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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Anterior spinal artery syndrome--a complication of cervical intrathecal phenol injection.

Spinal nerve block by intrathecal phenol-glycerine infusion is commonly employed for relief of severe pain in terminal carcinomatosis and, frequently, a dramatic regional anesthetic effect is achieved. However, nerve block by this procedure may in very rare instances give rise to serious complications. We have seen a case of terminal malignant melanoma in which clinical manifestations, indicative of anterior spinal artery syndrome, developed following the injection of 0.3 ml of 10% phenol-glycerine into the cervical subarachnoid space at the C4--C5 level for the control of severe right arm pain. This report describes the clinical course of the patient over a period of 4 months after the nerve block and the post-mortem findings along with a brief review of the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Fuorescent retrograde neuronal labeling in rat by means of substances binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA.

Six fluorescent substances, binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA, were injected in rat caudate-putamen. This resulted in retrograde axonal transport and fluorescent retrograde labeling of neurons in center-medium parafascicular nucleus, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe. Two of these substances, i.e. "True Blue' and 'Granular Blue', give a very striking blue fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling. Mid-thoracic spinal injections of these two substances in rat also resulted in a pronounced retrograde fluorescent labeling of neurons of the descending brainstem pathways and of neurons in the sensori-motor cortex.

Adenine↗
PubMed1979

Cellular toxicity of gentamicin.

Subconjunctival injections of gentamicin induced a lysosomal storage process within the conjunctival fibroblasts in rats, rabbits, and humans. Under electron microscopy, the accumulated substance was composed of a granular material and pleomorphic lamellar structures, corresponding to the presence of complex lipids. In animals, the other ocular tissues as well as the cells reached through the bloodstream remained unaffected, except the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, where important lesions were evident. Although human kidneys were not examined in our study, we believe they might present similar alterations.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Animal experiment studies on the neurohumoral control of female puberty].

To study the mode of action of oestrogen in female sexual maturation, prepubertal female rats were treated in different ways with oestradiol benzoate (OB). Using an improved implantation method, former findings on a hypophysial site of oestrogen action in the positive feedback (Hohlweg effect) were confirmed. A single s.c. injection or intrahypophysial implantation of OB at 25 or 26 days of age induced precocious vaginal opening (VO) and one ovulation, but the subsequent ovarian cycle was significantly prolonged, so that the first spontaneous ovulation occurred only at the normal time of the onset of puberty. Further studies demonstrated that the sensitivity to the ovulation-inducing effect of oestrogen increases as the rats approach the age of puberty, and that the first pubertal ovulation can be suppressed by intrahypophysial, but not by intrahypothalamic implantation of progestereone. The conclusion is drawn that the precocious induction of one ovulation via the Hohlweg effect is not tantamount to an advancement of puberty. The results furthermore suggest that the positive oestrogen feedback forms the basis for the first pubertal ovulation as it does with regard to later cyclic ovulations. True acceleration of sexual maturation was achieved by daily injections of 0,05 microgram OB/100 g b.w. from 5 days of age to VO. In contrast to findings obtained by other authors in Sprague-Dawley rats, a shortened OB treatment from 26 days of age to VO was not effective in advancing the onset of puberty unless the rats had additionally been injected with OB from 5 to 10 days of age. A final experiment demonstrated that the first ovarian cycle was not prolonged after neonatal ovariectomy and implantation of ovaries at 24, 28 or 32 days of age. Thus, maturation of the neurohormonal mechanisms that are responsible for the cyclic ovarian function continues during the prepubertal development in the absence of ovarian steroids.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Lesions in the cat spinal cord following local injections of 6-aminonicotinamide.

Lesions were made in the spinal cord of cats by means of local injections of 6-aminonicotinamide. The concentration needed to induce primary demyelination also caused extensive axonal death. In the early stages following injection there was evidence of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte destruction and with longer survival times most of the surviving demyelinated axons were remyelinated by Schwann cells. This experimental system indicates that Schwann cell remyelination of central axons follows astrocyte destruction, but it was not considered a suitable model system for the study of cellular relationships in remyelination because of the extensive concomitant axonal damage.

6-Aminonicotinamide↗
PubMed1978

Direct administration of methotrexate into the central nervous system of primates. Part 2: Distribution of 3H methotrexate after intrathecal lumbar injection.

The kinetics of distribution of 3H methotrexate (3HMTX) in the central nervous system, plasma, and urine after intraventricular, lumbar percutaneous puncture, and spinal catheter injections were compared. Levels of 3HMTX in whole brain after lumbar percutaneous injection were 40 times less than after intraventricular injection. Injection of 3HMTX via a spinal catheter increased the level of 3HMTX in whole brain but this was still tenfold less than after direct intraventricular instillation. Also, it was found that a disproportionately high amount of 3HMTX was in the brain-stem-cerebellum region which would further reduce the concentration of methotrexate in the cerebral hemispheres. Both intraventricular and lumbar spinal catheter administration of 3HMTX produced 3HMTX levels greater than 10(-6)M (moles/kg wet weight) in spinal cord tissue as measured by 3H specific activity between 2 to 8 hours after injection. Administration by lumbar percutaneous puncture, however, rarely resulted in this suggested therapeutic level of 10(-6)M. Initial 3HMTX levels in plasma after lumbar percutaneous instillation was 24 times greater than after intraventricular or lumbar spinal catheter injections. This indicated significant and unavoidable extradural leakage after lumbar percutaneous puncture, which may account for the substantially lower levels of 3HMTX in the brain and spinal cord tissue. It is concluded that intraventricular instillation of methotrexate is the best route of administering the drug to achieve therapeutic levels of methotrexate in both whole brain and throughout the spinal cord.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Tracing axons and axon collaterals of spinal neurons using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase.

Intracellular injection and subsequent histochemical localization of horseradish peroxidase have been used to stain the soma, dendrites, axons, and axon collaterals of spinalcervical tract neurons and unidentified dorsal horn neurons in the cat. This technique may be used in combination with the intracellular injection of Procion yellow to demonstrate by light microscopy connections between physiologically typed vertebrate neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of intramedullary injection of methiodal and lidocaine on spinal cords of dogs.

A solution of methiodal sodium (20%) and lidocaine HCl (0.20%) was given by intramedullary injection into the lumbar spinal cords of 12 anesthetized dogs (group I). Two control groups of 12 dogs each were subjected to needle placement only or were given 5% dextrose. The results showed that both solutions given by intramedullary injection caused severe spinal cord malacia and cavitation in 2 group I dogs and in 1 group III dog.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Descending course of primary afferent collaterals in the cat's spinal cord.

After injecting horseradish-peroxidase into the lower thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments of cats, labelled perikarya were found in several spinal ganglia localized cranially to the site of injection. The segmental distance between the injection site and the rostralmost localized ganglion with labelled cells varied depending on the medio-lateral localization of the injection. The longest distance (10 segments) was achieved by medial injections. Primary sensory neurones with long descending collaterals belong to large ganglion cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Continuous Intrathecal Infusion of Nivolumab in Advanced Melanoma With Concomitant Leptomeningeal Disease: Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prognosis of melanoma with leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is poor (median overall survival of 5.1 months). Intrathecal (IT) nivolumab appears safe, although its efficacy remains uncertain. We investigated the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of continuous IT nivolumab. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 11 melanoma patients with progressive LMD (MelBase; NCT02828202) treated as part of the patients' care with continuous IT nivolumab administered through spinal (n = 10) or ventricular catheter (n = 1). RESULTS: Patients (5 women, median age 52) with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group &#x2264;1 (except for 1) and stable extracranial disease (except for 4) were treated over a median duration of 1.5 months and followed for 2.5 months. Seven presented symptomatic LMD. Primary tumors were mostly cutaneous (n = 8) and BRAF-mutated (n = 10). All patients had progressed on systemic immunotherapy; 7 had received brain radiotherapy (whole brain radiotherapy [n = 3]; stereotactic radiosurgery [n = 4]). Concomitant therapies included corticosteroids >10 mg (n = 5), intravenous nivolumab (first 3 months of IT therapy, n = 1), and targeted therapies (n = 7). The median overall survival was 2.5 months, with 3 patients surviving for more than a year. Reversible treatment-related adverse events occurred in 5 patients: meningoencephalitis (grade 3, n = 1), intracranial hemorrhage (grade 1, n = 1), intracranial hypotension (grade 2, n = 2; grade 1, n = 1). Baseline levels of nivolumab in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were <2 &#xb5;g/mL, even among patients with plasma detection. CSF concentrations of nivolumab at steady state varied from 36 to 97 &#xb5;g/mL, with clearances of 4.3-15.7 mL/h. Next-generation sequencing identified CSF genomic profiles correlating with clinical progression in 4 patients. CONCLUSION: These findings warrant further trials on IT nivolumab.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Effects of type A botulinum toxin on the cholinergic transmission at spinal Renshaw cells and on the inhibitory action at Ia inhibitory interneurones.

1. The central action of botulinum toxin A (BTA) on the cholinergic transmission at Renshaw cells (RCs) and on the RC-induced inhibition of Ia inhibitory interneurones (IaINs) was studied in anaesthetized cats. BTA was administered by application directly into the spinal cord, injection into a ventral root (L7) and/or injection into the triceps surae (GS) muscle. 2. A direct application of BTA into the spinal cord led to a decrease of the early and the late response of RCs. 3. When the neurotoxin was injected into the GS muscle, the RC activity remained unaffected during the test period (33-46 h after application). 4. No effect appeared up to 10 h after an injection into the ventral root L7. 5. The RC-induced inhibition on IaINs, when tested in animals with local botulismus, remained intact during the test period. 6. From the present results it is suggested that on the spinal level the central action of botulinum toxin predominantly passes on the motoneurones.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1979

[Computer tomography of the cervical spinal canal following intrathecal enhancement: cervical CT myelography. Studies on technic and the initial results (author' transl)].

Computer tomography of the cervical spinal canal was carried out in 54 patients after the intrathecal injection of metrizamide (CT myelography). In 43 patients this was done after conventional myelography, in eleven it was the primary examination. In 32 patients the examination proved normal and in 22 abnormal. Correlation between the CT findings and conventional myelography was excellent. Quite small intraspinal structures both normal and abnormal, could be demonstrated. CT myelography is particularly valuable for determining the special relationships within the vertebral canal. The procedure can supplement and confirm conventional myelography, for instance round the foramen magnum. Under certain circumstances it may be regarded as the method of choice, since it is simpler for the patient and less likely to produce complications due to the contrast medium.

Adolescent↗