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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Automated fluorometric determination of thiamine and riboflavin in infant formulas.

Commercial infant formulas were analyzed simultaneously for thiamine and riboflavin by an automated fluorometric method and by the AOAC manual fluorometric methods. For 10 products, the mean thiamine and riboflavin results determined using the automated method ranged from 104 to 113% and 90 to 112%, respectively, of those by the AOAC manual methods. The coefficients of variation for thiamine and riboflavin ranged from 1.05 to 3.90% and 0.60 to 2.48%, respectively, for the automated methods, and 1.48 to 3.86% and 0.69 to 10.9%, respectively, for the manual methods. Using the automated method, mean recoveries of thiamine and riboflavin added to samples were 103 and 104%, respectively. The automated method used a common sample preparation to determine both thiamine and riboflavin, and gave results equivalent to, or better than, those obtained by the manual methods.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1976

Pharmacy-based special infant formula service.

The preparation of infant formulas by a hospital pharmacy for a 280-bed department of pediatrics is discussed. A formulary of acceptable special therapeutic formulas was developed in conjunction with the pediatricians. Space and equipment originally intended for intravenous admixture and total parenteral nutrition services were supplemented to include special infant formula services. The personnel and equipment requirements, and quality control procedures, of the service are discussed.

Formularies, Hospital as Topic↗
PubMed2026

Flavoromics-based profiling reveals taste and aroma differences between infant formula and breast milk.

Flavor differences between infant formula (IF) and breast milk (BM) are considered a potential factor affecting infants' acceptance of IF. This experiment employs flavoromics combined with multivariate statistical analysis to systematically compare the flavor profiles of IF and BM. Electronic tongue analysis and amino acid correlation revealed that IF was characterised by pronounced saltiness and umami richness, whereas BM exhibited greater bitterness and astringency. Volatile compound profiling identified five key flavor constituents in IF, predominantly aldehydes such as hexanal and pentanal. In contrast, BM contained a broader array of compounds-including acids, aldehydes, and esters-resulting in a more complex flavor profile. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)-based metabolic pathway annotation, together with fatty acid profiling, suggested that some volatiles may be associated with lipid oxidation, Maillard reaction and sulfur-containing amino acid degradation pathways, offering a theoretical basis for the targeted optimisation of IF flavor.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Selenium content of human milk, cow's mild and cow's milk infant formulas.

The selenium content of human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk infant formula were estimated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The highest values were found in 3 samples of human colostrum (524--865 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight). There was a significant decrease with increasing time post partum. Mature human milk exhibited a selenium content of 230 +/- 79 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight. The selenium content of 45 samples of cow's milk from the north-western area of Germany was 200 +/- 39 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight. While there was no significant difference between the values of mature human milk and of cow's milk, cow's milk infant formula exhibited significantly (P less than 0.01) lower values than human milk. The average selenium content of 107 samples of 10 different commercially available fluid and powdered cow's milk infant formulas (range: 18--171 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight) amounted to about only one third of that in mature human milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

DDT residues in butter and infant formula in India, 1977.

Samples of commercial brands of butter and infant formula from different parts of India were examined for DDT residues. All 18 samples of butter representing nine brands were contaminated. Levels of DDT residues ranged from 0.42 to 11.36 ppm and exceeded the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization practical residue limit of 1.25 ppm in 90 percent of the samples. All four brands of infant formula contained DDT residues above the practical residue limit. Most DDT residues were in the form of p,p-TDE in both commodities. This contamination of milk with excessive amounts of DDT residues seems to be widespread in India.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Anaphylactic sensitivity of guinea-pigs drinking different preparations of cows' milk and infant formulae.

Guinea-pigs have been given various preparations of cows' milk or infant formulae to drink in an investigation of the capacity of these milk preparations to stimulate per os anaphylactic sensitivity. The treatment, presumably heat, used to concentrate the 'Evaporated' whole cows' milks (three brands were tested) almost abolished their sensitizing capacity to beta lactoglobulin. The brand presumed to be most heated as judged by the degree of caramelization had also lost most of its sensitizing capacity to casein. Injected parenterally, the 'Evaporated' milk adequately sensitized to anaphylaxis. An infant formula, which in its spray dried form was only moderately sensitizing to both beta lactoglobulin and casein, lost most of this sensitizing capacity when processed to a liquid concentrate state. The manufacturing process for the liquid concentrate involved greater and more prolonged heating than required for the spray-dried form. The relevance of these findings in the guinea-pig to cows' milk protein intolerance in the infant and possibly also to cot death is discussed.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1976

Thyroxine (by competitive protein binding analysis) in human and cow milk and in infant formulas.

In 45 mothers of full term infants the level of thyroxine (T4) in serum (45 samples) and unskimmed milk (92 samples) was estimated with the aid of competitive protein binding analysis. On the 3rd day after delivery the T4 level in serum was found to be 11.1 +/- 0.4 mug/100 ml, while that in milk was 1.3 +/- 0.3 mug/100 ml. During following days of lactation the T4 concentration in sera decreased. In contrast, however, a gradual increase of the T4 content in milk was observed. The serum and milk levels equalized during the third week post partum (7.3 +/- 1.3 and 7.6 +/- 1.4 mu6/100 ml, respectively). After the 25th day the T4 level in milk was found to be higher than in sera from the same women (paired test: P less than 0.005). Values of 12.9 +/- 1.3 in milk and 8.1 +/- 0.7 mug/100 ml in sera were found in the second month of lactation. A negative correlation between serum and milk T4 level was found during the early lactation (3-20 days), while after 20th day this correlation was positive. Very low and almost undetectable levels of T4 were found in cow's milk and infant formulas derived from it.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Bioavailability of zinc in milk and soy protein-based infant formulas.

Total femur zinc of young rats was used to evaluate the biological availability of zinc in milk and soy protein-based infant formulas. A zinc deficient diet (0.8 mug Zn/g) containing egg white protein was supplemented with graded levels of zinc from zinc sulfate, milk and soy protein-based infant formulas. A plot of total femur zinc (log) after feeding the diet for 3 weeks versus the zinc added to the diet gave a linear relationship over the range of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 mug/g added zinc. By using a slope-ratio bioassay model, the relative biological availability of endogenous and added zinc in milk-based formula was estimated to be 0.86 and that of soy-based formula 0.67 (zinc sulphate = 1.00) with corresponding 95% fiducial limits being 0.82 to 0.91 and 0.62 to 0.71. Thus, to provide equivalent amounts of available zinc, the total zinc content of the soy protein-based formula would need to be at least 20% higher than that of the formula containing milk protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Infant formulas.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Relative zinc availability in human breast milk, infant formulas, and cow's milk.

The concentration and bioavailability of zinc was analyzed in 10 varieties of milk. The concentration of zinc averaged 4.1 microgram/ml in unprocessed (raw) cow's milk; fortified infant formulas contained about 3 to 5 microgram Zn/ml; human breast milk and processed cow's milk contained approximately 2 microgram Zn/ml; sweetened condensed milk contained 1.3 microgram Zn/ml, and reconstituted nonfat dry milk contained 0.4 microgram Zn/ml. The mean values for zinc bioavailability to rats were as follows: sweetened condensed milk = 66%; human breast milk 59.2%, processed cow's milk = 43.7 to 50.9%; unprocessed (raw) cow's milk = 42%; nonfat dry milk = 41.2%, and infant formulas = 26.8 to 39.5%. Assuming similar absorption of zinc in rats and humans, our experimental results provide some guidelines for estimating the quantity of zinc that would actually be absorbed from various types of milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography of vitamin A in margarine, infant formula, and fortified milk.

Retinal was determined in margarine (50 mg), infant formula (1 ml), and fortified milk (1 ml) by saponification in centrifuge tubes, extraction of the unsaponifiable lipid with hexane, and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 90% methanol on a 25 cm x 3.2 mm column containing 10 micrometer LiChrosorb reverse phase. beta-Carotene was determined using the same column and 99% methanol as eluant. The vitamins in the eluate were identified and measured from their absorption at 325 (retinol) and 453 nm (beta-carotene), using a computing integrator. Retinol and carotene were prominent peaks in the chromatograms from properly fortified samples and were satisfactorily separated from other materials. In a survey of 12 different margarines for retinol, the results from liquid chromatography agreed with those of a variety of spectrophotometric and fluorometric procedures but they were obtained with greater ease and they could be interpreted more confidently. The recovery of retinol from oil was better than 99%. The coefficients of variation was 6.8% for 12 replicate analyses of a margarine for retinol and 5.4% for 10 replicate analyses of a margarine for beta-carotene.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review.

The amount of human milk ingested by the nursing infant is about 600 ml per day. The average lipid content of the mature ranges from 3.2 to 3.5% and the amount does not appear to be influenced by diet. About 98% of the lipid is triacylglycerol in which most of the secondary ester is palmitic acid, a unique structure possibly responsible for the relatively high absorbability of the fat. Small quantities of other lipids are present. Amounts of cholesterol reported, range from 200 to 564 mg per 100 g of lipid. While 167 fatty acids have been positively and tentatively identified as being present in human milk lipids, the major fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic. The composition can be changed by diet, which linoleic acid contents of from 1.0 to 45.0% having been found. The "average" linoleic acid is about 10% and this amount is apparently adequate for the essential fatty acid requirements of the infant. The quantity of vitamin E also appears to be satisfactory. The hypothesis that a cholesterol challenge to the breast fed infant would enable the adult to more efficiently metabolize the sterol does not seem to be supported by available evidence, primarily, because the cholesterol content of human milks varies so markedly; 26 to 52 mg per 8 ounces. The compositions of most infant formulas currently in use in the United States are presented for comparison and convenience and a few possible problems associated with their consumption are discussed. We have suggested several areas where, in our opinion, additional research would provide useful information.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Fatty acid composition of prepared infant formulas.

The fatty acid composition of eight American, eight European, and four Japanese prepared infant formulas were determined and compared with fat sources listed on labels. Unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 20 to 83 per cent of the total. Generally, the fatty acid composition was consistent with the types of ingredients used; those with corn or soy oil had the highest levels of unsaturated fat, and those with milk fat the lowest; formulas of mixed composition fell in between. The formulas were compared with values for the fatty acid composition of human milk in the literature.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed1978

Rearing of gnotobiotic rodents by feeding a commercially-prepared infant formula.

A simple, inexpensive method for the rearing of germfree rats was developed. Germfree rats were fed from age 10 days to 40 weeks a diet consisting of commercially prepared Similac infant formula, water, and corn oil. Weight gains and gross appearances were comparable to littermate controls. Antibodies to bacterial teichoic acid were present in all controls while absent in rats fed the Similac diet.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1978

Antigenicity of infant formulas: role of immature intestine on protein permeability.

Preliminary studies of 25 infants fed casein hydrolysate, soy-based or milk-based formulas were undertaken to determine the importance of age with respect to the relative antigenicity of formula proteins. Infants fed casein hydrolysate for the first three months had lower antibody titers (hemagglutinins) to subsequent milk-based or soy-based proteins than those given these formulas since birth. The clinical implications with regard to atopy and gastrointestinal protein intolerance are discussed. Soy protein is at least as antigenic as milk protein and should be used with caution in prophylaxis against possible dietary antigen/antibody-related disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Osmolalities of infant formulas.

The osmolalities of breast milk and of 36 products that may be fed to infants were determined by the freezing-point depression method. A wide range of osmolality was observed among formulas that provide 67 kcal/100 ml, and many have osmolalities greater than 400 mOsm/kg of water. Reconstituted powdered formulas have osmolalities that are widely varied from batch to batch, are greater when prepared by scoop measures when the osmolalities of corresponding ready-to-feed formulas, and are greater than the osmolalities of the formulas prepared by weighed measures from the manufacturer's formulation. The osmolality of products for oral consumption should be considered in the selection of formulas for preterm infants.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The absorption of iron as supplements in infant cereal and infant formulas.

The absorption of iron was measured from isotopically tagged salts used in supplementing infant cereals and as the iron supplement in cow's milk and soy-based formulas. Iron as sodium iron pryophosphate and ferric orthophosphate were poorly absorbed from infant cereal (mean, smaller than 1.0%) and thus are not dependable sources of iron to meet the nutritional needs of infants. Reduced iron of very small particle size and ferrous sulfate when added to cereal was absorbed to a greater extent (mean, 4.0% and 2.7% respectively). For technical reasons, these two forms of iron had not been added to commercial cereal products because of discoloration, distribution problems of the iron in the product, and shortened shelf life. Therefore, at the present time, iron supplementation of infant cereals with sodium iron pyrophosphate, ferric orthophosphate, and reduced iron of large particle size does not provide a predictable and available source of iron to meet the needs of infants. Supplemental iron as ferrous sulfate in milk- and soy-based formulas gave a mean absorption of 3.4% and 5.4%. The iron supplements in these formulas can essentially meet the needs for dietary iron of healthy infants.

Animals↗