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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Early chorionic activity in women bearing inert IUD, copper IUD and levonorgestrel-releasing IUD.

Early chorionic activity was assessed in the premenstrual days by means of serum HCG beta-fraction. As control, a group of women with no contraceptive use was studied; early chorionic activity was detected in 31.8% of the cycles. In the group bearing an inert IUD the incidence was 20%, which did not differ from the control; while in the medicated IUD groups (Cu-IUD and LNG-IUD) the incidences were 4.8% and nil, respectively. Both medicated IUD groups showed a significant difference when compared with the control, as well as the inert IUD groups. The meaning of these findings, pointing out differences in the main mechanism of action between inert and medicated IUDs, is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

An evaluation of the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD: its advantages and disadvantages when compared to the copper-releasing IUDs.

The levonorgestrel-releasing IUD (LNG-IUD-20), providing a daily dose of 20 ug, has recently been approved for marketing in Finland. The IUD's high efficacy in preventing accidental pregnancy and other numerous positive features make it a promising contraceptive device for worldwide use, just like the currently available T-shaped copper-releasing (TCu) IUDs. This paper reviews published reports comparing the LNG-IUD-20 and the currently used TCu IUDs. The merits and disadvantages of the steroid-releasing IUD are evaluated in terms of its performance and other special features relative to the TCu IUDs. Also, a number of future studies with medical and programmatic importance are proposed. A broader understanding about these two IUD families will facilitate their use in a complementary way for family planning programs.

Drug Evaluation↗
PubMed1986

Time to conception after IUD removal: importance of duration of use, IUD type, pelvic inflammatory disease and age.

Some investigations of IUD use have demonstrated impaired ability to become pregnant after removal, while others have not. None of these studies, however, have adequately considered such potentially influencing variables as age and a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). To study the effect of length of IUD use, IUD type and the modifying influences of age and PID history on time required to conceive, we followed women trying to become pregnant after removal of their IUD. Five hundred forty women in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia who were first fitted with an IUD between 1964 and 1972 and had their IUD removed in order to become pregnant were followed through 1980. We found no relationship between the duration of IUD use or type of IUD used, but increasing age and a history of PID each decreased the monthly probability of conception. These findings, along with other recent work, indicate that IUDs are a safe and efficacious contraceptive for women at low risk for sexually transmitted diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Epidemiological data, cytology and colposcopy in IUD (intrauterine device), E-P (estro-progestogens) and diaphragm users. Study of cytological changes of endometrium IUD related.

The author compares the epidemiological, cytological and colposcopical data found in IUD users, with a control population of estro-progestogens and condom users. The age, parity and clinical symptomatology, mainly leukorrhea, was higher in IUD users. At the colposcopic examination a normal pattern was found in condom users more frequently, but the suspect colposcopic signs were frequently associated with the use of the IUD. The oncologic evaluation of smears showed a slight dysplasia in 17.65% and 10.53% in IUD users and estro-progestogen users respectively. The only case of carcinoma in situ was found in the IUD users group. The bacteriological diagnosis on the smears did not reveal a quantitative difference in the three groups, while a qualitative difference was found, particularly with a high frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis and Corynebacterium vaginalis, and one case of Actinomyces in IUD users. The cytological study of the endometrium obtained by mono-use devices, revealed an aspect of aspecific non plasmacellular endometritis in 75% of the cases; a dysfunctional hormonal cytological aspect in 32.50%, and the oncological evaluation in 60% of the cases revealed atypical endometrial cells IUD related. No neoplastic lesion was found. The author concludes that the use of IUD must be prudent and accurate follow up must be carried out.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1975

The effect of a copper iud and "inert" iuds on the incorporation of 3-h-thymidine and 5-3-h-uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit after stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin.

The present investigation studied the influence of different types of intra-uterine devices (IUDs) especially that of a copper IUD, on the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine and 5-3-H-uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit. "Inert" IUD. In non-stimulated rabbits, the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine was increased in the copper influenced horn. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine in control and Cu-IUD-containing horns reached a maximum at 48 hours after HCG stimulation, but was significantly lower in the copper-containing horn than in the control horn. On the fifth day of pseudopregnancy, the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine was significantly higher in the copper IUD-containing horn. The total amount of DNA in the endometrium increased during early pseudopregnancy, but this increase was markedly reduced in the presence of copper. The copper IUD had no influence on the rate of incorporation of 5-3-H-uridine in non-stimulated rabbits, whereas it caused a higher incorporation on the fifth day of pseudopregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Prevention of IUD-related pelvic infection: the efficacy of prophylactic doxycycline at IUD insertion.

It is believed that much of the small increased risk for developing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) associated with the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) appears to be caused by bacterial contamination of the endometrial cavity at the time of insertion. Previous research suggests that use of prophylactic antibiotics immediately prior to IUD insertion may reduce the risk of developing PID. This paper presents results from a randomized clinical trial of 1485 women in Ibadan, Nigeria evaluating the effectiveness of 200 mg of doxycycline (versus placebo) given orally at the time of IUD insertion in reducing the incidence of PID during the first three months of IUD use. Rate of PID infection in the doxycycline-treated group was not significantly lower than that in the placebo-treated group. The rate of unscheduled IUD-related visits to the clinic also was not significantly lower among the doxycycline-treated group. However, the incidence of PID was low (21 cases) for both study groups. Aseptic conditions during IUD insertion, follow-up visits with short intervals to monitor health, and treatment of opportunistic infections may have reduced the potential of PID within this population.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

The effect of a copper IUD and various "inert" Iuds on the histological picture of the rabbit endometrium during early pseudopregnancy and pregnancy.

The influence of a copper IUD and two "inert" IUDs on the histological picture of the rabbit endometrium during early pseudopregnancy and early pregnancy was studied. The copper IUD markedly inhibited the endometrial maturation during the first five days of both pseudopregnancy and pregnancy. The "inert" IUDs had no such effect. The copper IUD prevented the normal response of the rabbit uterus to 17-beta-estradiol in castrated animals. The observed effects of the copper IUD might seriously interfere with the normal process of implantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of the performance of the copper T380A IUD up to ten years. Is this IUD a reversible but potentially permanent method?

The clinical experience of a cohort of 340 women using a TCu380A IUD for up to 10 years at the Family Planning Clinic of the State University of Campinas, Brazil was evaluated by life-table analysis. Removals for medical reasons were more frequent during the first year of use, while from the third year on, removals for personal reasons were more frequent. Expulsions were concentrated in the first two years of use, and none were detected after the fourth. Gross pregnancy rate accumulated to 2.0, 2.8 and 5.3 and continuation rate was 64.2, 43.4 and 27.8 per 100 women at three, six and ten years of use, respectively. The effectiveness of the device did not decrease significantly after the eighth year of use and it could be considered a reversible but potentially permanent method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

'Bowing' forces with IUD inserters in vitro: relevance to difficult IUD insertions.

The inserter tubes of the more modern copper bearing IUDs are flexible enough to give ('bow') when there is obstruction to the device. The MLCu 250, Copper 7 and Nova T inserters will bow considerably when forces of 1-3 N are exerted and the device obstructed up to 0.75 cm from its proximal end. This suggests that these devices are unlikely to cause cervical damage where their passage into the uterine cavity is impeded by cervical factors, provided the insertion attempt is discontinued when bowing of more than 2 cm off-centre is reached. However this does not apply to obstructions past the internal cervical os. In research circumstances great care should be used as it rapidly becomes possible to exert enough force to produce damage to the uterine muscle.

Equipment Failure↗
PubMed1986

Intrauterine device (IUD) associated pathology: a review of pathogenic mechanisms.

This paper summarizes our studies of IUD-related disease with those previously published by others. Our data are based upon 51 IUDs and 42 index cases of IUD-related disease demonstrating specific processes. Gross, dissecting microscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray microanalysis examinations were made of selected IUDs and associated tissues. Tissue associated with the IUDs revealed inflammation in 59.4%, calcific material in 6.3% and no abnormality in 34.4%. IUD-associated tissue responses were accompanied by changes of the IUD; these changes involved deposition of substances upon the IUD surface and degradation of the IUD itself. Disintegration of the IUD, its string or both, has been repeatedly observed. The material deposited upon the surface of the IUD included proteins and calcium salts. The changes which involve the IUD and the host appear to be operative in the genesis of IUD-related disease. Inflammatory changes and infections are the most common IUD-related disease processes and are also the mechanisms commonly associated with the most serious complications of IUD use, reproductive failure and death. We propose that serious IUD-related disease is caused by or is a direct consequence of processes which alter the IUD and which potentiate inflammation and infection. A model amenable to testing is proposed.

Electron Probe Microanalysis↗
PubMed1991

Dynamic changes of myometrial activity, levels of PGF2 alpha and E2 in rabbits after insertion of four types of IUDs.

Myometrial activity, levels of PGF2 alpha and E2 in uterine flushings were measured in rabbits before and after insertion of four types of IUDs. The results showed that IUDs could increase the uterine contraction during the early stages of insertion. Thereafter, the uterine activity tended to be stable. The sequences of uterine contractility generally were: Cu-IUD greater than SS-IUD greater than LNG-Cu-IUD greater than LNG-IUD. The measurement of prostaglandins, determined by RIA, indicated that the concentrations of PGF2 alpha and E2 in Cu-IUD and SS-IUD groups were higher than those of controls for the early phase of insertion, which was not found after four months of use. Our results suggested that hyperactivity of the uterus in the early stage after insertion of IUDs might be relevant to side-effects like expulsion and pain. Copper released by Cu-IUD stimulates the uterine activity partially through increasing PGF2 alpha and E2 contents. In rabbits wearing LNG-IUD or LNG-Cu-IUD, both PGF2 alpha and E2 levels were low. The relatively low uterine mechanical and electrical activities were also observed in these two groups. Based on these data, it is concluded that development of LNG-Cu-IUD is feasible for reducing expulsion of IUDs.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Immunologic aspects of IUD action.

Embryo implantation has been demonstrated to depend on specific lymphocyte populations within the uterine cavity. Intrauterine devices (IUD) exert their contraceptive action by prevention of embryo implantation via presently still unknown mechanisms. Therefore, mononuclear cell populations from mice uteri which either contained silastic or copper (Cu) IUD fragments or were sham-operated were evaluated, utilizing monoclonal antibodies against specific cell markers. Uterine horns, bearing IUD fragments, were significantly heavier than sham-operated horns. In Cu-IUD animals this effect extended even into the non-treated contralateral horn. The total number of lymphoid cells in IUD-bearing horns was significantly higher than in sham-operated horns. This observation was also made in non-treated contralateral Cu-IUD horns but not in contralateral horns of silastic-IUD-treated animals. Significant differences in percentages as well as absolute number of various lymphoid cell populations were noted between IUD-treated and sham-operated animals. Again, the effect was more pronounced in Cu-IUD-treated animals and extended in those animals into the contralateral horn. IUD-containing horns also demonstrated a significantly increased number of mast cells, with Cu-IUDs again resulting in a significantly more pronounced effect in both treated and contralateral horns. Sham-operated mice achieved a 67% pregnancy rate in both uterine horns. In contrast, IUD-treated animals demonstrated a significantly reduced pregnancy rate with silastic IUD fragments (15% and 30% for treated and contralateral horn, respectively) and a 0% pregnancy rate for Cu-IUD-treated animals (in either horn).

Animals↗