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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a syndrome unrelated to pregnancy or surgery and characterized by lower abdominal pain and tenderness, cervical motion tenderness, and adnexal tenderness. Fever, leukocytosis, and the results of laboratory tests are used to support the diagnosis. Participants in clinical trials should be stratified into two groups: those with and those without tubo-ovarian abscess--i.e., those with complicated and those with uncomplicated PID. Diagnostic studies and treatment should be directed at four major groups of pathogens: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, anaerobic bacteria, and facultative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Women requiring hospitalization should generally be treated as inpatients for at least 4-7 days; outpatient therapy should then be instituted to complete a 14- to 21-day course. Clinical and laboratory evaluations should be conducted daily during hospitalization and both 2-4 days and 2-4 weeks after the completion of therapy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Special issues in clinical trials of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration.

Several special issues arise in relation to clinical trials of therapy for sexually transmitted diseases. These issues include the desirability of including adolescents and both pregnant and nonpregnant women in the trial, the use of unapproved control regimens, problems with antimicrobial susceptibility testing due to inadequate methodology and the need for prompt treatment, the need to assess agents for treatment of syndromes of unknown microbial etiology, toxicity considerations related to the use of single-dose regimens, management of the sexual partners of the participants in the trial, analysis of data despite the high frequency of minor protocol violations, sexual reexposure to infection during the trial, and the potential for loss, alteration, or falsification of data because of the relative simplicity of the usual protocol design and the diagnostic reliance on specimens that are routinely discarded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Where did our infectious diseases come from? The evolution of infectious disease.

Infectious diseases have been evolving from the earliest days of life on earth. Major factors influencing their developments include the splitting of continents (continental drift), the radiation of early primates into present-day forms, migrations of man around the world, the ending of the Ice Age, the invention of agriculture, the domestication of animals, the increase in populations, and the urbanization of societies. The impact of such basic changes on infectious diseases is reviewed.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

Infectious disease manpower in the United States--1986. 1. Description of infectious disease physicians. Manpower and Training Committee, Infectious Diseases Society of America.

A survey designed to assess the number, type, and current practice patterns of all infectious disease (ID) physicians active in the United States in 1986 was carried out in early 1987. Of 4328 mailed questionnaires, 48.3% were returned. One-third of respondents were in private practice, one-third in academics, and the rest in industry or government. Women accounted for 12.4% of the total; they were younger and as a group spent a greater proportion of total effort in ID. Sixty-five percent of all respondents had greater than or equal to 2 years training in ID. Overall, private practitioners worked longer hours than academicians but spent slightly less effort devoted solely to ID. The proportion of total effort devoted to ID has increased among physicians newly entering practice. Seventy-five percent of all respondents held a teaching appointment. Older ID physicians worked less than 50 h/week and tended to have more administrative than patient care responsibilities. In 1986, there were the equivalent of 1792 full-time ID physicians in the United States or 1:134,000 population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

[Gonadal load in radiotherapy of benign diseases. II. Infectious diseases and keloids].

The irradiation damages to the gonads caused by the radiotherapy of parotiditis and mastitis and of cheloids was determined partially under different irradiation methods. The measurements were effected with LiF dosimeters in the Alderson phantom with a tube tension of 250 kV for the inflammatory diseases and 55 kV for the cheloids. The gonad dose measured at the surface was within the range of hundreths of permille for the parotiditis, for the mastitis is was between tenths of permille and 2% depending on the therapy method. The gonad dose of the cheloid irradiations showed a clear relation to the distance between radiation source and gonads. The importance of radiological protection is emphasized.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Infectious disease manpower in the United States--1986. 2. Changes in practice patterns over time and training needs. Manpower and Training Committee, Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Infectious disease-trained internal medicine physicians responding to a questionnaire survey (n = 1802) reported minor differences in time spent in patient care versus laboratory-based research whether they subsequently became practitioners or academicians. Both practitioners and academicians ranked hospital epidemiology first, followed by knowledge of hospital antibiotic policies in order of importance for new trainees to be taught. Internists with greater than 12 months of training in infectious diseases were divided into private practice versus academically based groups, and their distribution of time spent in various professional activities was analyzed by 5-year intervals for each cohort. These studies confirmed an increasing proportion of time spent in infectious disease-related patient care for new practitioners. Over time, patient care activities decreased and administrative activities increased in all groups. These data are important for estimating future manpower needs.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1979

A mathematical model for the epidemiologic study of infectious diseases.

Many infectious diseases have been hypothesized to represent common virus infections in which only small proportions of cases result in clinically recognizable disease. In order to find a method of studying this class of diseases, a mathematical model of the age distribution of clinical disease was developed using poliomyelitis as a prototype. The model is shown to fit the age distribution of reported poliomyelitis in a variety of localities before the use of artificial immunization. The true yearly rate of infection is easily estimated and ranges from .11 in rural Sweden to 1.20 in Chile. The model accounts for several major features of poliomyelitis epidemiology, including the shift to older ages and the high rate of clinically apparent disease which were frequently observed in populations which could be expected to have a comparatively low rate of spread. An examination of the age distribution of other diseases by these methods may provide a method of identifying other common infections which only occasionally result in clinically apparent disease.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The diagnostic problems of systemic diseases in an infectious disease clinic].

Results are reported of a study of 46 patients with systemic diseases: connective tissue, inflammatory granulomatous processes, lymphoid tissue lesions and blood diseases treated in the clinic of infections diseases. Difficulties and errors in their clinical diagnosis, and their causes are shown. It is emphasized that these patients are hospitalized in infections clinics and that the incidence of systemic diseases rises in conditions of radiation environment.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The male predominance in the incidence of infectious diseases in children: a postulated explanation for disparities in the literature.

In children, a male predominance in the incidence of symptomatic disease has been reported for some infectious agents and not for others. Not only are the factors underlying these sex differences poorly understood, but it is also not clear why the differences are described only for selected infectious diseases. In this study of sex- and age-specific incidence of infectious diseases in children, a possible explanation for the inconsistencies in the literature was explored. The sex ratio in reported disease incidence in Israel during a period of about 20 years was examined for various viral and bacterial infections. In addition, an hypothetical mathematical model was developed which assumes increased susceptibility to infectious disease (such as in relative immune deficiency) in a proportion of males. In children aged under 4 years, a higher incidence among males was consistently observed for all diseases, and the sex ratio varied between 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-1.18) for shigellosis to 1.98 (95% CI: 1.79-2.17) for viral meningitis. The highest ratios were associated with the diseases which tend to present asymptomatically most often, which is consistent with the predictions of the model. The male excess in symptomatic disease appears to be present for most infectious diseases and this should be taken into account in studies comparing observed disease incidence between groups with different sex ratios. The inconsistencies in reports on the excess male morbidity for infectious diseases may be due to variations in symptomatic to asymptomatic infection ratios.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Immunization against infectious disease.

Mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases in the United States have declined more than 90 percent since 1900. Factors believed to be responsible for this decline include changes in the natural history of disease, sanitation, quarantine measures, control of nonhuman vectors, antibacterial drugs, and immunization. The contributions of each of these factors differ among the various infectious diseases; except for smallpox and diphtheria control, immunization had little effect until after World War II. The success of present and future immunization programs is endangered by public and physician complacency and by complex legal and ethical problems related to informed consent and responsibility for rare, vaccine-related injury.

Adolescent↗