Schizo-affective schizophrenia in Jews and non-Jews.
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Humans↗
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Maternal, perinatal and infant health in Bedouin and Jews in southern Israel.
A study has been made of 3,745 Bedouin and 9,422 Jewish babies born in 1972-73 to residents of the Beersheba district of southern Israel (the Negev). Newborn infants weighing less than 1 kg were excluded. Thirty-seven percent of the Bedouin babies were born at home; their mothers tended to be older and of higher parity than those choosing to deliver in hospital. Less than 6% of Bedouin mothers had been to school, compared with 90% of the Jews; 30% were aged under 20 or over 34 years, compared with 18% of the Jews, and 23% were having their seventh or later baby, compared with 12% of the Jews. Mean birth weight of babies born in hospital was about 200 g lower in Bedouin than in Jews, and 11.4% of Bedouin and 6.5% of Jewish infants weighed less than 2.5 kg. There was little variation in complications of labor between the 1,959 Bedouin and 8,877 Jewish women delivered in Beersheba's Soroka Medical Center. The cesarean section rate was 1.8% in Bedouin and 4.3% in Jews, while in 0.3% of Bedouin and 1.4% of Jews labor was induced. Monozygous twinning rates were similar in the two ethnic groups (4.8 and 4.5 sets/1,000 deliveries, respectively) but dizygous twinning was twice as common among the Bedouin as among the Jews (13.0 vs 6.0 sets/ 1,000). Male births accounted for 0.526 and 0.512 of the total in Bedouin and Jews, respectively. Perinatal mortality rates for hospital births were 31.1 and 18.3/1,000 in Bedouin and Jews, respectively. Infant deaths among Bedouin (31.0/1,000) were underreported; the rate was 16.8/1,000 for Jewish infants. Although rates of all specific causes of death were higher in Bedouin than in Jews, patterns of mortality in subgroups based on birth weight, sex, twinning and maternal age were quite similar in the two ethnic groups. There were six reported deaths from tetanus among Bedouin babies. For the cohort of babies born in 1972, admissions to the Soroka Medical Center pediatric wards were recorded in 366 (195.5/1,000) Bedouin and 787 (174.3/1,000) Jewish babies younger than the age of one year. Bedouin admission rates were higher than those of Jews for gastroenteritis (119.1 and 64.5/1,000 respectively), infectious and parasitic diseases (29.4 and 21.9), malnutrition (25.6 and 8.0) and external causes (10.1 and 4.4). Admission rates for bronchitis and pneumonia were, however, lower among Bedouin than Jews in the first six months of life.
Birth Order↗
The blood groups and other heriditary blood factors of Yemenite and Kurdish Jews.
Blood specimens collected fro Yemenite and Kurdish Jews living in Israel were tested for 11 blood group systems 5 plasma protein systems and 9 systems of red-cell enzymes. The results of these tests were combined with those of tests on other Yemenite and Kurdish Jews, reported by Godber et al. (1973), the total data sorted according to the place of origin of the subjects or their parents in the Yemen Arab Republic and Kurdistan respectively. Gene frequencies were calculated for each of the local populations so defined. It is confirmed that the Yemenite Jews show a close relationship to the Yemenite Arabs, but those from the southern part of the Yemen Arab Republic have a higher frequency of African marker genes than those in the north. The Habbanite Jews have a similar rather high frequency of African genes (Bonné et al., 1970). The Kurdish Jews from Iran and northern-western Iraq show a moderate genetic resemblance to the indigenous Kurds of Iran, while those from south-eastern Iraq differ considerably, especially in their low frequency of A1, high B, high CDe (R1) and low cde (r).
Blood Group Antigens↗
Familial leukopenia among Yemenite Jews.
Benign familial leukopenia was found in 75 of 200 healthy Yemenite Jews examined. The leukopenia was not a constant finding and was not associated with a tendency toward infection. HLA typing showed no significant differences in the frequency of the various HLA antigens between the subjects with and without leukopenia. No similarity was found between the HLA of the Yemenite Jews with leukopenia and that reported in black Africans with benign familial leukopenia. The suggestion of a genetic contribution from African blacks to Yemenite Jews is not supported by these results. The question remains to be answered whether the familial leukopenia in Yemenite Jews and black Africans is the result of a mutation.
Adolescent↗
Ethnic communities in Israel: the genetic blood markers of the Moroccan Jews.
One hundred and ninety-six Moroccan Jews now settled in Israel were typed for 7 blood groups, 12 red cell enzymes and 2 plasma protein systems. Their blood group picture is in agreement with results previously obtained on different samples of Moroccan Jews: rather high B in ABO, somewhat elevated frequencies of cDe and cDE in Rh and K in Kell. Differences in various blood markers exist between them and other North African Jewish communities. This fact, together with data on disease distribution and HLA frequencies, supports our assumption that Jews in the North African diaspora lived as small secluded isolates even within the same geographical zones. Comparisons with meager data on the neighboring non-Jewish populations do not disclose any resemblance to either Arab or Berber inhabitants of Morocco.
Blood Group Antigens↗
The Duffy blood group system in Israeli Jews and Arabs.
The distribution of the Fy gene was studied in 1,207 Israeli Jews and 509 Arabs. The Fy(a--b--) phenotype (FyFy) was observed in Moslem, Christian and Druze Arabs, and in Jewish immigrants from Yemen and Iraq, but not in Sephardi or Ashkenazi Jews. The Fy gene frequencies in Arabs and Jews were compatible with historical evidence of interactions with native African and admixed regional populations. Compared with Rho (cDe) and Jsa, Fy(a--b--) is a more useful genetic marker for recognizing African admixture in Middle Eastern populations.
Blood Group Antigens↗
Ethnic communities in Israel: the genetic blood markers of the Babylonian Jews.
One hundred eighty-eight Jewish individuals who either they or whose both parents were born in Iraq were typed for 7 blood groups (ABO, MNS, Rh, Kell, Duffy, P and Kidd), 12 red cell enzyme systems and 2 serum proteins. Iraqi Jews are characterized by a high frequency of A (in ABO), N (in MNS), low cde (Rh) and low Hp-1. Several rare electrophoretic variants were encountered: PGM1 6-1, PHI 3-1 and PHI 2-1, and an unidentified AK phenotype. No evidence of Negroid admixture was found in their gene pool. Comparisons with results previously obtained in Iraqi Jews show general similarities in frequencies while comparisons with neighboring non-Jewish populations suggest divergence in most systems investigated. The difficulties of assessing relationships on the basis of a few selected differences and the need for careful interpretations of similarities are emphasized.
Blood Group Antigens↗
Genetic markers in Libyan Jews.
Blood groups, serum proteins, and red-cell enzyme frequencies were determined on a random sample of 148 Libyan Jews now settled in Israel. Comparisons with data on Libyan non-Jews show significant differences in most systems, implying maintenance of a high degree of genetic isolation of the Jewish group from surrounding populations. The relative lack of the African component in their gene pool shows that they have interbred very little, if at all, with their negroid neighbours.
Blood Group Antigens↗
HLA polymorphism in Israel. I. Jews of Polish extraction.
One hundred and twenty seven randomly selected Polish Jews were studied for their HLA polymorphism. Gene frequencies exceeding 0.1 were detected for A1, A2, Aw19, B14, Bw16 and Bw17. Significant gametic association was observed for (A1, Bw17), (A2, B27), (Aw26, Bw16), (Aw19, B13) and (A28, B14). Although a predominantly Caucasoid population, the Polish Jews show greater resemblance to Middle Eastern rather than to Northern European Caucasoids.
Gene Frequency↗
HLA polymorphism in Israel. 2. Israeli Jews originating from Russia.
HLA typing of 123 Israel Jews of Russian origin showed a high frequency for HLA--A1, A2, Aw19 and B14, Bw16 and Bw35 of the A and B loci, respectively. The most frequently occuring haplotypes were (A1, B17), (Aw25, B18), (Aw26, Bw16), (Aw19, B13), (Aw23, B5) and (Aw25, Bw35). This study reveals a striking resemblance in the distribution of frequencies of HLA alleles and haplotypes between Russian Jews and two other East European Jewish communities (presented in this issue) of Polish and Rumanian origin.
Gene Frequency↗
HLA polymorphism in Israel. 4. Israeli Jews originating from Rumania.
The frequencies of 29 HLA antigens of the A amd B loci were studied in 130 Israeli Jews originating from Rumania. The antigens A1, A2, Aw19 and B14, Bw16 and Bw35 occurred with the highest frequencies. The most common haplotypes were (A1, B17), (Aw26, Bw16) and (A28, Bw22). These results are similar to those observed in Polish and Russian Jews.
Gene Frequency↗
HLA antigens in two Iranian populations: the Armenians and the Jews.
The distribution of HLA phenotype, genotype and haplotype frequencies was studied in two Iranian populations, the Armenians and the Jews. Although the frequencies of most antigens in the Armenians have approximately the average Jewish values, haplotype frequencies are quite different between the two populations. The frequencies of antigens in Iranian Jews are more similar to those in the Mazandaranies, a group of non-Jewish Iranians, than to the Jewish populations from Yemen and Cochin, India.
Armenia↗
HLA antigens in genetic neutropenia of Yemenite Jews.
The HLA antigenic system was studied in Yemenite Jews with genetic neutropenia. No deviation in antigen frequency was observed when compared with matched controls from the same ethnic group. HLA antigen frequency and common haplotypes of the Yemenite Jews were found entirely different from those of the African blacks, known to have the same anomaly.
Adult↗
Elevated frequency of Tay-Sachs disease among Ashkenazic Jews unlikely by genetic drift alone.
Using the steady-state distribution of recessive lethal gene the probability of finding the elevated frequency of Tay-Sachs (TSD) gene among Ashkenazic Jews is computed. For various estimated values of mutation rate and population size, this probability is found to be statistically significant. This probabiltiy, in fact, becomes even smaller if a steady influx of foreign genes into the Ashkenazic Jewish populations is considered. It is suggested that heterozygote advantage together with random genetic drift should be considered as the most probable mechansim for the elevation of TSD gene frequency among the Ashkenazic Jews.
Female↗
Immunoglobulin (Gm) allotypes in a sample of Canadian Ashkenazic Jews.
Gm typing on the serum specimens of 507 Ashkenazic Jews (pre-dominantly of Polish-Russian ancestry) from Toronto, Canada has established the presence of haplotypes Gm3;5, Gm1;21, Gm1,2;21, and Gm1,17;5, and the absence of haplotypes Gm1;13,15,16, Gm1;5,6, and Gm1;5,6,24 which have been found in other Jewish peoples. It is suggested that Ashkenazic populations have lower frequencies of haplotype Gm1,17;5 than non-European Jewish populations, and that some eastern European Jewish populations have acquired the Gm1;13,15,16 haplotype through gene flow from Central Asia. Thus Jewish populations show differences in the Gm system; many of the differences may be in the direction of similarities to neighbouring non-Jewish populations.
Canada↗
Demonic explanations of disease among Moroccan Jews in Israel.
Demonic explanations of disease preserved among Moroccan Jews living in two Israeli moshavim are described and amalyzed. Applied most often to sira, a traditional ailment involving somatic and anxiety symptoms, these explanations are construed as a two-level ordered sequence of steps including elements from both ordinary reality and the demonic world. Traditional patients are usually more aware of the manifest chain of precipitating events centering around emotional consequences of a real trauma. Their rabbi-healers, however, are predisposed towards molding these events into a covert-demonic pattern, the core of which involves a human injuring a jinn and the latter's retaliation. In the explanatory scheme the real-traumatic and the demonic plots are intermingled and this fusion lends the etiological sequence a meaningful rationale as exemplified by two case illustrations. Nevertheless, our analysis renders the demonic substratum quite vulnerable, since the manifest-traumatic plot may be singled out as an autonomous explanation under the impact of the mainstream of modern Israeli society. Reasons for the hitherto tenacious preservation of the demonic component among traditional segments in Israel are presented by comparing the explanatory status of demons and psychoanalytic concepts. Certain vulnerabilities of the denomic explanation which throw doubt upon its long-term survival in modern context are discussed as well.
Adolescent↗
HLA polymorphism in Israel. 3. Ashkenazi Jews of German descent.
Seventy-three random Jewish individuals whose families have lived in Germany for at least 4-5 generations, were typed for HLA antigens at the A and B loci. In comparison with other European populations, the frequencies of B7 and B12 are low whereas Bw35 is almost twice as frequent (21%). Among the uncommon associations found in the German Jews were: (A2, Bw21), (Aw25, B18), (A29, B14), (A28, Bw15). The frequent haplotype (Aw24, Bw35) was previously found, but only in Asia and in American Indians. Subdivisions of the subjects according to geographic regions within Germany point to differences in gene frequency between the groups.
Gene Frequency↗
HLA polymorphism in Israel. 5. The Moroccan Jews.
One hundred and forty one unrelated Moroccan Jews living in Israel were studied for their HLA polymorphism. Gene frequencies exceeding .1 were found for A1, A2, A3, Aw19, B5, B12, and B13. Significant linkage disequilibrium occurred for (A1, B8), (A2, B5), (A2, Bw21), (A3, Bw40), (A9, B7), (A10, Bw16), (A29, B18) and (Aw19, b14). they represent an intermediate population between Europe and the Middle East.
Gene Frequency↗