Fluoride deficient public water supplies in Iowa. Supplies in Iowa, (as of March 1, 1975).
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Fluoridation↗
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The relationship of the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) and the College of Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
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Agriculture↗
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Rocky Mountain Bioengineering Symposium and the Fifteenth International ISA Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation Symposium held April 17, 18,1978, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
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Animals↗
Dietary survey of low-income, rural families in Iowa and North Carolina. III. Contribution of food groups to nutrients.
Percentage contributions of specific food groups indicated in the Basic 4 to protein, calcium, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid in one day's diets of thirty-five Iowa families and twenty-five North Carolina families are reported. All members of the families ate all meals at home. Their diets met or exceeded two-thirds of the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances for seven nutrients. Data were collected by the 24-hr. recall method. While the percentage contribution of the meat group to protein intake of the North Carolina families ranged from zero to 84 per cent, that of the Iowa group was from 35 to 85 per cent. The range for the percentage contribution of the milk group to calcium intake of North Carolina families was similar; however, in the Iowa group the range was from 2 to 97 per cent. The vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetable group contributed from zero to 99 per cent for the North Carolina families of vitamin A intake and from zero to 88 per cent for the Iowa group. Ascorbic acid-rich fruits and vegetables contributed from zero to 100 per cent of the ascorbic acid intake of the Iowa group and from zero to 95 per cent in North Carolina families. The results support the argument that the exclusive use of the "Daily Food Guide" or the "Basic 4" to assess nutritional intake of diets may produce biased in formation.
Ascorbic Acid↗
Host preferences of Aedes trivittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in central Iowa.
The vertebrate host preferences of Aedes trivittatus mosquitoes were studied to gain an insight into the possible hosts of trivittatus (TVT) virus (California encephalitis group) in Iowa. Engorged mosquitoes were collected with a Malaise trap and Dry Ice-baited CDC miniature light traps. The origin of mosquito blood meals was determined by the capillary tube precipitin test. Of 600 A. trivittatus blood meals tested, 409 (68.2%) reacted positively with anti-rabbit serum. The incidences of mosquitoes feeding on other vertebrate species ranged from 0.2% to 2.5%. The vertebrate host preferences of A. trivittatus suggest a close association between this mosquito species and the eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) in central Iowa. Furthermore, the results indicate that the eastern cottontail rabbit may be an important host for TVT virus in Iowa.
Aedes↗
A survey of health needs of older adults in northwest Johnson County, Iowa.
In 1975, the 1972 survey by the DuPage County, Illinois, Health Department (Managan et al. 1974) was replicated in an eight-township area of Johnson County, Iowa, to compare and document areas of nursing needs for the nursing division of a rural health center and to determine if the Illinois findings were generalizable to a setting which included both similarities and differences. The DuPage County population was urban, while the Johnson County population had a strong farm background and the majority of the subjects still resided on a farm. The DuPage County sample of 1,466 represented approximately 5 percent of the elderly population. The sample size in the Johnson County study was only 82; however, it represented approximately 10 percent of the elderly in the eight townships of the study area. The method of interviewing in the resident's homes was replicated as was DuPage's method of statistical analysis. Comparison of data from the two counties showed striking similarities in all parameters: health condition, physical functioning accessibility of medical care, social isolation, and service needs. Both studies found need for additional health services. A multiple disciplinary service approach to health needs would assist the elderly to remain in their own homes longer and to improve the quality of their lives. In the Iowa study, four questions to determine satisfaction with present living facilities and with adequacy of income for needed medical and dental costs were added. When these answers were compared to two previous Iowa studies, findings were similar.
Aged↗
The Iowa 500: field work in a 35-year follow-up of depression, mania, and schizophrenia.
This paper reports a follow-up and family study being carried out at the University of Iowa College of Medicine on primary affective disorders and schizophrenia in patients hospitalized thirty-five years ago. The purpose of this project is to obtain objective data to shed light on our understanding of these two major functional psychoses -- their diagnostic validity, clinical features, course and outcome, heterogeneity, life histories, related illnesses and characteristics of familial association. This research started with 525 patients selected from inpatients consecutively admitted to the Iowa Psychopathic Hospital between 1934 and 1944, and with a stratified random sample of 160 surgical patients admitted to the University General Hospital during the same period. A specially designed structured interview form -- the Iowa Structured Psychiatric Interview (ISPI) -- is used to follow up all living index patients, and as many of their living first-degree relatives as possible. At this time, over one-third of the estimated total study population of three thousand patients and relatives have been personally interviewed, and the preliminary findings are reported here.
Bipolar Disorder↗
28. The nursing home project of the Iowa Health Services Data System.
The long-term care project of the Iowa Hospital Association has demonstrated the feasibility and utility of a multipurpose data system for nursing homes and related institutions. Important features of the Iowa system are emphasis on the needs and constraints of those providing care and collecting the data; prior establishment of specific criteria for the content of the system; the use of three related forms (admission, evaluation, and discharge) to produce current reports; and ease, flexibility, and transferability. A significant byproduct of the demonstration project was improved record keeping and patient care planning by the 14 participating facilities. Major problems encountered were lack of experience on the part of nursing homes and external regulatory agencies in defining their data needs and using data effectively, and financial support. Contribution to cost by external agencies in return for data and a major commitment to educational programs, both initial and continuing, are seen as essential to the success of long-term care data systems.
Health Occupations↗
Dietary survey of low-income, rural families in Iowa and North Carolina. II. Family distribution of dietary adequacy.
Distribution patterns of Iowa and North Carolina families for dietary adequacy at various income levels were compared according to: (a) two family dietary standards, based on the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowance and the Ten-State Nutrition Survey dietary standards, and (b) two income standards, family income and per capita income. A 24-hr. recall method was used to collect the dietary data. Nutrients studied included: protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin. Clear differences emerged in family distribution patterns by the two dietary standards and by the two income standards. Comparison of family distribution patterns for dietary intake by the two standards showed that percentages of families with poor nutrient intakes were lower by Ten-State evaluation than for the recommended allowance evaluation, except for protein and iron. For example, the percentage of families with poor calcium intakes, by Ten-State criteria, was approximately half that measured by the recommended allowances. While, according to the latter, calcium was the most limiting nutrient in many family diets, vitamin A was most limiting by Ten-State evaluation. The proportions of families with poor ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin intakes were also lower by Ten-State standards. While the iron adequacy remained approximately the same by both dietary standards, the percentage of families with poor protein intakes was higher by the Ten-State criteria. A higher percentage of families at each income level had fair and good diets by Ten-State comparison. Family distribution patterns for intakes of individual nutrients at various family income levels demonstrated a positive relationship between nutritional intake and income. Proportions of families with poor nutrient intakes according to per capita income tended to increase with the income level. For both income standards, the percentages of families with good and fair diets in the total family sample gradually increased with income. Percentages of Iowa families with fair and good diets at various income levels were, in general, higher than those of North Carolina families. The lowest and the highest percentages of families with poor diets of two population groups were higher for per capita income distribution than for family income distribution.
Adolescent↗
Natural infection of Aedes trivittatus (COQ) with Dirofilaria immitis in central Iowa.
Juveniles identified as Dirofilaria immitis were recovered from Aedes trivittatus and Anopheles punctipennis collected CO2-baited CDC light traps in Ames, Iowa, during 10 days in July and August 1975. Ae. trivittatus composed 58.7% of the mosquitoes collected, and D. immitis was recovered from 18 of 393 (4.6%) dissected and from 7 of 31 pools (911 mosquitoes; 0.77%). Approximately 1.0% of the Ae. trivittatus collected harbored infective-stage juveniles, and as many as 27 were recovered from a single mosquito. This is the first report of Ae. trivittatus supporting the development of D. immitis. An. punctipennis was the only other species infected, with 2 of 468 harboring first-stage juveniles. The data suggest that Ae. trivittatus probably is the principal vector of D. immitis in central Iowa.
Aedes↗
Epidemiologic findings on canine and feline intestinal nematode infections from records of the Iowa state University Veterinary Clinic.
A wealth of data was available on intestinal nematode infections of dogs and cats in the Ames, Iowa, practice area served by the Iowa State University Veterinary Clinic. From July 1966 through June 1974, 8.5% of 33,594 dogs and 4.5% of 11,995 cats hospitalized for 1 or more days were recorded as infected with at least 1 type of intestinal nematode. For both dogs and cats, infection rates were generally higher in males than in females and in those that were sexually intact, compared with those that were neutered. The highest prevalence of hookworm infections in both dogs and cats was recorded in June and July, and the highest prevalence of ascarid infections in cats, but not in dogs, was in December. Seasonal patterns were not demonstrated for other nematode infections. Ascarid infections in dogs and cats and hookworms infections in dogs were most prevalent in 2-week-old to 2-month-old animals. Whipworm infections in dogs and hookworm infections in cats generally appeared at greater ages, reaching their highest prevalence in hosts 1 to 2 years old.
Animals↗
Iowa wrestling study: weight loss and urinary profiles of collegiate wrestlers.
A longitudinal study was conducted with various members of the 1975 University of Iowa NCAA championship wrestling team to determine if excessive weight loss, accompanied by signs of dehydration, occurred at the college level of competition. Body weight changes from September to December indicated a mean loss of 6%, while skinfold totals (6 sites) changed from a mean of 58 mm to 37 mm. During a four-month period, mean weight losses of 10.2, 9.5, 8.0, 7.5 and 7.0 lbs occurred in intervals of 12, 4, 3, 2 and 1 day, respectively. Basal urines analyzed throughout the season usually contained 2-3 times the potassium excreted before the season started. Analyses of urines at various intervals during a 2-day time period prior to weigh-in showed a .003 increase in specific gravity, 160 mosm/1 increase in osmolarity, .10 decrease in pH, 45.3 mEq/1 decrease in Na+ concentration, and a 71.3 mEq/1 increase in K+ concentration which suggested that the wrestlers were dehydrated prior to competition. Total urinary electrolyte loss during the 2 days amounted to 3.7% of estimated total body Na+ stores and 3.0% of total body K+ stores. These data were similar to what had been reported for Iowa high school finalists and indicated that collegiate wrestlers were also competing while in a dehydrated state.
Body Weight↗
Alcohol, beer, and lung cancer in postmenopausal women. The Iowa Women's Health Study.
There are data to suggest a relationship between alcohol consumption, particularly beer, and lung cancer. This hypothesis was tested on data from a cohort of 41,837 Iowa women aged 55 to 69 years. Women were recruited by mail and provided information on alcohol and tobacco use, physical activity, and education. Compared to a randomly selected group of women without lung cancer (n = 1900), those with lung cancer (n = 109) consumed more alcohol (measured on the Willett food frequency questionnaire) (10.2 versus 3.6 g/d; P = 0.001). The difference was accounted for largely by differences in beer consumption (3.5 versus 0.6 glass/wk; P = 0.003). Liquor consumption by patients was about double that by control subjects (1.7 versus 0.8 glass/wk; P = 0.063). Wine consumption was low and did not differ between those with and those without lung cancer. The relationship between beer consumption and lung cancer risk appeared U-shaped. After adjusting for the other variables (including six categories of pack-years of smoking), beer consumption remained a significant predictor of lung cancer risk. Those drinking 1 or more beers per week had an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 3.80) compared with those consuming less than 1 glass per week. There was no evidence of interaction with smoking. The association of beer with lung cancer does not appear to be explained solely by confounding with cigarette smoking, although that remains by far the single strongest predictor of risk.
Aged↗
Two new species of Eimeria from colubrid snakes in Iowa.
Oocysts of Eimeria natricis sp. n. and Eimeria sipedon sp. n. were isolated from 2 Northern Water Snakes, Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus), in Iowa. Oocysts of E. natricis were elongate, slightly ovoid, averaging in size 32.3 X 17.5 mum; sporocysts averaged 15.7 X 8.2 mum. Oocysts of E. sipedon were broadly ovoid averaging in size 18.0 X 15.9 mum; sporocysts averaged 12.0 X 7.4 mum. In both species, sporocyst residua were present, but micropyles, polar granules and oocyst residua were lacking.
Animals↗
Additional notes on the coccidian parasites of the soft-shell turtle, Trionyx spiniferus Le Sueur, in Iowa, with a description of Eimeria vesicostieda sp. n.
Oocysts of Eimeria dericksoni Roudabush, Eimeria mascoutini Wacha & Christiansen, and Eimeria vesicostieda sp. n. were isolated from the Spiny Soft-shell Turtle, Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur, in Iowa. The sporulated oocysts of E. dericksoni are redescribed to include, for the first time, the dimensions of the sporocysts (6.0-8.5 x 3.0 5.0 micrometer) ant the structural appearance of the Stieda body (thinly convex); the oocysts of E. vesicostieda are newly described as being thick-walled, narrowly avoid to narrowly ellipsoid, measuring 22.0-25.5 x 16.5-20.5 micrometer, and having a polar granule, a sporocyst residuum, and a vesicle-like Stieda body; the oocysts of E. mascoutini are documented photographically.
Animals↗
Myxosporidan infections in some fishes of Iowa.
A survey of 617 specimens of fishes representing 8 families in Iowa revealed coelozoic infections by Chloromyxum catostomi, Chloromyxum triijugum, and Myxidium macrocapsulare and histozoic infections by Henneguya exilis and Myxobolus spp. The trophozoite of M. macrocapsulare is described. Descriptive notes supplementary to previous literature are provided for 3 coelozoic species.
Animals↗
Aspergilus flavus and aflatoxin in Iowa corn before harvest.
Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin were detected in ears of Iowa corn on plants before harvest in 1975. Presence of the fungus was associated with kernel injury caused by the second generation European corn borer. Amounts of aflatoxin B1 in corn from a limited number of selected ears ranged from 1 part per billion to 1560 parts per billion with a mean of 430 parts per billion.
Aflatoxins↗
Isolation and identification of mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis from arthritic cattle in Iowa and Nebraska.
Two strains of Mycoplasma were isolated from synovial fluids of arthritic feeder cattle and were identified as Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis by growth inhibition and fluorescent antibody tests. The strains (Iowa 1136 and Nebraska 2) could not be distinguished from known strains (Donetta and California 01) by immunoelectrophoresis or by agar gel precipitation.
Animals↗