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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Jet lag syndrome].

Jet lag is a travel-induced circadian rhythm disorders. Symptoms of jet lag include difficulty sleeping at the new sleep time, daytime sleepiness and fatigue, and impaired performance. Treatment of jet lag includes both behavioral and pharmacological component. A short-half-life benzodiazepine hypnotic for several nights at the new sleep time have been recommended to decrease jet lag symptoms. Melatonin also can alleviate jet lag and bright light exposure is a useful countermeasure for jet lag.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed2003

Melatonin and jet lag syndrome: experimental model and clinical implications.

What is the effect of melatonin on jet lag syndrome? Jet lag desynchronizes the internal sleep-wakefulness cycle with the environmental light/dark cycle. Advance (but not delay) of light onset is known to abolish pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and urine excretion of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin. Measurements of pineal serotonin, the substrate of melatonin biosynthesis; N-acetylserotonin (NAS), the immediate melatonin precursor; and melatonin (high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorimetric method) in the animal (rat) model of jet lag revealed that prolonged delay of dark-phase onset disrupted the rhytms in comparable ways as the advance of light-phase onset. Advance of dark phase onset resulted in less severe disturbances of rhythms as compared with the advance of light phase onset. Melatonin, but not NAS, injections at the beginning of a new dark period accelerated recovery of NAS and melatonin, but not serotonin, rhythms. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were more sensitive to advance of light onset and less responsive to melatonin injections than normotensive rats. NAS and methylene blue, an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, attenuated light-induced disruption of NAS but not melatonin rhythms. We draw the following conclusions from our data: the beginning of the dark period may be preferable to the beginning of light period as the arrival time on eastward flights; the efficacy of melatonin in alleviating jet lag may be enhanced by administering it before, during and after rapid transition through time zones; and hypertension may exaggerate jet lag syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of 3 mg melatonin on jet lag syndrome in an 8-h eastward flight.

In order to assess the effect of melatonin on jet lag a field study was undertaken. The process of re-entrainment of circadian melatonin rhythm was investigated in six subjects. Except during 24-h blood sampling, the subjects were exposed to natural zeitgeber (time giver) outdoors and given 3 mg melatonin at 23:00 h. The subjects were exposed to bright sunlight from 3000 to 12000 lx. All of them showed orthodromic re-entrainment with taking melatonin, while two out of the six did not show orthodromic re-entrainment without taking melatonin. Melatonin accelerated the rate of the re-entrainment of the circadian melatonin rhythm. Melatonin was useful to jet travel from Tokyo to Los Angeles.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[The effect of temazepam on the functional capacity and metabolic and cardiocirculatory parameters in consideration of the "jet lag" syndrome].

In a double-blind placebo controlled study, 14 male healthy volunteers were examined the morning after they had received an evening dose of 20 mg temazepam (Planum) with regard to functional capacity, cardial, cardiovascular and respiratory regulation as well as neuromuscular excitability and metabolic changes. After being exposed to the bicycle ergometer load, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, glucose and lactate concentration were determined; furthermore the neuromuscular excitability of the musculus vastus medialis, musculus rectus femoris and musculus quadrizeps femoris was estimated. Despite unimportant capacity reductions (p greater than 0.05) concerning the maximum capacity (2.2%) as well as the maximum oxygen uptake (4.3%) under treatment with temazepam, there could not be proved any significant changes regarding cardiopulmonary and metabolic functions. On eastern and western flights, top athletes showed a very fast adaptation to the day-night rhythm without hang-over.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Role of the pharmacopoeia in the prevention of jet-lag].

Long-haul flights allow rapid crossing of times zones. When four time zones are crossed, the transmeridian flight induce jet-lag syndrome. Jet-lag is essentially composed of digestive and behavioural disturbances (insomnia and/or drowsiness). It is due to an immediate conflict between external time cues, which have been phase-advanced or phase-delayed by eastward or westward flight, respectively, and the endogenous clock. This conflict induces a desynchronization of the biological rhythms. Different counter-measures could be advised, but the most used is the pharmacological one. Hypnotics like benzodiazepines, cyclopyrones or imidazopyridines induce a recovery sleep but could also induce secondary effects in case of chronic use. Melatonin secreted by pineal gland needs more studies before a safety use for jet-lag treatment. Psychostimulants are able to induce a prolonged wakefulness. But amphetamine-like substances have to be forbidden because of the importance of side effects. New researches are studying a new galenic form of caffeine: the time release caffeine, which permits to induce a long and good quality wakefulness.

Caffeine↗
PubMed1994

[Jet lag].

It is known that time-zone fatigue (jet lag syndrome) a transient physiological and mental condition occurs when people travel by jet between zones with time differences of five hours or longer. Jet lag syndrome is considered to develop because of internal desynchronization that results from a sudden difference between biological rhythm and living time. Among the symptoms of time-zone fatigue sleep-wakefulness disorder is observed most frequently. Utilizing external synchronous factors and careful use of medication are effective in preventing the syndrome.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2000

[Jet lag causing or exacerbating psychiatric disorders].

Desynchronization of circadian rhythmicity resulting from rapid travel through at least 4 time zones leads to symptoms of jet lag syndrome. The most commonly experienced symptoms in normal individuals are sleep disorders, difficulties with concentrating, irritability, mild depression, fatigue, and gastrointestinal disturbances. There is strong evidence relating affective disorders to circadian rhythm abnormalities, such as occur in jet lag. Less convincing suggestions relate jet lag to psychosis. We presume, relying on the literature and our accumulated experience, that in predisposed individuals jet lag may play a role in triggering exacerbation of, or de novo affective disorders, as well as, though less convincing, schizophreniform psychosis or even schizophrenia. An illustrative case vignette exemplifies the possible relationship between jet lag following eastbound flight and psychotic manifestations.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2005

The human circadian system in normal and disordered sleep.

The human circadian system regulates rhythmicity in the human body and establishes normal sleep and wake phases. The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), located in the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm, make up the human pacemaker known as the circadian or biological clock, but other essential parts of the circadian system include the pineal gland, retina, and retinohypothalamic tract. The importance of light in resetting the intrinsic human circadian cycle, the intrinsic period of which is slightly longer than 24 hours, ensures that the human cycle will stay entrained to the earth's 24-hour daily cycle. Within the SCN neurons, circadian rhythmicity is generated by the regular transcription of proteins. Since the circadian system is the foundation of the sleep-wake cycle, disorders and abnormalities in sleep are often connected with disorders or abnormalities in the circadian system. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders, such as jet lag syndrome and shift work sleep disorder, are those specifically attributed to dysfunctions or insufficiencies in the circadian system. Taking into consideration the preeminence of the circadian clock in timing sleep, it is likely that other sleep disorders, such as insomnia, are also linked to circadian system abnormalities.

Biological Clocks↗
PubMed2000

[Melatonin. II. Physiological and therapeutic effects].

Melatonin is a hormone mainly secreted by the pineal gland during the dark phase of the light-dark cycle. The most known function of melatonin in mammals is to transmit information concerning light-dark cycles playing the role of an active neuroendocrine transducer of environmental information. Given this chronobiologic role of pineal melatonin, it seems to be useful in the management of shift work, jet lag and some sleep disorders. In vitro like in vivo melatonin seems to be effective as an antioxidant and oncostatic agent. Melatonin may provide protection against aging process, degenerative diseases, cancer and play a role also in sexual maturation, reproduction, immune function and psychiatric illness. The administration of melatonin in the jet-lag syndrome is well codified. Further clinical research is needed for a better understanding and definition of other indications, treatment regimens and safety of the hormone. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge on its clinical implications.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Disorders of the circadian sleep-wake cycle.

This article reviews several disorders of the circadian sleep-wake cycle, including delayed sleep phase syndrome, advanced sleep phase syndrome, non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, irregular sleep-wake pattern, time zone change (jet lag) syndrome, and shift work sleep disorder. For each disorder, the cause, diagnostic work-up, and management are outlined.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1999

Practice parameters for the use of light therapy in the treatment of sleep disorders. Standards of Practice Committee, American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

These clinical guidelines were developed by the Standards of Practice Committee and reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The guidelines provide recommendations for the practice of sleep medicine in North America regarding the use of light therapy for treatment of various sleep disorders. This paper is based on a series of articles in the Journal of Biological Rhythms and also includes evidence tables from an updated Medline review covering the period January 1994 to December 1997. Evidence is presented by grade and level. Recommendations are identified as standards, guidelines, or options. Recommendations are provided for delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS), non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, jet lag, shift work, dementia, and sleep complaints in the healthy elderly. Light therapy appears generally safe if used within recommended intensity and time limits. Light therapy can be useful in treatment of DSPS and ASPS. Benefits of light therapy are less clear and treatment is an option in jet lag, shift work, and non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome in some blind patients.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

[Phototherapy in the clinic].

From early centuries sun light has been considered as a source of life energy and a life donor. Seasonal changes in human behaviour and mood have been already described in details by psychiatrists since the beginning of the XX century. In the last twenties systematic studies on animals and humans have provided the evidence that bright light is the strongest exogenous synchronizer of endogenous biological rhythms. In some people bright light deficiency induces changes of mood and symptoms of the seasonal affective disorder (SAD). SAD is characterised by fall and winter depressions, hypersomnias, augmented appetite with carbohydrate cravings, and weight gain alternating with non-depressed periods with normal behaviour in the spring and summer. There is also a minor depressive form of the illness called sub-syndromal (S-SAD) or "winter blues". The molecular mechanisms of this disorder remine unknown. In the last decade the few hypothesis on the etiology of SAD, confirming experimentally more or less, have been developed. From the beginning of eighties SAD is successfully treated with bright light (phototherapy). This way of the natural treatment can be also used in Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders such as Jet Lag Syndrome, Shift Work Sleep Disorder or others. An application of phototherapy in clinic gives opportunity for the progress of a new way of treatment--chronotherapy and it seems to be the attainment of chronobiology in practical medicine.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Manipulation of a central circadian clock regulating behavioral and endocrine rhythms with a short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia.

Abnormal circadian rhythms have been linked to at least some forms of depression and to disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, mental and physical disorders that are associated with rapid travel across time zones (i.e. the jet-lag syndrome) and with rotating shift-work schedules, are thought to involve a disruption of normal circadian rhythmicity. It might be possible to alleviate some of the adverse effects of abnormal circadian rhythms if pharmacological agents could be used to manipulate the central circadian pacemaker(s) that regulate these rhythms. Studies in our laboratory indicate that treatment with a short-acting benzodiazepine, triazolam, can induce major shifts in both behavioral and endocrine circadian rhythms in hamsters under a variety of experimental conditions. In the absence of a synchronizing light-dark cycle (i.e. during exposure to constant light or constant dark), single or multiple injections of triazolam can induce a permanent phase shift in both the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and the circadian rhythm of pituitary LH release. In addition, repeated daily injections of triazolam can alter the entrained phase relationship of the circadian activity rhythm to a fixed light-dark cycle, and following a shift in the light-dark cycle, a single injection of triazolam can facilitate the time it takes for the activity rhythm to be resynchronized to the new lighting schedule. Thus, triazolam, or drugs with similar phase-shifting effects on the mammalian circadian system, might be useful in the treatment of various physical and mental illnesses that have been associated with a disorder in circadian time-keeping in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Melatonin in humans: a biochemical marker of the circadian clock and an endogenous synchronizer].

Melatonin (MLT) is a methoxyindole secreted principally by the pineal gland. It is synthesized at night under normal environmental conditions. The endogenous rhythm of secretion is generated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei and activated by the light/dark cycle. Light is able to both suppress or activate melatonin production on the light schedule. The nycthohemeral rhythm of this hormone can be determined by repeated measurements of plasma or saliva MLT or urine sulfatoxy-MLT, the main hepatic metabolite. Melatonin can be considered as the output (the hand) of the endogenous clock. Since the regulating system follows a central and sympathetic nervous pathway, an abnormality at any level could unspecifically modify the MLT secretion, especially in patients with sympathalgia or dysautonomia. Melatonin plays the role of an endogenous zeitgeber on core temperature or sleep-wake cycle. Exogenous MLT is able to influence the endogenous secretion of the hormone according to a phase response curve. There are practical implications for this property in situations when biological rhythms are disturbed (jet-lag syndrome, delayed sleep phase syndrome, insomnia in blind people, shift-work, insomnia in elderly people). Improvement of pharmaceutical forms (controlled release preparations) or development of MLT analogs could lead to decisive progress.

Biomarkers↗