black, 13 (2&#xb7;6%) were Indigenous, and six (1&#xb7;2%) were Asian. 277 (54&#xb7;9%) had symptomatic disease and 228 (45&#xb7;1%) had asymptomatic tuberculosis. There were no significant differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in phylogenetic clustering (213 [76&#xb7;9%] of 277 vs 195 [85&#xb7;5%] of 228; p=0&#xb7;37), THD (median 0&#xb7;39 [IQR 0&#xb7;06-0&#xb7;62] vs 0&#xb7;50 [0&#xb7;09-0&#xb7;65]; p=0&#xb7;12), or LBI (0&#xb7;00863 [0&#xb7;00810-0&#xb7;00988] vs 0&#xb7;00871 [0&#xb7;00829-0&#xb7;01020]; p=0&#xb7;088). Bayesian transmission trees showed no significant difference in the number of secondary infections inferred from symptomatic compared with asymptomatic individuals (p=0&#xb7;56). These findings were consistent across genomic clusters and robust to model assumptions. INTERPRETATION: We identified no differences in transmission between individuals who were symptomatic and those who were asymptomatic using multiple genomic measures. In this high-transmission setting, where systematic screening is implemented, our findings indicate that asymptomatic tuberculosis substantially contributes to tuberculosis transmission at the population level. These results suggest that symptom-based case detection alone is likely to be insufficient to interrupt transmission and highlight the importance of expanded screening strategies in high-risk populations. FUNDING: US National Institutes of Health and the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq).

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Molecular analysis of individuals with suspected 46,XY differences of sex development in a homogenous and understudied population.

Differences of sex development (DSD) are a group of rare congenital conditions defined by atypical chromosomal, gonadal, and/or hormonal sex. Despite advances in massively parallel sequencing (MPS), more than half of DSD cases have an unknown genetic aetiology. We recruited and analysed 21 individuals with 46,XY DSD from the Greater Middle East population using chromosomal microarray and whole exome sequencing. Participants had DSD ranging from micropenis to anorchia (absence of testes) with extra-genital features reported in four individuals (19%). Using a combination of microarray and WES, a genetic diagnosis (variants curated as likely pathogenic or pathogenic) was identified in 12/21 (57%) individuals. Microarray analysis showed two DSD participants with extra genital features had chromosomal abnormalities (48,XXXY and mosaic Y chromosomal rearrangement). Microarray also indicated a high degree of consanguinity, with extensive long contiguous stretches of homozygosity (LCSH) (>3% of the genome) in 6/21 (28.6%) individuals, all of whom received a genetic diagnosis. WES analysis revealed variants in the NR5A1 (three individuals), SRD5A2 (three individuals), TALDO1 (one individual) and AR (two individuals) genes. This includes the novel frameshift variant, c.1309del (p.Leu437Cysfs*59), in NR5A1. This study contributes to the characterisation of clinical features and molecular findings in individuals with DSD in this understudied and homogenous population and highlights the challenges with DSD diagnosis in the region. The genetic diagnoses identified may contribute to improved patient care and management.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Individual differences in compensatory rebound of REM sleep, with particular reference to their relationship to personality and behavioral characteristics.

In subjecting 14 healthy university students to partial differential rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation (PDRD), the compensatory rebound of REM sleep during the next night was determined, and showed fairly substantial individual differences in the increased percentage of REM sleep time. This rate was approximately the same for the same individual for two sleep recordings. These individual differences had no positive correlation with the decreased rate of REM time in the PDRD nights or with the percentage of REM time in the baseline night. Therefore, the individual differences in the increased percentage of REM time can be presumed to reflect individual differences in need for deprived REM sleep. Next, we looked into the relationship between the individual subject's personality and behavior characteristics, and his increased percentage of REM time. This revealed that the individuals who were extrovertive, active, optimistic, showy, and who had many friends had significantly higher increases in the percentage of REM time than the individuals who were introvertive, neurotic, inactive, nervous, modest, and who had few friends. Also discussed was the neurophysiological and biochemical basis of the central nervous system as the background for the relationship between the personality and behavioral characteristics and the increased percentage of REM sleep time.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Psychological interventions for individuals affected by Huntington's disease: effects on depression, anxiety, and emotional well-being.

INTRODUCTION: The literature provides limited evidence on the effectiveness of psychological interventions for individuals living with Huntington's Disease (HD). This study aims to examine the role of psychological support in improving the well-being of individuals and families affected by HD. METHODS: The study methodology builds on previous work conducted by the European Huntington Association (EHA). The study includes individuals across three categories: individuals at risk of HD, premanifest HD, or with an HD-negative genetic test. Eligible participants were offered eight online individual cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) sessions followed by two group sessions. Assessments were performed at pre-intervention, after the individual sessions and after the group sessions. The primary outcomes were anxiety, depression, positive and negative affect, and quality of life. RESULTS: Twenty-one individuals participated in the study, of whom 33% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;7) had an HD-negative genetic test, 29% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;6) were at risk, and 38% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;8) had premanifest HD; the cohort was 57% women (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;12). Analyses showed significant reductions in depression and anxiety, with medium to large effect sizes. Negative affect also decreased significantly with a large effect, while positive affect showed a non-significant trend toward improvement. Quality-of-life outcomes (physical and mental health components) did not change significantly. Overall, the strongest effects were observed for mood-related outcomes (depression, anxiety, and negative affect). CONCLUSION: Our data shows that a short-term CBT intervention led to improvements in anxiety, depression and negative affect. These findings enhance the evidence base available supporting the efficacy of psychological interventions that may be beneficial for individuals affected by HD. The article also outlines key lessons regarding intervention tailoring and study design to inform future research exploring the efficacy of psychological interventions for this population.

Journal Article↗