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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

[Calcium requirement in infants with intrauterine dystrophy (ID). Report II. Effect of differentiated diets with regard to quantity and quality of protein and fat on the calcium balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy].

In the former report on he calcium requirement in Small-for Date (S-f-D) infants it was observed that the ability of calcium absorption of S-f-D infants is lowered in 1-st semester of life. From this point of view it seemed purposeful to study the influence of 3 modified cow's milk formulas (see table) on the calcium absorption in S-f-D infants. Modification of these diets in regard to cow's milk depended on: 1) partial replacement of cow's milk fat with soya oil. 2) change of the proportion between fat and protein. 3) partial replacement of milk casein with lactoalbumin . The infants were divided into 3 groups G, H and C according to the kind of diet. Observation in the first 2 groups lasted for the whole first year of life, C group of infants was observed only in 1-st half year of life. In the first month of life G and H infants were fed the same unmodified cow's milk formulas (diet S) 3-day balance-studies. Were carried out once a month. The data of these 3 groups of infants were compared with each other and the data of S-f-D infants fed unmodified cow's milk formulas (group S) described in he former report. In group S, calcium intake was the highest in 1-st and in 2-nd semester of life among all compared infant groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The lowest (%) absorption was noted in group G infants (fig. 2, table III and IV). The difference was statistically significant in 1-st semester of life between group G and S and in 2-nd semester between G and S as well as G and H groups. Calcium retention mg/kg was also the lowest in group G infants, and the difference was statistically significant in 1-st and in 2-nd semester between G and S groups. The infants fed H formula in spite of the lowest indices of calcium absorption % and retention mg/kg in the first (see table) and the second month of life and in spite of the lowest intake of calcium among all compared infants groups cough up absorption (%) and retention (mg/kg b.w.) with groups S in 2 semester of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

[Calcium requirement in infants with intrauterine dystrophy. Report I. Indicators of calcium balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy].

Observations of many investigators point at a lower amount of calcium in body composition of Small-for-Date infants (S-f-D). So far, only few investigations indicated that the calcium metabolism is disturbed in the postnatal life of S-f-D infants as well. Taking into consideration these data, the authors attempt to define calcium-requirement in S-f-D infants. In this report the cross-sectional observations of 30 infants are described . They were born after 37 weeks of gestation. The mean body weight was 2318 and it ranged between 1200-2760 g. Their body weight at birth was below 10 percentile according to Brzozowska . In these infants 3-days balance studies were carried out once a month. The calcium balance indices were compared with the indices of the Full-Size infants (FS) who were observed during the former years. The S-f-D and FS infants were fed similar diets based on unmodified cow's milk formulas. It was noted that the percentage absorption index in S-f-D infants was significantly lower than in the control group in 1-st and 2-nd trimester of life (table III, fig. 2). The S-f-D infants had a good appetite in first semester of life and they ate a big volume of milk formula and calcium in it. It seems that this is the reason that calcium retention in S-f-D infants in spite of lower ability of calcium retention, did not differ statistically from calcium retention in FS infants. The mean values were a little lower however. In the 2-nd half year of life statistically significant difference between any of the balance indices in S-f-D and FS infants was not found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Postneonatal infant mortality in infants to a neonatal intensive care unit.

The postneonatal infant mortality (PNIM) of 2,205 infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit from January 1971 to December 1974 was 44 in 1,000 infants who survived to age 28 days. This rate is approximately ten times that of the general population. Congenital malformations (59%), infections (12%), sudden infant death syndrome (10%), and asphyxial brain damage (10%) were the most common causes of death. One third (26) of the infants remained in the hospital whereas two thirds (52) had been dismissed prior to death. All who remained in the hospital plus 36 who had been dismissed died of severe illnesses that were incompatible with prolonged survival. The remaining PNIM was 10 in 1,000 neonatal survivors. This rate is still twice that of the general population. These deaths occurred in infants who were apparently well at the time of dismissal and subsequent examinations. Sudden infant death syndrome and infections constituted the largest portion of this mortality. Factors contributing to mortality in this group were poor socioeconomic status and low birth weight. Maternal age, race, marital status, and neonatal illnesses including apnea were not significantly related. Factors that appear to be important in the birth of high-risk infants continued to be operative in the postneonatal period, and contribute to a high mortality in apparently normal infants dismissed from the neonatal intensive care unit.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The sudden infant death syndrome and infant botulism.

Fecal and serum specimens taken from 30 cases of sudden infant death and from eight cases of nonsudden infant death that were diagnosed at a single facility in King County, Wash., were examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin. Organisms, but not toxin, were recovered from a fecal specimen in one case of sudden infant death, results that parallel those from studies previously reported by investigators in California. Studies made in our laboratory of a nonfatal case of infant botulism revealed that an estimated 366,000 mouse minimal lethal doses of toxin were excreted in feces collected by purging the infant. Organisms and toxin were excreted for at least 15 days after the infant was hospitalized. Observations made in our laboratory of atypical responses in mice to both fecal and serum extracts, coupled with recently described experiments in which mice were used as an animal model for infant botulism in humans, provide a biologically plausible foundation for the hypothesis that C. botulinum may be implicated etiologically in some sudden infant deaths. Additional microbiologic, physiologic, and toxicologic data are needed to adequately test this hypothesis.

Botulinum Toxins↗
PubMed1976

Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in premature infants and infants with intrauterine growth retardation.

Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained in 128 ill newborn infants. Serial sampling was carried out in 40 infants. There were wide ranges found in the values in all gestational age groups, and there were not significant differences in the first day of life between DHAS levels in less than 30 week gestation prematures, 6819 +/- 4631 (SD) ng/ml, and near term or term infants, 4307 +/- 1498 ng/ml. Mean DHAS concentrations did not decline over the first three weeks of life in prematures less than 36 weeks gestation. In six infants, age 35-73 days, and 29-34 weeks gestation at birth, the DHAS concentration was 1068 +/- 138 ng/ml. High concentrations were frequent in prematures less than 33 weeks gestation and could be correlated to epiodes of severe clinical stress. There were no significant differences in serum DHAS levels, on the first day of life, between infants with no hyaline membrane disease, nonfatal hyaline membrane disease and fatal hyaline membrane disease. Intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) infants, who were greater than 35 weeks gestation, had significantly lower (P less than .032) DHAS levels in the first day of life than normally grown infants. The results show that there is a persistence during the postnatal period of the prominent delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid production by the adrenal cortex characteristic of the fetus. Low concentrations of serum DHAS in IUGR infants suggest that the fetal zone of the neonatal adrenal cortex is a major source of circulating DHAS in the newborn period.

Dehydroepiandrosterone↗
PubMed1979

[Early detection and observation of the evolution of congenital malformations of the aorta in newborn infants, infants and young children].

UNLABELLED: 57 infants and small children (42 boys and 15 girls) with congenital aortic malformations were investigated. Clinical, ecg and X-ray follow-up was carried out. Following 4 groups of patients were separated: 1) neonates and infants with supraductal (preductal) aortic hypoplasia or atresia, with hypoplastic left ventricle of the heart (5 boys and 2 girls), 2) infants with supraductal coarctation of the aorta, without underdevelopment of the left heart cavities (2 boys and 2 girls), 3) infants and children with postductal coarctation of the aorta (17 boys and 3 girls) and 4) infants and children with valvular or/and subvalvular, or supravalvular aortic stenosis (18 boys and 8 girls). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital malformations of the aorta and of the left side of the heart should be suspected in all neonates and infants displaying early symptoms of cardiorespiratory failure, resembling frequently the symptoms of severe "pneumonia". Proper measurement and thorough analysis of arterial pulses and pressures in upper and lower extremities is of great importance in detection and differential diagnosis of congenital aortic malformations in infants, even when features of other cardiovascular lesions (e.g. ventricular septal defect, endocardial cushion defect, transposition of the great arteries) dominated in the clinical picture of complex malformations. Small amplitudes of peripheral arterial pulses, with considerably--prolonged upstroke time, small amplitude of arterial pressure measured in upper and lower extremities, co-existing with electrocardiographic patterns of the right ventricular hypertrophy--suggested an aortic malformation complicated by hypoplasia of the left ventricle. Distinctly lower systolic and mean arterial pressure in legs, than in arms was typical for coarctation of the aorta. Significant differences in diastolic pressure values in arms and legs with coexisting ecg patterns of dominating right ventricular hypertrophy should rise a suspicion of abnormal, separate communication of the ascending aorta, and the descending aorta, separately from the left and from the right ventricles of the heart. The electrocardiogram seems to be of great help in differentiation between aortic lesions with or without hypoplastic left ventricle, those with or without systemic right and left ventricle, and those with systemic left ventricle only. Early detection, diagnosis, prompt and proper medical and surgical treatment may be lifesaving for the majority of infants with congenital malformations of the aorta not complicated by left ventricular hypoplasia.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

The absorption of iron as supplements in infant cereal and infant formulas.

The absorption of iron was measured from isotopically tagged salts used in supplementing infant cereals and as the iron supplement in cow's milk and soy-based formulas. Iron as sodium iron pryophosphate and ferric orthophosphate were poorly absorbed from infant cereal (mean, smaller than 1.0%) and thus are not dependable sources of iron to meet the nutritional needs of infants. Reduced iron of very small particle size and ferrous sulfate when added to cereal was absorbed to a greater extent (mean, 4.0% and 2.7% respectively). For technical reasons, these two forms of iron had not been added to commercial cereal products because of discoloration, distribution problems of the iron in the product, and shortened shelf life. Therefore, at the present time, iron supplementation of infant cereals with sodium iron pyrophosphate, ferric orthophosphate, and reduced iron of large particle size does not provide a predictable and available source of iron to meet the needs of infants. Supplemental iron as ferrous sulfate in milk- and soy-based formulas gave a mean absorption of 3.4% and 5.4%. The iron supplements in these formulas can essentially meet the needs for dietary iron of healthy infants.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The QT interval in aborted sudden infant death syndrome infants.

The QT interval was measured in 12 normal and 7 aborted sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants in rapid eye movement (REM) and quiet sleep at monthly intervals through the age of 4 months. An accuracy of better than 2 msec was assured by high resolution of the digitized signal and calibration of each QT measurement with an accurately generated time code. In contrast to current speculations, the QT index was significantly smaller in the infants with aborted SIDS than in the normal infants in both REM and quiet sleep (P less than 0.05). In addition, as in normal infants, the QTc was smaller in REM than in quiet sleep (P less than 0.01). Although these results offer no support for the hypothesis that SIDS results from prolongation of the QT interval, they suggest that aborted SIDS infants have a functional abnormality in the autonomic nervous system.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1979

Neurobehavioral performance of low-birthweight infants at 40 weeks conceptional age: comparison with normal fullterm infants.

This study compares the neurobehavioral status of 118 low-birthweight infants tested at 40 weeks conceptional age with that of 76 normal fullterm infants. A neonatal neurobehavioral examination comprising 21 test and four summary items was used. The most striking differences between the groups were found in visual and auditory orienting, with approximately two-thirds of the low-birthweight infants falling below the range of performance of the fullterm group. Items testing motor performance showed a lower incidence of deviant performance among the low-birthweight infants. Of the 21 test items, 19 could be assigned cut-off scores, below which infants can be considered deviant on the specific items.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1979

Mixed and obstructive sleep apnea and near miss for sudden infant death syndrome: 2. Comparison of near miss and normal control infants by age.

Twenty-nine full-term near miss for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 30 normal control infants underwent 24-hour polygraphic monitoring. Several types of respiratory events during sleep (eg, central, mixed, and obstructive apnea, periodic breathing) were defined and tabulated. Analysis of these respiratory variables and comparison of groups of near miss and control infants indicated that between 3 weeks and 4 1/2 months of age only one variable was consistently different at a statistically significant level: the number of mixed and obstructive apnea greater than 3 seconds during total sleep time. This study also showed an increase in mixed and obstructive respiratory events during sleep at 6 weeks of age in control as well as in near miss infants.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): cardiac pathologic observations in infants with SIDS.

To determine the relation between the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), pathologic obervations weree made in 45 infants who died with SIDS. Ventricular septal to left ventricular free wall ratios were normal (less than 1.3) in 42 infants and increased in three others (ratios of 1.4, 1.4, and 1.6). However, in none of these three infants with abnormal septal-free wall ratios was the ventricular septum markedly thickened. Small foci of disorganized cardiac muscle cells, similar to those observed in patients with ASH (but less marked in severity), were present in the ventricular septum of 22 per cent of controls. Thus, we have found little pathologic evidence to suggest that SIDS and ASH are commonly associated, although a rare coexistence of these two conditions is possible.

Cardiomegaly↗
PubMed1977

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Echocardiographic studies in relatives of infants with SIDS.

Echocardiographic studies were performed in 42 sets of parents who had at least one infant with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was detected by echocardiography in one member of only 5 percent of the 42 sets of parents. Echocardiograms were also obtained in three other sets of parents who had infants with SIDS (selected because their infants showed small foci of disorganized cardiac muscle cells in the ventricular septum, similar to those present in patients with typical ASH but less marked in severity). ASH was present in one member of each of these three sets of parents. Ventricular septal-to-posterobasal left ventricular wall thickness ratios in the five subjects in this study with echocardiographically determined ASH ranged from 1.3 to 1.7, although only one individual showed marked thickening of the ventricular septum (22 mm). Thus, SIDS and ASH do not appear to be commonly associated conditions.

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic↗
PubMed1978

Why should we study the infant 'near miss for Sudden Infant Death'?

The use of 'near miss for Sudden Infant Death syndrome' infants as a model toward understanding the Sudden Infant Death syndrome has been questioned. Although there are numerous problems in delineating this patient population and defining events occurring during sleep, continuous polygraphic monitoring demonstrates potentially life-threatening events.

Bradycardia↗
PubMed1977

[Absorption and metabolism of glycerin in the neonatal period. I. Speed of turnover of glycerin during continuous intravenous infusions in newborn infants of various gestational ages and in older infants].

Glycerol was infused intravenously over 2 hours in preterm and term appropriate-for-date and in term small-for-date infants at the age of 12 to 72 hours and 10 to 14 days and in infants at the age of 3 to 8 months. The dosage was 0.25.kg-1.h-1 and 0.5.kg-1.h-1, respectively. Less than 6 per cent of the glycerol injused were recovered in the urine irrespective of the dosage. The total clearance was 9.1 to 14.6 ml.kg-1. min-1 during the first weeks of life with 0.25 g.kg-1.h-1 glycerol irrespective of gestational age and intra-uterine growth retardation; and it rose to 31.8 ml.kg-1.min-1 in older infants. With 0.5.kg-1.h-1 glycerol the total clearance values were lower in all groups. The glucose blood level and the blood lactate concentration as well as the parameters of the acid-base-balance were not significantly influenced by glycerol.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗