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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

The industrial back problem: role of the industrial hygienist and ergonomics.

This article discusses a major and costly problem in industry today--the industrial back problem. What does industrial hygiene have to do with back accident problems? This article relates the problem to the basic philosphy of industrial hygiene and ergonomics. Information is provided to give the reader a better understanding of the back problem. The role of industrial hygiene and ergonomics is explained as a help to industry in curbing the high costs and workdays lost due to perplexing back problems in industry.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Divergent Biological Consequences of APOE Isoforms Across Industrialized and Non-Industrial Environments.

The apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE ε4) isoform directly alters cholesterol and immune biology and is associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic disease in industrialized settings; nevertheless, APOE ε4-which is ancestral in humans-has persisted over evolutionary time. One potential explanation is that the costs and benefits of APOE ε4 were significantly different in the environments in which humans evolved compared to those we experience today. In support, previous work has suggested that living in a high pathogen environment, engaging in high levels of physical activity, or eating a low fat diet can dampen the detrimental effects of APOE ε4, and has revealed positive effects for fertility. However, direct tests of whether APOE isoforms are associated with different biological outcomes in non-industrial versus industrialized contexts are lacking. Working with the Turkana of Kenya and the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia-two Indigenous groups in which individuals of shared ancestry span a continuum of subsistence, non-industrial to urban, industrialized lifestyles-we investigated how APOE genotypes impact cholesterol, immunological, and reproductive traits and tested for genotype x environment (GxE) interactions. First, we confirmed established genotype effects across lifestyles, showing that more APOE ε4 alleles are associated with higher total cholesterol, higher LDL cholesterol, and lower HDL cholesterol. Second, we tested for lifestyle interactions, finding lifestyle-dependent effects of genotype on innate immune biomarkers in the Orang Asli but not Turkana. Finally, we show that more APOE ε4 alleles are correlated with an extended reproductive lifespan, however this effect is relatively weak, is not consistent across populations, and does not correspond with a higher reproductive output. Together, our study provides evidence that industrialized environments can modify the biology of APOE ε4; however, we find that APOE ε4 is not universally beneficial in non-industrial contexts, highlighting the role of local environmental variation in determining its specific costs and benefits.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Mortality and industrial employment. II. Industries with high mortality among young workers based on a social security sample.

Goldsmith and Hirschberg have published a preliminary report on mortality among a sample of social security recipients employed in 1965 and whose mortality experience was available through 1972. Among white males, but not among blacks or white females, mortality was higher among those age 16-20 in 1965 than among those 21-25. Among the industrial populations tabulated, young workers showed in a few cases significantly elevated standard mortality ratios, even when overall mortality was not increased. Accordingly, we have examined mortality for 1960-72 for those employed in 1960 for all the industrial groups (two digit SIC codes) to look for industries in which young workers have high mortality. Only those industries have been considered in which observed deaths at ages 11-30 (in 1960) exceed 10 and population at risk exceeds 200. Young workers appear to have significantly elevated mortality in: agricultural production (white males), metal mining (white males), real estate (white males), military and reserves (white males), miscellaneous business services (white females), and eating and drinking establishments (white females). For such industries, preventive measures should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Industrial hygiene engineering in the petrochemical industry.

Industrial hygiene engineering can be utilized most effectively when it is employed in the design or construction phases of new or modified chemical manufacturing processes. Minimization of leaks, spills, fugitive emissions and other releases is the goal. Some chemical and physical agents can still be released during normal or non-normal operations and during plant turnaround procedures and these require continuous industrial hygiene surveillance. It follows that industrial hygiene principles must continue to be applied in all phases of the petrochemical industry from the beginning of the design and throughout the life of the unit.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1979

Developing and implementing an industrial hygiene and safety program in industry.

The development and implementation of a comprehensive industrial hygiene and safety program is a complex activity for which there does not exist a uniform code or set of guidelines. Although the ultimate goal of such a program is to provide for the welfare of the employee through the use of engineering control and other preventive measures, there is great variation among business establishments on methods necessary to attain this result. Factors which contribute to this variation usually are: type of industry, management philosophy and size of the business establishment. This paper addresses many key elements integral to this activity such as justification and philosophy, organizational reporting relationships, interfunctional communication, technical and personnel requirements and program performance indicators.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1979

Monopolistic structures and industrial analysis in Spain: the case of the pharmaceutical industry.

This article seeks to illustrate the monopolistic structure of the Spanish pharmaceutical industry, focusing on its many dimensions. The basic conditions of technology and demand, product differentiation, effect of advertising, and barriers to entry are considered, as is financial and economic concentration. Although economic conditions are emphasized, the ways they affect public and private health, the quality of health services, and health education are also highlighted.

Drug Industry↗