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Results for “Integumentary System”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Melanocortin-4 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in rat cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems.

We determined melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) mRNA ontogeny in the rat using in situ hybridization and a rat MC4-R riboprobe and showed numerous peripheral sites of expression for MC4-R. The developing heart showed MC4-R mRNA expression as early as embryonic day (E) 14. In the lungs of E16-E20 fetuses, the cells surrounding developing bronchi expressed relatively strong in situ signal. Muscles associated with the respiratory system such as diaphragm and intercostal muscle expressed MC4-R mRNA as early as E14. Occipital and tongue muscles, in particular the genioglossus, showed diffuse signal at E15-E20. In the eye, a discrete signal was detected in an outer neuroblastic layer which may correspond to retina or extraocular muscle. Developing limb buds expressed relatively strong signal at E14, whereas skull bone and joint capsules of the paw of the forelimb showed signal at E18-E20. Using RT-PCR and ribonuclease protection assays, we determined that MC4-R mRNA is also expressed in adult rat heart, lung, kidney, and testis. The expression of the MC4-R in cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems supports functional roles for the MC4-R in addition to its roles in appetite, weight control, and regulation of linear growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Aging integumentary system. Podiatric review.

The authors present a concise review of age-related changes that occur in the skin and its derivatives, as they pertain to the podiatric practitioner. A brief discussion of wound healing and several common skin disorders that affect the elderly is also included.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Iatrogenesis in the elderly. Nosocomial infections.

The elderly are increasingly susceptible to nosocomial infection because of age-related changes and the presence of multiple chronic illness. Epidemics frequently occur in long-term care facilities with upper respiratory infections, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria the most common. Other common nosocomial infections are those of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, and integumentary system. Infection control programs, systematic surveillance, regular inservice programs on infection control (especially handwashing), and employee and resident health programs can be instituted to decrease the incidence of nosocomial infections.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Mechanical influences on cells, tissues and organs - 'Mechanical Morphogenesis'.

Cells can sense changes in their mechanical environment and promote alterations and adaptations in tissue structure and function. Mechanical stimuli regulate such fundamental processes as cell division and differentiation and determine tissue form. The current editorial outlines the general scope of a subject area we have called 'mechanical morphogenesis'. We are promoting it as an area of special interest for future issues of the European Journal of Morphology. Clearly, mechanical loading is of pivotal importance to the development, function and repair of all tissues in the musculoskeletal system, including bone, ligament, tendon, skeletal muscle, intervertebral disc and meniscus. Bone in particular has attracted special interest and mechanical strain is central to both Wolff 's law and Frost's 'mechanostat' model of bone behaviour. But it is skeletal muscle that shows the most obvious and rapid response to altered load, with striated muscle fibres hypertrophing with strength-training programmes, and atrophing in the absence of adequate mechanical stimulation. Articular cartilage, together with tendons and ligaments is also responsive to changing exercise levels, and either abnormally high or low loads are detrimental. However, the influence of mechanical forces extends to many other organ systems, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous and integumentary systems. The bronchial mucosa and the alveoli are subject to tensile and compressive loading during the volume changes that occur in respiration, and surface tension is also of paramount importance. The whole form of the cardiovascular system is driven by the haemodynamic influences of blood, and atherosclerosis has an underlying mechanical basis. The characteristic plaques tend to occur at sites of obvious mechanical significance - regions of arterial branching and curvature, where shear stress on the vessel wall may be low, but tensile stress high. Sensory perception by the nervous system has a well known mechanical basis and the cochlea is perhaps the most elaborate example of a site where sensory cells transduce mechanical forces and relay information to the brain. Mechanical force has also been proposed as a regulating factor in controlling axonal growth. Finally, the integumentary system has several structural adaptations that obviously relate to the influence of mechanical forces. The thickened layer of keratinised squames in the palms and soles is directly related to the high levels of shear at these locations.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Carcinogenesis Bioassay of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (CAS No. 1746-01-6) in Swiss-Webster Mice (Dermal Study).

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin occurs as a highly toxic impurity found in herbicides containing 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and 2,4,5-T- derivatives, as well as in other chemicals synthesized using 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. The herbicide 2,4,5-T has been marketed in the United States since 1948. Production increased sharply between 1960 and 1970 when a 1:1 mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was used as a defoliant in Vietnam under the names of "herbicide agent orange, herbicide orange, agent orange, and orange". During this 10-year period, about 106 million pounds of 2,4,5-T were sprayed. A carcinogenesis bioassay was conducted by applying an acetone suspension of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to the clipped backs of 30 male and female Swiss-Webster mice 3 days per week for 99 or 104 weeks. Similar groups were pretreated with 1 application of 50 &mgr;g dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) in 0.1 ml acetone 1 week before TCDD administration began. Female mice received 0.005 &mgr;g TCDD per application, and the male mice received 0.001 &mgr;g TCDD. As vehicle controls, 45 mice of each sex received 0.1 ml acetone three times per week. Thirty animals of each sex were used as untreated controls. Throughout the bioassay, mean body weights of the male and female mice administered TCDD, or TCDD following DMBA, were essentially the same as those of the corresponding vehicle control group. Mean body weights of dosed and vehicle control groups of males were less thanthose of the untreated control group throughout the study; for the females, mean body weights were less than the untreated controls during the first 80 weeks. In female mice, the incidences of fibrosarcoma in the integumentary system in dosed groups with TCDD were significantly (P=0.007) higher than that in the corresponding controls (2/41, 5%; 8/27, 30%). An increase in the same tumor type, although not statistically significant (P=0.084), was also observed in the male mice (3/42, 7%; 6/28, 21%). In the DMBA-TCDD experiment, failure to have included groups skin painted with only DMBA precluded interpretation of these results. Under the conditions of this bioassay, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin applied to the skin was not carcinogenic for male Swiss-Webster mice (the increase of fibrosarcomas in the integumentary system may have been associated with the skin application of TCDD). TCDD was carcinogenic for female Swiss-Webster mice causing fibrosarcomas in the integumentary system. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Mice: Equivocal Female Mice: Positive Synonyms: 2,3,7,8-TCDD; TCDD

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Surveillance for surgical site infection after hospital discharge: a surgical procedure-specific perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) occurring after hospital discharge, to evaluate whether limiting surveillance to inpatients underestimates the true rate of SSI, and to select surgical procedures that should be included in a postdischarge surveillance program. DESIGN: Prospective surveillance study. SETTING: A surgical ward at a university teaching hospital in Italy. PATIENTS: A total of 264 surgical patients were included in the study. RESULTS: The global SSI rate was 10.6% (28 patients); 17 (60.2%) of patients with an SSI developed the infection after hospital discharge. The overall mean length of postoperative stay (+/-SD) for patients who acquired a postdischarge SSI was 4.9+/-3.7 days, and SSI was diagnosed a mean duration (+/-SD) of 11.5+/-4.5 days after surgery. Among procedures with postdischarge SSIs, those classified by the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system (NNIS) as herniorrhaphy, mastectomy, other endocrine system, and other integumentary system were associated with a mean postoperative stay that was less than the mean time between the operation and the onset of SSI. Four (36%) of in-hospital SSIs occurred after procedures with an NNIS risk index of 0, and 7 (64%) occurred after procedures with an NNIS risk index of 1 or higher. Of the 17 SSIs diagnosed after discharge, 14 procedures (82%) had an NNIS risk index of 0, compared with 3 procedures (18%) with an NNIS risk index of 1 or higher. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed an increased risk of postdischarge SSI after some types of surgical procedures and suggest that there is an important need to change from generalized to NNIS operative category-directed postdischarge surveillance, at least for procedures locally considered to be high-risk.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Prognostic factors for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease.

BACKGROUND: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease is a chronic bilateral granulomatous panuveitis with involvement of the central nervous system, auditory and integumentary systems. The prognosis depends mostly on the development of complications or not. The purpose of this study was to identify the prognostic factors of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all the patients diagnosed with VKH disease between 1991 and 2000 was performed. Data recorded included age, sex, clinical features, systemic manifestations, recurrence, HLA typing, treatment, complications, and final visual acuity. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Products and Services Solutions. RESULTS: There were thirty-nine patients, the mean age at presentation was 39.82 +/- 12.38 years. The majority (46.2%) of patients were probable VKH disease, followed by incomplete type (43.5%), with only 10.3% complete type. Ten patients had at least one complication, including cataract in 19 eyes, glaucoma in 4 eyes and choroidal neovascularization in 3 eyes. Fifty eyes (64.1%) had final visual acuity of 6/12 or better. The interval between ocular symptom and treatment had significant effect on the development of complicaion (p = 0.022) and recurrence (p = 0.003), which were also significantly associated with the final visual acuity (p = 0.007). For patients who were diagnosed and treated within two weeks, the extent of exudative retinal detachment correlated significantly with final visual acuity (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The visual prognosis of VKH disease is generally favorable. The development of complications or recurrence was significantly associated with the visual outcome. Interval between development of ocular symptom and treatment seemed to be an important predictor in the early stage of VKH. It is important to start the treatment early even when the typical features of VKH disease have not completely appeared.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amphibian tumors: a comparison of anurans and urodeles.

Anuran and urodele amphibians develop spontaneous neoplasms in all major organ systems with the integumentary system a frequent target. Anurans and urodeles have spontaneous viral-associated tumors, the biological behavior of which is temperature-related. Anurans seem to have a greater frequency of spontaneous neoplasms than do urodeles and respond to chemical carcinogens in a manner analogous to mammalian species. Urodeles have greater cell regenerative capabilities than do anurans and paradoxically, are more refractory than anurans or mammalian species to chemical carcinogens in their proliferating regenerative blastema.

Animals↗